The next generation of cellular networks is expected to carry high speed IP traffic in a packet switched environment in order to accommodate data traffic for a wide range of services. Much research is thus focused on how to increase the transmission rate in cellular networks. A general consequence of increasing transmission rate in a radio link is a corresponding increase in transmit power, resulting in increased interference and reduced network capacity. The straightforward way to reduce this effect is to shorten the link distance, which in the cellular case means shrinking the cells. This, however, means increased control traffic for handoffs and location registration, as well as increased infrastructure costs. An alternative approach, which has received increased attention lately, is the introduction of wireless multihop access networks to relay traffic between the wired infrastructure and the users. Such an access network must clearly accommodate all types of services expected to operate in next generation systems, including real-time services. However, wireless multihop networks have traditionally had problems meeting the delay requirements posed by such services. In this thesis, we will study the delay performance through analysis and simulation of such a network, based on the Virtual Cellular Network proposal [1], in which geographically fixed wireless relays are deployed to act as both network nodes and user relays. / Nästa generations mobilnät förväntas bära paketväxlad höghastighetstraffik för att kunna stödja en stor mängd varierande tjänster. Mycket forskning har däför fokuserat på transmissionshastigheten i mobilnäten. En generell konsekvens av att öka transmissionshastigheten i ett radiobaserat nätverk är en motsvarande ökning i transmissionsstyrkan, vilket resulterar i ökad interferens och följaktligen minskad kapacitet. En lösning på det problemet är att minska avståndet mellan sändare och mottagare, vilket i fallet med dagens mobila infrastruktur innebär mindre, och fler celler. Detta skulle dock innebära både ökad kontrolltraffik och större kostnader för planering och underhåll av infrastruktur. En alternativ väg, som den senaste tiden fått ökad uppmärksamhet, är införandet av ett trådlöst vidarebefordrande accessnätverk mellan de mobila stationerna och det fasta nätet. Ett sådant nätverk måste naturligtvis kunna ackommodera samtliga typer av tjänster som förväntas utnyttja nästa generations mobilnät, inklusive realtidstjänster. Dock har kraven på låg fördröjning hos denna typ av tjänster traditionellt inneburit problem problem för vidarebefordrande trådlösa nätverk. I denna rapport studeras fördröjningskaraktären hos ett sådant nätverk, baserat på konceptet Virtual Cellular Network [1], i vilket geografiskt fixerade radionoder vidarebefordrar traffik mellan mobila stationer och det fasta nätet.

Data connectivity between cellular devices can be achieved in different ways. It is possible to enable full IPconnectivity in the cellular networks. However this connectivity is combined with a lot of issues such as security problems and the IPv4 address space being depleted. As a result of this many operators use Network Address Translation in their packet data networks, preventing users in different networks from being able to contact each other. Even if a transition to IPv6 takes place and the potential problem of address space is solved, it is not likely that operators will leave their packet data networks open to the Internet. An alternative to solving the problem on the IP level is to use overlay networks. In an overlay network applications on the cellular devices identify themselves at the application level rather than on the IP level. While full IP connectivity always gives the most efficient routing, an overlay network can offer services that are difficult to implement on the IP level. This can enable an application to span Network Address Translating entities without having to share the entire device. They can also provide private dynamic virtual networks and groups for users that trust each other. These private networks can use permissions and group casting functions, without the problems associated with traditional IP multicast. The relatively limited bandwidths of the GSM and UMTS networks allow for application level routing of continuous data streams if the overlay network is