This study critically explores the numerous strains of “madness” that Zimbabwean authors represent in their postcolonial literature. My focus is on their reflection of “madness” as either an individual state of being, or as symptomatic of the socio-political and economic condition in the country. I have adopted insights from an existential psychoanalytic framework in my literary analysis in order to bring in an innovative dimension to this investigation of the phenomenon. I consider this an appropriate stance for this study as it has enriched my reading of the literary texts under study, as well as played a crucial role in providing me with effective conceptual tools for understanding the manifestations of “madness” in the texts. The literary works that I critique are Shimmer Chinodya’s Chairman of Fools (2009), Mashingaidze Gomo’s A Fine Madness (2010), Brian Chikwava’s Harare North, Petina Gappah’s An Elegy for Easterly (2009), Tsitsi Dangarembga’s The Book of Not (2006) and Yvonne Vera’s Without a Name (1994) and Butterfly Burning (1998). These selected texts offer me an opportunity to analyse the gender dynamics and discourses of “madness”, which I do from a peculiarly indigenous and feminist perspective. My study reveals that these authors’ representations are located in and shaped by very specific temporal and spatial contexts, which, in turn, shed light on the characters’ existential reality, revealing aspects of their relationship with the world around them. It demonstrates that their notions of “madness” denote different markers of identity, such as race, class, gender, and religion, amongst others. Significantly, my literary analysis illustrates the varied permutations of “madness” by exposing how these authors characterise the phenomenon as trauma, as alienation, as depression, as insanity, as subversion, as freedom, and even as a sign of the state of affairs in Zimbabwe. This investigation also reveals that because “madness” in these authors’ fiction is intricately linked to the question of identity, it manifests in situations where the characters’ sense of ontological security is compromised in some way. What emerges is that “madness” can either signify a grapple with identity, a loss of it, or a struggle for its redefinition / English Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (English)

L’exil et le deuil, en relation dialectique, sont très présents dans l’œuvre sombre et peuplée de personnages misanthropes de Linda Lê. La trilogie est nourrie par le traumatisme de la perte du père, du pays et de la langue. La question de la langue affecte profondément l’écrivaine. En effet, son abandon voulu de la langue natale pour celle du pays d’adoption engendre un sentiment de trahison. A partir de son exil du langage, Linda Lê construit un langage de l’exil : celui de l’obscurité, du trouble, de la crise, aggravée par la mort du père abandonné. L’écriture lui est une nécessité pour faire le deuil et un pharmakon contre la folie. Hétérogène dans leur forme, chacun des livres de la trilogie correspond à une étape du deuil. Homogène dans le fond, ils représentent différents aspects de la quête du père. Imprégnée du vécu de l’auteure, la trilogie est néanmoins une œuvre de fiction avec une part d’extravagance et d’onirisme. La construction du récit reflète donc une indécision générique, marquée par la cohérence entre mémoire et imagination, conscient et inconscient. De plus, la trilogie témoigne d’une dualité culturelle : un pan tourné vers le passé vietnamien et l’autre vers le présent européen. Enfin, la dualité sentimentale entre amour et colère fait apparaître une idéologie très lêesque, apparemment paradoxale mais en réalité logique et philosophique : la vie naît de la mort, la mort est cachée au sein de la vie. / Exile and mourning, in dialectical relation, are of paramount importance in Linda Lê’s books which are populated by misanthropic characters. The trilogy is nourished by the traumatic loss of the father, the country and the language. The writer is deeply affected by the issue of the language. In fact, she deliberately abandoned her native tongue for that of her adopted country thus generating a feeling of betrayal. From her “exile of language”, Linda Lê constructs a “language of exile”: one of obscurity, of confusion, of crisis, aggravated by the death of her abandoned father. Writing is necessary for her in order to go through mourning and is a pharmakon against madness. Heterogeneous in their form, each book of the trilogy corresponds to one stage of grief. Homogeneous in their substance, they represent the different aspects of the father’s quest. Steeped in the personal experience of the author, the trilogy is nevertheless a work of fiction with a part of extravagance and onirism. The construction of the story also reflects the generic indecision, marked by the coherence between memory and imagination, conscious and unconscious. In addition, the trilogy is a testimony to a cultural duality with the Vietnamese past on the one hand and the European present on the other. Finally, the sentimental duality between love and anger is a mark of the “lê-esque” ideology: paradoxical in appearance but logical and philosophical in reality: life is born from death and death is hidden within life.

The Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act (CTOP Act 92 of 1996) is perhaps the most revolutionary piece of legislation internationally ever to have been promulgated to regulate abortion and as such women’s reproductive lives. Abortion research tends to focus on the experiences of women and thus cast abortion as solely a territory that represents women’s reproductive concerns and the power to choose to procreate. While the CTOP Act safeguards women’s right of choice and a form of determination relating to what happens to their bodies, it also fails to recognise or even make pronouncements about the role that a man plays in the choice to terminate a pregnancy as well as how abortion affects a man’s life. This therefore implies that legally, men do not have a stake to influencing the decision to terminate a pregnancy. This qualitative study was undertaken to explore how young unmarried males whose partners have undergone an abortion construct abortion and the meanings that they attach to the experience of abortion. Interviews were conducted and the data was analysed using discourse analysis. Some of the young men knew about the woman’s decision to have an abortion and others did not know. Common findings include a sense of helplessness due to feeling that the decision is ultimately that of the woman, anger for those who did not know about the decision to abort and a lack of forgiveness towards their partners. / Psychology / M. A. (Clinical Psychology)

Être parent engendre son lot de frustrations (Dix, 1991). Pour rester de bons modèles d’autorégulation émotionnelle et comportementale pour leurs enfants, la façon dont les mères composent avec leurs émotions de colère est cruciale. Or, la documentation s’est davantage concentrée sur la façon dont les mères doivent soutenir les émotions de leurs enfants, sans égard à leurs propres vécus émotionnels (Eisenberg, Cumberland et Spinrad, 1998, Miller-Slough, Zeman, Poon et Sanders, 2016). En raison du nombre limité d’études conduites à ce jour sur la colère maternelle possiblement constructive, la présente thèse exploratoire se veut une étape préliminaire à l’élaboration d’un programme de recherche plus large. Le but général de la thèse se décompose en deux grands objectifs. D’une part, elle vise à explorer trois réponses alternatives aux manifestations destructives de colère (c.-à-d., suppression expressive, nommer la colère et rappeler les règles/attentes) et d’autre part, elle s’intéresse au rôle différentiel de la colère en la comparant aux effets des autres émotions maternelles susceptibles d’être vécues simultanément. La présente thèse inclut trois études à devis transversal dont les données proviennent d’un même échantillon composé de 145 dyades mère-enfant (enfants âgés entre 9 ans et 13 ans). La première étude compare trois réponses alternatives envisageables pour remplacer les manifestations destructives de colère. Les résultats suggèrent que nommer la colère, même lorsque ses formes plus hostiles sont contrôlées, ne représente pas une alternative viable puisqu’elle est associée à la présence de comportements symptomatiques chez les enfants. Cette réponse de colère est également liée négativement à la satisfaction de vie et à l’estime de soi des enfants. À l’inverse, les résultats indiquent que la suppression expressive ne semble pas non plus recommandable puisqu’elle est aussi liée à la présence de comportements symptomatiques. Finalement, rappeler les règles/attentes aux enfants est associée positivement à la satisfaction de vie et à l’estime de soi des enfants, ce qui suggère qu’elle pourrait être une alternative envisageable. La deuxième étude s’intéresse à des situations typiques de non-coopération et examine les relations entre les trois réponses alternatives aux manifestations destructives de colère (cette fois codées) et l’internalisation des règles chez les enfants, évaluée par quatre indicateurs d’internalisation (c.-à-d., compréhension des règles, importance perçue de la règle pour la mère, émergence de peur/inquiétude et types de régulation). Aucune relation significative ne fut cependant trouvée entre les réponses de colère et les variables à l’étude. La troisième et dernière étude explore les relations uniques entre la colère maternelle perçue par les enfants et des indicateurs d’internalisation des règles, en contrôlant pour les effets des autres émotions négatives pouvant être vécues simultanément à la colère (c.-à-d., tristesse, mépris, honte, attitude bienveillante). Les résultats montrent que la colère, lorsque la présence des autres émotions maternelles est contrôlée, est associée à une meilleure compréhension des règles chez les enfants, appuyant l’idée selon laquelle cette émotion aurait une fonction socialisatrice importante. Par ailleurs, la colère est également associée à une régulation externe, suggérant que cette émotion ne favorise pas l’autodétermination des enfants. Les relations entre les autres émotions et les indicateurs d’internalisation des règles sont également discutées dans cette étude. Pris dans leur ensemble, les résultats contribuent à la documentation portant sur la colère maternelle de multiples façons. Les implications théoriques, pratiques et cliniques sont discutées. / Being a parent can be highly frustrating (Dix, 1991). To remain a good model of emotional and behavioral self-regulation for their children, the way mothers cope with their anger is crucial. However, the literature has rather focused on how mothers should support their children's emotions, regardless of their own emotional experiences (Eisenberg et al., 1998, Miller-Slough et al., 2016). Due to the limited number of studies conducted to date on possible constructive maternal anger expression, this exploratory thesis is intended as a preliminary step in the development of a broader research program. The general aim of this thesis is divided into two main objectives. The first objective is to explore three alternative responses to destructive forms of anger (i.e., expressive suppression, naming anger and reminding rules and expectations), while the second is to examine the differential role of anger on children’s internalization of rules process, by comparing this emotion’s associations with those of other maternal emotions (i.e., sadness, contempt, shame, compassion). This thesis includes three cross-sectional studies, conducted using the same sample of mother-child dyads. In total, 145 dyads (children aged between 9 and 13 years old) participated in these studies. The first study compares three possible alternative responses to destructive manifestations of anger. The results suggest that naming anger, even when more hostile manifestations of anger is controlled, is not a recommendable alternative since it is associated with the presence of symptomatic behaviors in children. This anger response is also negatively linked to children's life satisfaction and self-esteem. Conversely, the results indicate that expressive suppression is also not recommendable since it is also linked to the presence of symptomatic behaviors. Finally, reminding children of the rules and expectations is positively associated with children's life satisfaction and self-esteem, suggesting that this anger response may be a possible alternative. The second study looks at a specific situation of non-cooperation and examines the relations between the three alternative responses to destructive manifestations of anger (this time coded) and children’s internalization of rules process, evaluated by four indicators (i.e., understanding the rules, perceived importance of the rule for the mother, child emotional load and types of regulation). No significant relation however emerges between the anger responses and the study variables. The third and final study explores the unique relations between perceived maternal anger (child report) and the same four indicators of internalization of rules, controlling for the effects of other negative emotions that are likely to be experienced simultaneously with anger. The results show that anger, when the other maternal emotions are controlled, is associated with a better understanding of the rules by children, supporting the idea that this emotion may have an important socializing function. Yet, anger is also associated with external regulation, suggesting that this emotion does not promote children's self-determination. The relations between other maternal emotions and the different indicators of internalization of rules are also presented. Taken together, the results of the present thesis contribute to the literature on maternal anger in multiple ways. These theoretical, practical and clinical implications are discussed.

