Two deeply buried, well-stratified, and well-dated components dating to the Early Holocene period were excavated at the Richard Beene site (41BX831) in Bexar County, Texas. This thesis utilizes both qualitative (interpretation of maps) and quantitative (unconstrained clustering) spatial analysis techniques to identify site structure and assess post-depositional disturbance by analyzing patterns among artifact categories, selected artifacts, and features from these components. Results of spatial analysis are compared to expectations of the archaeological record based on previous research. Each component revealed a distinct pattern. The Lower Medina component (ca. 6900 B.P.) is well preserved and spatial analysis showed clear distinctions between domestic and peripheral zones. The Upper Perez component (8800 B.P.) is a fluvial lag deposit of displaced artifacts and fire-cracked rock features. Results of spatial analysis confirmed that most, if not all, of this component is disturbed, revealing no site structure.

Two deeply buried, well-stratified, and well-dated components dating to the Early Holocene period were excavated at the Richard Beene site (41BX831) in Bexar County, Texas. This thesis utilizes both qualitative (interpretation of maps) and quantitative (unconstrained clustering) spatial analysis techniques to identify site structure and assess post-depositional disturbance by analyzing patterns among artifact categories, selected artifacts, and features from these components. Results of spatial analysis are compared to expectations of the archaeological record based on previous research. Each component revealed a distinct pattern. The Lower Medina component (ca. 6900 B.P.) is well preserved and spatial analysis showed clear distinctions between domestic and peripheral zones. The Upper Perez component (8800 B.P.) is a fluvial lag deposit of displaced artifacts and fire-cracked rock features. Results of spatial analysis confirmed that most, if not all, of this component is disturbed, revealing no site structure.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:36:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5773.pdf: 28798119 bytes, checksum: 8969d15b0ac7fba98e30be9b2199c2e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-07 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The Galipea genus species classifications has been confuse since genus classification. Showing no agreement among taxonomists in several classification systems since 1823. However, Kallunki & Pirani corrected errors exist in the ancient botanical classification reclassify several species of Galipeas like Conchocarpus or Angostura. Thus, it was chosen a specie of Galipea (G. carinata) and one Angostura (A.bracteata) which previously belonged to Galipea in order to evaluate a possible parallelism between the classification proposed by Kallunki & Pirani with the chemical profile of the species studied. The phytochemical studies of the A. bracteata and G. carinata no led to the isolation of the secondary metabolites, though the research literature shows a relation of parallelism between the botanical classification based on morphology of species of the genus with the same chemical this one, but this relationship was only apparent when you compare the already isolated Conchocarpus s alkaloids with those of Angostura, where it was discovered that the alkyl and alquilarilquinolinicos alkaloids present in Angostura, are absent in Conchocarpus. In turn, the acridones and indolquinazolínicos alkaloids found in Conchocarpus were not observed in Angostura. The comparison of the aforementioned genres with Galipea was not discussed due to the few reported alkaloid (2-quinolone) for the species of this genus can not be classified as this specific. The Swinglea glutinosa, a species native to Asia, possesses many reports acridones alkaloids and coumarins isolated from its fruit, stem and roots, but these metabolites are reported from polar extracts, thus having no knowledge whatsoever of metabolites of low polarity. This work is also aimed at expanding the knowledge of the chemical profile of this species. The phytochemical study of S. glutinosa led to the isolation of two triterpenes: 3α-Hidroxiglutin-5-ene (08) and friedelin (09), a diterpene (2Z)-2-methyl-[2,5,5,8 a-tetrametildecaidronaftalen-1-yl] but-2-en-1-ol (07), two steroids, sitosterol (10) and stigmasterol (11), a flavanone: pinostrobine (07) and three amides: N-benzoiltiramida (01), N-{2 - [4 - (3-oxobutoxyl) phenyl] ethyl} benzamide (02), 2 (E) N-methyl-fenilacrilamide (05), the latter being new in the