distributed enough and mapped to the physical network in an efficient way. One of the advantages of using overlay networks is that although standard IP networks may be able to offer similar services in the future, overlay networks can be implemented in the existing IPv4 networks today at comparatively low costs. This may create the incentive needed in order for future larger investments to be justified. A distributed overlay network not only allows for real-time services such as instant messaging, which is already possible with a centralized server solution, but it also allows for higher bandwidth services such as video conferencing, Voice over IP, etc. that are not possible on a large scale with a centralized relaying server. An overlay network could be implemented by any third party without the support of an operator. This suggests that free networks may be created for what could be called reversed file sharing, i.e. networks where users upload files to each other rather than download as in most existing file sharing networks. These could become direct competitors to SMS, MMS and other operator-owned services. The thesis investigates the mentioned possibilities and potential threats. Along with this an implementation of an overlay network for cellular devices is created that is totally independent of the operator’s network. / Datakonnektivitet mellan cellulära terminaler kan uppnås på olika sätt. Ett sätt är att utrusta de cellulära näten med full IP konnektivitet. Detta medför dock en del problem såsom säkerhetsfrågor och problem med att antalet IPv4 addresser kanske inte kan täcka framtidens behov. På grund av detta använder många operatörer såkallad nätverksadressöversättning i sina paketdatanät vilket hindrar användare i olika paketdatanät från att kunna kontakta varandra. Även om en framtida övergång till IPv6 löser problemen med för liten adressrymd så är det inte troligt att operatörerna kommer att lämna sina paketdatanät öppna mot resten av Internet. Ett alternativ till att lösa problemet på IP-nivån är att istället använda overlaynätverk. I ett sådant nätverk identifierar applikationer sig själva på applikationsnivån istället för på IP-nivån. Medans ren IP-konnektivitet innebär effektivast möjliga routing av data så erbjuder ett overlaynätverk möjlighet till tjänster som är svåra att implementera på IP-nivå. Bland annat kan applikationsnät som traverserar nätverksadressöversatta nätverk skapas utan att en mobil terminal behöver exponeras helt och hållet mot Internet. Dessa overlaynätverk kan också skapas dynamiskt och tillfälligt vilket ger användare möjlighet att skapa privata nätverk och grupper med med enheter de litar på, endast dessa får då tillgång till terminalen. Overlaynätverken kan också erbjuda multicast funktionalitet inom grupperna utan de problem som hör ihop med traditionell IP-multicast. De relativt begränsade bandbredderna i GSM och UMTS nätverken tillåter routing av data på applikationsnivån om overlaynätverket är tillräckligt väl distribuerat och effektivt mappat mot det underliggande nätverket. En av fördelarna med att använda overlaynätverk är att även om den eftersökta funktionaliteten kanske kan implementeras på IP-nivå i framtiden med hjälp av ny teknik så kan overlaynätverk implementeras i nuvarande IPv4-nätverk till relativt låga kostnader då de endast består av mjukvara som körs på existerande hårdvara. Ett distribuerat overlaynätverk erbjuder inte bara realtidstjänster såsom instant messaging vilket redan är möjligt och fungerar bra med en central serverlösning. Det distribuerade nätverket kan dessutom hantera routing av högre bandbredder mellan terminaler, såsom videokonferenser, Voice over IP etc. som inte är möjligt i stor skala med en centraliserad lösning. Overlaynätverk kan implementeras av en tredjepart utan operatörers samarbete. Detta kan innebära att gratisnätverk skapas för vad som skulle kunna kallas omvänd fildelning, dvs. nätverk där användare laddar upp information till varandra snarare än laddar ner vilket är fallet i de flesta existerande fildelningsnätverk. Dessa nätverk skulle kunna bli direkta konkurrenter till SMS, MMS och andra operatörsägda tjänster. Examensarbetet undersöker de nämnda möjligheterna och potentiella hoten i dessa nätverk. Utöver detta skapas även en implementation av ett overlaynätverk som är helt oberoende av operatörens nätverk.

