<p>  </p> <p>Heat stress affects breeder ducks raised in North America and other parts of the world, but the effects of such stress on the progenies is not known. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate: 1) The objectives of this thesis were to first investigate the effect of heat stress or exposure to exogenous glucocorticoid (GC) on fertility, production performance, egg biochemistry, egg quality, and welfare of breeder Pekin ducks. 2) the effects of maternal GC on phenotypic plasticity and behavior of the F1 generation. Three studies were carried out to investigate these objectives.</p> <p>The first experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that chronic treatment with low levels of either corticosterone or cortisol would alter heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (HLR) and immune organ morphometrics. Further, we wanted to determine if chronic treatment with either GC would elicit an increase in cortisol levels in egg albumen. To test our hypotheses, we implanted silastic capsules subcutaneously under the skin of the neck of adult ducks (n = 5/sex/dose) using propofol anesthesia. Capsules contained corticosterone, cortisol, or empty capsules as controls. Over the course of 2 weeks, blood serum, blood smears, body weights, and egg quality data were collected. After 2 weeks, ducks were euthanized using pentobarbital (FatalPlus, 396 mg/ml/kg) and body weight, weights of spleens, livers, and the number of active follicles were recorded. Blood smears were analyzed for HLR by a lab unaware of the treatment groups. Albumen GC levels were assessed using mass spectrometry. Data were analyzed using a 2- or 3-way ANOVA as appropriate and <em>post hoc </em>with Fishers protected least squares difference (PLSD). There were no treatment effects on egg quality measures or body weight. Corticosterone treatment did elicit an increase in serum corticosterone (p < 0.05), but not cortisol levels, compared to controls in both sexes. Both cortisol and corticosterone treatments increased (p < 0.05) serum levels of cortisol compared to controls. Relative spleen weights were higher (p < 0.05) in hens following corticosterone but not cortisol treatment. No other organs showed any differences among the treatment groups. Both GCs elicited an increase (p < 0.001) in HLR in hens at all time-points over the 2-week treatment period compared to controls. Cortisol, not corticosterone, elicited an increase in HLR for drakes (p < 0.05) compared to controls at day 1 after implants. Chronic treatment with cortisol, but not corticosterone, elicited an increase (p < 0.01) in egg albumen cortisol levels compared to other groups. Corticosterone was not detected in any albumen samples.</p> <p>The goal of our second experiment was to test the hypothesis that heat stress (HS) would alter welfare, egg quality, and morphometrics of breeder ducks. Furthermore, we wanted to test if HS would increase cortisol levels in egg albumen due to recent exciting findings that cortisol, not corticosterone, is isolated in egg albumen. To test our hypothesis, adult Pekin ducks were randomly assigned to two different rooms at 85% lay with 60 hens and 20 drakes per room. Baseline data including body weight, body condition scores (BCS) (such as footpad quality, eyes, nostrils, feather cleanliness, and feather quality scores), and egg production/quality were collected the week preceding heat treatment. Ducks were subjected to cyclic HS of 350C for 10h/day and to 29.50C for the remaining 14h/day for 3 weeks while the control room was maintained at 220C. Eggs were collected daily, and body weights were taken on days 0 and 21 relative to the onset of heat treatment. BCS were collected weekly. Eggs were collected weekly for quality assessment and albumen glucocorticoid (GCs) levels assessment using mass spectrometry. One week before the exposure to HS, 10 hens and 5 drakes were euthanized and the same number again after 3 weeks of HS or control exposures using pentobarbital and birds necropsied. Body weight, weights of the liver, spleen, and the number of maturing follicles were recorded. Data analyses were done by 2- or 3-way ANOVA as appropriate with a Tukey-Kramer post hoc test. BCS were analyzed using a chi-squared test. A p value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Circulating levels of corticosterone were significantly (p < 0.01) elevated at week 1 only in the HS hens while there was no significant difference in the circulating levels of corticosterone in drakes compared to the controls. The circulating levels of cortisol increased significantly at week 1 (p < 0.05), week 2 (p < 0.05), and week 3 (p < 0.01) in the hens and at week 2 and 3 only (p < 0.05) in the drakes compared to the controls. Feather quality scores (p < 0.01), feather cleanliness scores (p < 0.001) and footpad quality scores (p < 0.05) increased significantly in the HS group compared to controls, higher BCS indicate a decline in welfare. HS elicited a significant (p < 0.001) decrease in egg production at weeks 1 and 3 and a descriptive decrease in the number of fertile eggs upon candling at 10 days of incubation, numeric decrease hatchability and increase in the number of dead embryos in the HS group after the incubation period. Hens in the HS group showed a significantly decreased BW (p < 0.001), and number of ovarian follicles (p < 0.05) compared to controls. Shell weight decreased significantly at week 1 (p < 0.05) compared to controls. Yolk weight decreased significantly at week 3 (p < 0.01) compared to controls. HS elicited a significant increase in albumen cortisol levels at week 1 (p < 0.05) and week 3 (p < 0.05).