literature. The amide N-{2 - [4 - (2,3-dihydroxy-3-methyl-4-oxobutoxyl) phenyl] ethyl} benzamide (03) and carboxylic acid (04) acid 4 - {4 - [2 - (benzoilamino ) ethyl] phenoxyl} -2.3-dihydroxy-2-methylbutanoic was identified by GC-MS, where these two metabolites enhance the biogenesis of novel amide via O-prenylation then the loss due to carbon dioxide in several oxidations methyl terminal. Some of the compounds have their biological activity by testing tested against the Guignardia citricarpa of growth either in vitro mycelial where only the substance (08) showed an inhibition of about 50% and substance (07) stimulated the growth of the fungus. In the inhibition test of germination and appressorium formation, which evaluates the inhibition of fungal reproductive structure that is the main way of infection, the substance (08) showed an inhibition of 93.5% and 96.5% germination and training appressoria, respectively. The substance (02) inhibited 90.5% and 94.5% germination in appressorium formation. Thus, this work took place some fungicidal compounds with potential to control the fungus G. citricarpa. / A classificação das espécies do gênero Galipea tem sido confuso desde a descrição do gênero, não mostrando concordância entre os taxonomistas em vários sistemas de classificação desde 1823. Contudo Kallunki & Pirani retificaram os erros existentes nas antigas classificações botânicas reclassificando varias espécies de Galipea como Conchocarpus ou Angostura. Desta forma, foi escolhida uma espécie de Galipea (G. carinata) e uma de Angostura (A.bracteata) que antes pertencia à Galipea no intuito de avaliar um possível paralelismo entre a classificação proposta por Kallunki & Pirani com o perfil químico das espécies estudadas. Os estudos fitoquimicos de A. bracteata e G. carinata não levaram o isolamento de metabólitos sencudários, entretanto o levantamento bibliográfico mostrou uma relação de paralelismo entre a classificação botânica baseada na morfologia das espécies do gênero com o perfil quimico das mesmas. Contudo, essa relação só foi evidenciada ao se fazer a comparação dos alcaloides já isolados da Conchocarpus com aqueles de Angostura, em que se averiguou que os alcaloides alquil- e alquilarilquinolinicos presentes na Angostura, encontravam-se ausêntes em Conchocarpus. Por sua vez, os alcaloides acridônicos e indolquinazolínicos encontrados em Conchocarpus não eram observados em Angostura. A comparação dos gêneros supracitados com Galipea não foi discutido devido aos poucos alcaloides relatados (2-quinolona) para as espécies desse gênero não podendo ser classificado como específico desta. A Swinglea glutinosa, espécie nativa da Ásia, possue muitos relatos na literatura de alcaloides acridônicos e cumarinas isoladas de seus frutos, tronco, e raízes, entretanto esses metabólitos relatados são provenientes de extratos polares, não possuindo assim conhecimento algum de metabólitos de baixa polaridade. Assim, neste trabalho também se objetivou ampliar o conhecimento do perfil químico dessa espécie. O estudo fitoquímico da S. glutinosa levou ao isolamento de dois triterpenos: 3α-Hidroxiglutin-5-eno (08) e friedelina (09); um diterpeno: (2Z)-2-metil-[2,5,5,8a-tetrametildecaidronaftalen-1- il]but-2-en-1-ol (07); dois esteroides: sitosterol (10) e estigmasterol (11); uma flavanona: pinostrobina (07); e três amidas: N-benzoiltiramida (01); N-{2-[4-(3- oxobutoxil)fenil]etil}benzamida (02); 2(E)N-metil-fenilacrilamida (05), sendo a última inédita na literatura. A amida N-{2-[4-(2,3-diidróxi-3-metil-4- oxobutoxil)fenil]etil}benzamida (03) e o ácido carboxílico (04) ácido 4-{4-[2- (benzoilamino)etil]fenoxil}-2,3-diidróxi-2-metilbutanóico foram identificados via CGEM, onde estes dois metabolitos reforçam a biogênese da amida inédita via Oprenilação seguida a perda de dióxido de carbono devido às varias oxidadações na metila terminal. Alguns dos compostos isolados tiveram sua atividade biológica avaliada frente à Guignardia citricarpa pelo ensaio de crecimento micelial in vitro onde apenas a substância (08) apresentou uma inibição de cerca de 50% e a substância (07) estimulou o crescimento do fungo. No ensaio de inibição da germinação e formação de apressórios, que avalia a inibição da estrutura reprodutiva do fungo que é a principal forma de infeção, a substância (08) apresentou uma inibição de 93,5% na germinação e 96,5% na formação de apressórios, respectivamente. A substância (02) inibiu 90,5 % na germinação e 94,5% na formação de apressórios. Sendo assim, neste trabalho verificou-se alguns compostos com potencial fungistático no controle do fungo G. citricarpa.