Pertussis is an infectious disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Bordetella pertussis. In Peru, actual public health programs indicate that vaccination against B. pertussis must be mandatory and generalized, besides all detected cases must be reported. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of B. pertussis among children under five years of age with a presumptive diagnosis of whopping cough in Cajamarca, a region located in northern Peru. / Background and Objectives: Pertussis is an infectious disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Bordetella pertussis. In Peru, actual public health programs indicate that vaccination against B. pertussis must be mandatory and generalized, be-sides all detected cases must be reported. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of B. pertussis among children under five years of age with a presumptive diagnosis of whopping cough in Cajamarca, a region located in northern Peru. Materials and Methods: The population of this cross-sectional study were children under 5 years old hospitalized as presumptive cases of pertussis during December 2017 to December 2018. The nasopharyngeal samples were analyzed by real-time PCR for the detection of B. pertussis. Results: B. pertussis was identified as PCR + in 42.3% of our sample (33/78). The clinical presentation that was observed most frequently includes paroxysmal coughing (97%), difficulty breathing (69.7%), cyanosis (72.7%) and post-tussive em-esis (60.6%). Additionally, pneumonia was the most observed complication (33.3%). Four of the patients with PCR+ for B. pertussis presented only lymphocytosis, five only leukocytosis, two patients with decreased leukocytosis and lymphocytes and only one patient with leukopenia and relative lymphocytosis. There was a percentage of 84.8% of unvaccinated children in the PCR+ group. Finally, the mother was the most frequent symptom carrier (18.2%). Conclusion: In conclusion, in the studied population there is a high rate of PCR+ cases for B. pertussis. Laboratory values may show leukopenia or lymphopenia in patients with pertussis. It is necessary to use appropriate laboratory diagnostic tests in all infants with respiratory symptoms for B. pertussis. Since, the clinical diagnosis overestimates the diagnosis of pertussis. / Revisión por pares

In safety-critical environments, it is crucial to have a backup strategy the system can turn to when facing a potentially unsafe situation. Run-time assurance provides a reliable methodology as a backup strategy. This work introduces a new framework for Run-time assurance, by generating trajectories in real-time using an optimal trajectory generation algorithm, then tracking the trajectory using transverse dynamics to design a feedback control law tailored for each trajectory generated. The generated trajectories are treated as safety backup trajectories that are only executed and followed by the plant if deemed necessary by the Run-time assurance logic. By using the Run-time assurance mechanism the system’s safety is ensured regardless of the behavior of the primary controller for the system with some constraints on the system. The framework assumes full knowledge of the environment and the system dynamics, while treating the trajectory generation part as a black box.

No description available.

© 2016 IEEE. This demo paper describes the architecture and communication protocols - both single hop and multi-hop - for DSRC devices. The paper also describes an Android application that enables visualization of real-time vehicle movements on Google map using DSRC and Bluetooth communication. The application receives information about position, speed and direction of mobility that multiple vehicles obtain through the GPS Receiver attached to their DSRC OBU. The android application communicates with one of the DSRC units through Bluetooth to gather real-time traces collected from all DSRC-equipped vehicles. The application displays live movement of these vehicles on Google map with their path history, speed and direction. The source code and installation files of this application will be released through the Open Source Application Development Portal (OSADP) hosted by the U.S. Department of Transportation.

I denna uppsats presenteras de problem och utmaningar som finns vid utvecklandet av en marknadsplats för realtidsdata. Några lösningar på dessa utmaningar är också föreslagna. Med realtidsdata menas data från olika typer av sensorer som tex termometrar och luftfuktighets sensorer. Dessa kan bli placerade på olika platser där någon kan finna ett använde för dem, efter att ha köpt ett dataset från marknadsplatsen. Sensorerna kan sättas upp och datan kan säljas från individuella säljare på marknadsplatsen.Detta ämne är viktigt pga den ökande populariteten av ett “smart” hem. En marknadsplats för realtidsdata används för en “smart” stad, vilket är en naturlig fortsättning av det smarta hemmet. Men det är just nu i ett tidigt stadie och ingen grundlig forskning har utförts på området. Marknadsplatsen används i den smarta staden för att hjälpa användarna få tillgång och använda de olika sensorerna och applikationerna i nätverket.Denna uppsats är en fallstudie på ett företag relaterat till utvecklandet av “Internet of Things” produkter som är i planeringsfasen för att utveckla en marknadsplats för realtidsdata. Enligt tillvägagångssättet