</p> <p>The third experiment was conducted to determine if parental exposure to heat stress would impair performance, hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis response, welfare, or behavior of their offspring. To achieve these goals, we treated adult drakes and hens at peak lay to heat stress or control temperature for 3 weeks and incubated eggs collected from the last 3 days of the experiment. A total of 76 ducklings were placed into pens from each parental treatment group: control (CON-F1) and heat stress (HS-F1) and raised as grow-out ducks. Weekly data for body weights, body condition scores (BCS), and novel object test (NOT) were collected weekly. At 3 weeks of age, ducks (n = 6 per treatment group) were subjected to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (ACTH/cosyntropin, 0.0625 mg/kg) challenge or vehicle as control. Blood samples were collected from the metatarsal vein into serum-separator tubes at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours relative to treatment for the determination of serum glucocorticoids. Blood smears were also produced from these same samples to determine heterophil to lymphocyte ratios (HLR). All injected birds were euthanized with pentobarbital on the second day relative to ACTH administration, spleen and bursa were removed and weighed immediately. Duck level analyses were completed using 1-, or 2 -way ANOVA as appropriate. BCS were analyzed using a chi-squared test. We observed that HS-F1 had a lower hatch weight (p < 0.05) compared to CON-F1. However, growth rates during the 5-week grow-out period were not significantly different between the two flocks. NOT (N = 4) analyses showed that the HS-F1 had a greater fear response (P< 0.001) compared to CON-F1. Similarly, an ACTH stimulation test showed that the HS-F1 ducks had significantly heightened corticosterone and HLR responses compared to CON-F1 ducks (p < 0.05). The HS-F1 showed altered baseline and ACTH-stimulated levels of cortisol compared to controls.</p> <p>In conclusion, GC elicit differential effects and although corticosterone has been stated to be the predominant GC in avian species, cortisol may provide critical information to further understand and improve welfare. HS decreased performance, fertility, and productivity of breeder ducks. In addition, HS and exogenous GC elicited a selective deposition of cortisol, not corticosterone, in the egg albumen. The maternal cortisol deposited in eggs alter the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and behavioral responses of the F1 generation. This suggests that maternal hormones can alter the phenotypic plasticity of the offspring and can be used to produce offspring that have better adaptation to the rising temperatures as a result of climate change. Finally, the measure of cortisol in egg albumen can be used as a non-invasive marker of stress.</p>

Introduction: Stenotic nares are one of the most important characteristics of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS), which was first described in 1949. However, although they have been mentioned in most texts about brachycephalic malformations, few studies have attempted to characterize the nasal entrance of dogs morphologically or functionally, and none of them have described it objectively with landmarks. Recently, as the popularity of brachycephalic dogs has exploded worldwide, innumumberable dogs are suffering from BOAS due to structural malformations. In the point of view of animal welfare, stenotic nares should be objectively evaluated to provide evidence of torture breeding. Objectives: The aim of this study was to objectively measure and thus characterize the nasal entrance stenosis of brachycephalic dogs in comparison to non-brachycephalic dogs. To this end, the following objectives were defined: 1. Our aim is to use three-dimensional (3D) soft-tissue morphometry to objectively measure the externally visible part of the nasal entrance of healthy and brachycephalic dogs. 2. Our aim is to define specific soft-tissue landmarks and parameters to objectively characterize the nasal entrance of dogs. 3. Compare 3D high-resolution scanning with computed tomography (CT) using the newly defined parameters. 