La tesis aborda la problemática de las migraciones de amenidad y su incidencia en el desarrollo competitivo sustentable de dos destinos turísticos de montaña que son representativas de estos procesos: San Martín de los Andes y Villa La Angostura, en los Departamentos Lácar y Los Lagos respectivamente, en el sudoeste de la Provincia de Neuquén, Argentina. La propuesta parte del reconocimiento de una hibridación cada vez mayor entre las funciones residenciales, económicas y recreativas del otrora llamado tiempo vacacional, en el que la migración de amenidad es un indicador particularmente importante y donde tanto la competitividad sustentable en particular y por ende los procesos de desarrollo local en destinos turísticos de montaña en general, se encuentran seriamente afectados. Desde esta perspectiva, se propone re-sítuar el tema de la migración de amenidad en el contexto del post turismo, a partir de los cambios en la relación entre la ciudad y la montaña en el ámbito del Corredor de los Lagos, que abarca parte de las provincias de Neuquén, Río Negro y Chubut, en el noroeste de la Patagonia Argentina. Las movilidades del post turismo promueven una serie de problemas y contradicciones en el desarrollo competitivo y sustentable de los destinos turísticos de montaña con procesos de migración de amenidad. La creciente hibridación entre las funciones residenciales, económicas y recreativas características del post turismo termina promoviendo un territorio terciarízado residencial de alto poder adquisitivo que no constituye un modelo apto como territorio de vida, en la medida que genera homogenización, exclusión, privación del uso delos bienes públicos comunes y promueve la falta de interacción social de sus habitantes. Resulta crucial en este sentido analizar y comprender los modos en que los desarrollos geográficos desiguales en estos dos destinos turísticos de montaña encarnan las contradicciones de las formas neoliberales de la globalización. En este sentido, la investigación se propone indagar en las evidencias que dan cuenta de los inconvenientes que el modelo de desarrollo actual asociado a la migración de amenidad plantea para estos destinos turísticos de montaña en el ámbito del Corredor de los Lagos. / The thesis deals with the problem of amenity migration and its impact on the sustainable competitive development of two mountain destinations that are representative of these processes: San Martin de los Andes and Villa La Angostura in Lacar and Los Lagos Departments, both in the southwest of the Neuquén Province, Argentina The proposal starts from the recognition of a growing hybridization between residential, economic and recreational functions of the formerly called vacation time, in which amenity migration is an important indicator, and where both sustainable competitiveness and local development area seriously affected. From this perspective, a discussion concerning amenity migration in the context of the post tourism is proposed, considering the changes in the relationship between the city and the mountain in the context of the lakes Corridor - which covers part of the provinces of Neuquén, Rio Negro and Chubut, in the Northwest Argentinean Patagonia. The mobilities of the post tourism promote a series of problems and contradictions in the competitive and sustainable development of these mountain tourist destinations; Increased hybridization between residential, economic and recreational functions - typical of post tourism phenomenom - ends up promoting the commodification of a residential territory, which in turn does not constitute a suitable model as territory of life, since it generates homogenization, exclusion, deprivation of the common resources, and evenpromoting the lack of social interaction of its inhabitants. Hence, it is crucial to analyse and understand the ways in which unequal geographic developments on these two mountain destinations embody the contradictions of neoliberal forms of globalization. In this sense, the research intends to investigate evidences that realize the drawbacks posed by the current development associated with amenity migration model to these mountain tourist destinations.

The archaeological literature warns against trusting the context of artifacts found within a vertisol due to the constant mixing of sediments caused by the shrink/swell properties of clays. These churning processes were thought to be the defining characteristic of vertisols until only the past few decades. It is now apparent that vertisols vary drastically based on a wide spectrum of variables and are fully capable of forming without churning processes. The Buttermilk Creek Site, Block A represents a prime example of a minimally developed vertisol. In addition, the site itself is a heavily occupied lithic quarry that has been almost continuously inhabited since Clovis and possibly Pre-Clovis times. This thesis takes a detailed look at the sediments and distribution of lithic artifacts from Block A of the Buttermilk Creek site to address the two following research objectives: 1) to determine if the archaeological context within the floodplain sediments at Block A has been disturbed by post-depositional processes, and 2) to identify discrete occupation surfaces within the vertic floodplain sediments at the site. These objectives are addressed using a variety of methods, including: 1) plotting the stratigraphic position of diagnostic artifacts, 2) determining the size distribution of debitage and artifact quantities throughout the floodplain deposits, 3) examining the distribution of cultural versus non-cultural lithic material, 4) recording the presence or absence of heat alteration in the deposits, 5) creating maps showing the degree of fissuring across the site, 6) analyzing differences in patination on artifacts, and 7) analyzing the presence of calcium carbonate on artifacts from all levels. Results from these analyses show that, despite the classification of sediments at Block A as a vertisol, vertical displacement of artifacts is largely absent. Chronologically ordered diagnostic points, consistently size sorted artifacts, and a lack of constant mixing of calcium carbonate throughout the profile suggest that artifacts found as deep as 20 cm below the Clovis-aged horizon represent intact cultural horizons. These oldest components found in Block A may represent some of the earliest known evidence of people in the New World.