för en fallstudie, två metoder för att undersöka ämnet används: intervjuer och en systematisk litteraturstudie. Fyra intervjuer utförs på företaget, på några av de anställda, om de olika målen med den kommande marknadsplatsen. Litteraturstudien utförs för att få en bakgrund och kompletterande information om hur en marknadsplats för realtidsdata kan utvecklas. Dessa två jämförs sedan för att forma en slutsats.Flera olika områden hittades i både intervjuerna och i litteraturstudien, inklunderande tillit, privacy, interoperabilitet och användbarhet. Dessa är presenterade i slutsatsen i denna uppsats. / In this paper the difficulties and challenges of developing a marketplace for real-time data is presented. Additionally some solutions to these challenges are suggested. With the term real-time data that is used in this paper, it means live data from different kind of sensors for example thermometers and humidity sensors. These can be put out at different locations where someone can make use of them, after purchasing a dataset from the marketplace. The sensors can be put up and the data be sold by individual sellers on the marketplace.This subject is important because of the rising popularity of the smart home. A marketplace for real-time data is used for a “smart city”, which is a natural progression of the smart home. But it is in its early stages and as such no major research has been done in the area. The marketplace is used in a “smart city” to help users gain access and to use the different sensors and applications in the network.The study follow a case study researching methodology at a company related to development of Internet of Things products that is in the planning phase of developing a marketplace for real-time data. Following this case study research approach, two methods for investigating the topic are used; interviews and literature review. Four interviews are performed at the company, by the researchers on some of the employees, about the different aspiration of the upcoming marketplace. The literature review is performed to get a background and additional information on how a marketplace for real-time data can be developed and what is needed to make it happen. These two are then compared and analysed together to form the conclusion.Several different topics were found in both the interview and the literature review, including trust, privacy, interoperability and user usability. These are presented in the conclusion part of this paper.

Nowadays, web-based applications are being developed every day. Web services play a main role in mutual information dissemination. Web-based routing services provide the possibility to use a routing service without needing to install professional spatial information software. Nor is it necessary to spend time gathering data, updating spatial data or running complicated algorithms. By using a web-based routing service, a client just opens a browser and defines the start and destination points. Then, the web-service can show the best route to the client. There are a number of free web-based routing services such as Google Maps, however, these services do not exploit a real time and dynamic routing services. The inability for current routing services to provide up to the second route information, offering automatic live correction with proprietary routing methods for classified users along with local database controlling facility for local administrators, can be a debilitating weakness for emergency and security personnel. This research aims to develop current routing services to real time web-based service using open source technologies. The resulting program, Network Controlling System (NCS) updates and warns online users about closed or reopened parts of the network and corrects the found route whenever any update has happened. It is notable that all the mentioned processes happen automatically. NCS also exploits a live vectorial engine for segment controlling. To implement and run the NCS, the following steps were taken: • Running a simple routing service over the web according to the PgRouting project (FOSS4G2010) (http://pgrouting.org/) instruction • Designing the conceptual architecture of the NCS • Formulating the conceptual architecture to the programming codes • Suggesting and evaluating new methods to offer real time capability to the routing system • Integrating the NCS into the simple routing service • Piloting the program in Tehran (capital of Iran) After running a simple routing project without real time and controllable capabilities, the conceptual architecture of NCS was defined and programmed including the following components: • A security protected administrator page as the entry web page for the administrator side. • A text live search engine to search the target part of the network and submit updates. • A vectorial search engine to find and locate the target part and its peripheral environment in larger scale of auxiliary information on other map servers like Google Maps/satellite/ terrain. • Live vectorial warning to inform online users about closed parts and the ability to then re-open the after the closed street or segments. • Live correction of the found route for online users. This facility would correct the found route whenever any update is happened for example a street or a subset of street is closed or reopened. To program the conceptual