This thesis explores the representation of emotion and feeling in the 1910’s and 1920’s fictional works of Swedish working class writer Karl Östman, against the historical background of the working class movement and its social communities. The material consists mainly of three collections of short stories (Pilgrims, A Fiddle and a Woman and Hunger) and one novel (The Broad Road). The author analyses how emotions arise and are represented, the relationship between emotion and action, the individual and collective practices of feeling, as well as the emotional reactions following suffering. Dreams of love and compassion are also addressed to investigate whether the texts point to the possibility of a new emotional community for the working class. The theoretical basis of the thesis is Barbara H. Rosenwein’s concept of ”emotional communities”, along with Sara Ahmed’s theories of emotions as patterns of action. The thesis argues that all actions in Östman’s fiction are, fundamentally, emotional reactions. To gain an understanding of capitalism and class society as the causes of oppression, Östman’s characters must first understand their own emotions from the perspective of a socialist emotional community, rather than the prevailing emotional community of working class men. Only then can their emotional response to suffering become anger and action rather than hopelessness. Östman identifies the great shame of the worker not as his vulnerable position under capitalism but as the culture of non-feeling that workers impose on one another – a change of perspective that becomes a call for action. If read attentive to the role of emotions in the text, the thesis argues, Östman’s fiction possesses an urgency and a complexity previously not accredited to him.

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Le discours des vices et des vertus est une étude qui porte sur la définition des notions de bien et de mal, de droit et d’interdit dans le cadre de la renouatio carolingienne, débutée sous le règne de Charlemagne et poursuivit sous ses successeurs, puis redynamisée sous le règne des Ottoniens. Les genres littéraires et artistiques où apparaissent les allégories des vices et des vertus constituent un corpus très varié de sources (judiciaire, morale, iconographique…). La diversité des sources permet de faire émerger la définition d’un idéal permettant de conduire l’homme à son salut, tout en mettant en place des codes moraux et une norme qui permettent d’encadrer la société dans tous les domaines. / The discourse of vices and virtues is a study which deals with the definition of the notions of good and evil, law and prohibition in the context of Carolingian renouatio, begun under the reign of Charlemagne and continued under his successors, then revitalized under the reign of Ottonians. The literary and artistic genres in which allegories of vices and virtues appear, constitute a very varied corpus of sources (judicial, moral, iconographic, etc.). The diversity of sources makes it possible to emerge the definition of an ideal allowing to lead the man to his salvation, while setting up moral codes and a norm which make it possible to regulate the society in all areas.