architecture, the NCS was divided into two distinguishable parts: client-side and server-side. open source Technologies including open source Software and Open Standards web programming languages were used to program and run the model on the server. AJAX, JQuery, OpenLayers, GeoExt, ExtJS, JavaScript and HTML5 programming languages on the client-side along with PHP, SQL and PostGIS languages on the server-side were used to formulate the conceptual architecture of the NCS. GeoJSON and XML languages also work as exchange formats to act like brokers between the client and server-side. Ubuntu 12,04 (2013) was installed on the server as the platform and PostgreSQL server along with PostGIS and PgRouting extensions installed as relational database management system. NCS integrated into the simple routing service offers designated real time service equipped with proprietary routing methods for classified users (from the simple routing service FOSSG2010 Pgrouting project), such as law officials and emergency personnel, who have authority to disregard traffic laws and restrictions. To offer the routing live correction system in this research, three methods were designed, programmed and implemented. Then, a test was done to select the best method in which the least calculation capacity of the server is consumed. The evaluation results show that Check-Change-Correct method (designed and programmed for the first time in this research) imposes the least load average values to the server and subsequently, is able to serve more simultaneous users compare to other methods. Finally, the research introduces a mobile controllable and real time routing service over the web, which can be used to decrease travelling time. This is very important in cities like Tehran, which suffers from a daily average of 182 accidents (http://www.jamejamonline.ir/ newstext.aspx, 28/3/ 2012), voice and chemical pollutions.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This thesis demonstrates a novel idea on how components in a distributed real-time & embedded (DRE) system can choose from different data interchange formats at run-time. It also quantitatively evaluates three binary data interchange protocols used in distributed real-time & embedded (DRE) systems: the Common Data Representation (CDR), which collects data "as-is" into a buffer; Binary JSON (BSON), which enables "on the fly" discovery of elements in a message; and FIX Adapted for Streaming (FAST), which is a binary compression algorithm popularly used for data exchange in financial stock market domain. We compare these three data exchange formats to determine if it is possible to minimize the data usage without compromising CPU processing times, data throughput, and data latency. The lack of such a study has made protocols such as CDR popular based on the assumption that collecting data "as-is" will consume less processing time and send with high throughput. We perform the study in the context of an Open Source Architecture for Software Instrumentation of Systems (OASIS). To perform our study, we modified its existing data interchange framework to flexibly and seamlessly integrate either format, and let the components choose a format at run-time. The experiments from our study shows that as data size increases, the throughput of CDR, BSON, and FAST decreases by 96.16%, 97.23%, and 84.41%, respectively. The increase in packaging and un-packaging times are 1985.12% and 1642.28% for FAST, compared to 3158.96% and 2312.50% for CDR, and 5077.98% and 3686.48% for BSON.

Background and Objectives: Pertussis is an infectious disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Bordetella pertussis. In Peru, actual public health programs indicate that vaccination against B. pertussis must be mandatory and generalized, be-sides all detected cases must be reported. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of B. pertussis among children under five years of age with a presumptive diagnosis of whopping cough in Cajamarca, a region located in northern Peru. Materials and Methods: The population of this cross-sectional study were children under 5 years old hospitalized as presumptive cases of pertussis during December 2017 to December 2018. The nasopharyngeal samples were analyzed by real-time PCR for the detection of B. pertussis. Results: B. pertussis was identified as PCR + in 42.3% of our sample (33/78). The clinical presentation that was observed most frequently includes paroxysmal coughing (97%), difficulty breathing (69.7%), cyanosis (72.7%) and post-tussive em-esis (60.6%). Additionally, pneumonia was the most observed complication (33.3%). Four of the patients with PCR+ for B. pertussis presented only lymphocytosis, five only leukocytosis, two patients with decreased leukocytosis and lymphocytes and only one patient with leukopenia and relative lymphocytosis. There was a percentage of 84.8% of unvaccinated children in the PCR+ group. Finally, the mother was the most frequent symptom carrier (18.2%). Conclusion: In conclusion, in the studied population there is a high rate of PCR+ cases for B. pertussis. Laboratory values may show leukopenia or lymphopenia in patients with pertussis. It is necessary to use appropriate laboratory diagnostic tests in all infants with respiratory symptoms for B. pertussis. Since, the clinical diagnosis overestimates the diagnosis of pertussis. / Revisión por pares