4. Reexamine the nasal entrance with 3D scan six months after surgical correction of nasal entrance stenosis (Ala-vestibuloplasty). Animals, Material and Methods: Forty-five brachycephalic and 45 non-brachycephalic dogs were included in this study between 2018 and 2020. All the animals were referred to the Ear, Nose, and Throat Unit of the Small Animal Department at the University of Leipzig, either for surgical correction of BOAS or for endoscopic examination. Animals were excluded if their nasal entrance was potentially affected due to disease or previous surgery. All dogs were scanned with a 3D scanner under general anesthesia using a standardized anesthetic protocol before endoscopic intervention. The 3D scans and CT images were later imported into two advanced software (Amira, Thermo Fisher and Facial Analysis Tool) for objective measurement of the nasal entrance. Intra-observer error and ala-vestibuloplasty (AVP) efficacy of the CT images and 3D scans were tested and compared. All the data were normalized using Shapiro–Wilk normality test. All statistical analyses were later performed using Pearson or Spearman test for correlation, paired t-test, or t-test. Paired t-test was used to test whether the mean difference between pairs of measurements was zero. If it was not the same group of animals, t-test was used instead. Results: We defined new specific soft-tissue landmarks to calculate the nasal opening area (NOA) and stenotic angle (SA) to objectively describe the canine nasal entrance. The NOA and SA were significantly smaller in brachycephalic dogs than in non-brachycephalic dogs, and the NOA was significantly correlated with body weight, whereas SA was not. After nasal entrance correction via AVP, the nasal entrances were 295%left and 233%right larger than before surgery in brachycephalic dogs. Intra-observer reliability was tested with excellent significance through NOA measurements. Comparison between the 3D scanner and CT was measured with the NOA, and it did not show a significant difference between the methods. Conclusion: Obtaining the NOA and SA using 3D surface scans seems to be a reliable and reproducible tool for precise objective evaluation of the visible canine nasal entrance. With the measurement of derived NOA and SA, all the brachycephalic dogs in the study were found to have stenotic nares, and all they required AVP to relieve breathing difficulty. The brachycephalic nasal entrances were increased significantly after AVP, the modified nare correction surgery. We consider the results of our study strong evidence that the breeding of brachycephalic dogs is torture breeding. The restriction of nasal breathing due to the extreme reduction of the nasal entrance to a fraction of the size of that of non-brachycephalic dogs is obvious evidence of this.:1 INTRODUCTION - 1 - 1.1 General Introduction - 1 - 1.2 Objectives - 2 - 2 OVERVIEW OF THE LITERATURE - 3 - 2.1 Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) - 3 - 2.1.1 General Introduction of BOAS - 3 - 2.1.2 How to Define Brachycephalic Dogs - 3 - 2.1.3 Commonly Affected Breeds - 4 - 2.2 The Canine Nasal Entrance - 4 - 2.2.1 Anatomy of the Canine Nasal Entrance and Stenosis - 4 - 2.2.2 Pathophysiology of Stenotic Nares in Brachycephalic Dogs - 5 - 2.3 Diagnosis of Stenotic Nares - 9 - 2.3.1 Visual Assessment - 9 - 2.3.2 Nostril Ratio - 11 - 2.3.3 Air Volume of the Nasal Entrance - 11 - 2.4 Development of Morphometry in Brachycephalic Dogs - 11 - 2.5 3D Scanners for 3D Model Reconstruction - 12 - 2.6 Landmarks - 14 - 2.6.1 Introduction of Landmarks - 14 - 2.6.2 Development of Landmarks in Human Medicine - 15 - 2.6.3 Development of Landmarks in Veterinary Medicine - 16 - 2.6.4 Cephalometric Analysis Software - 17 - 3 ANIMALS AND METHODS - 19 - 3.1 Animals - 19 - 3.2 Methods - 19 - 3.2.1 3D Scanning Process and Set-ups of Canine Nasal Entrance - 19 - 3.2.2 Cephalomorphometric Software - 20 - 3.2.3 Cephalometric Landmarks - 20 - 3.2.4 Advanced Morphometric Parameters for Nares - 22 - 3.2.5 Efficacy of Ala-Vestibuloplasty (AVP) - 24 - 3.2.6 Comparison between CT and the 3D Scanning Tool - 24 - 3.2.7 Intra-observer Reliability - 25 - 3.2.8 Statistics - 25 - 4 RESULTS - 26 - 4.1 Brachycephalic Dogs and Non-brachycephalic Dogs - 26 - 4.2 The Nasal Opening Area (NOA) - 28 - 4.3 Efficacy of Ala-Vestibulopasty - 30 - 4.4 Stenotic Angle (SA) - 31 - 4.5 Comparison between CT and the 3D Scanning Tool - 32 - 4.6 Intra-observer Reliability - 34 - 5 DISCUSSION - 36 - 5.1 The Nasal Entrance - 36 - 5.2 Method: the 3D Scanner - 37 - 5.3 Method: Comparison between CT and the 3D Scanner - 38 - 5.4 Method: Landmarks and Reproducibility, Intra-observer Reliability - 39 - 5.5 Nasal Opening Area (NOA) and Efficacy of Ala-Vestibuloplasty (AVP) - 42 - 5.6 Stenotic Angle (SA) - 44 - 5.7 Animal Welfare - 45 - 6 SUMMARY - 47 - 7 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG - 49 - 8 REFERENCES - 51 - / Einleitung: Die Naseneingangstenose ist eine der wichtigsten Merkmale des brachyzephalen Syndroms (BOAS), das erstmals 1949 beschrieben wurde. Obwohl diese komplexe Stenose in den meisten Texten über brachyzephale Fehlbildungen erwähnt wird, haben nur wenige Studien versucht, den Naseneingang von Hunden morphologisch oder funktionell zu charakterisieren. Eine objektive Beschreibung mit Landmarken ist bisher nicht bekannt. In den letzten Jahren ist die Popularität brachyzephaler Hunde weltweit explodiert. Unzählige Hunde leiden aufgrund struktureller Fehlbildungen an BOAS. Unter dem Gesichtspunkt des Tierschutzes sollte die einzige, mit bloßem Auge sichtbare Stenose der oberen Atemwege brachyzephaler Hunde, die Stenose des Naseneingangs objektiv bewertet werden können, um Hinweise auf eine Qualzucht zu belegen. Zielsetzung: Ziel dieser Studie war es, den Naseneingang von brachyzephalen Hunden im Vergleich zu nicht-brachyzephalen Hunden objektiv zu messen und damit die Stenose des Naseneingangs zu charakterisieren und eine chirurgische Therapie, die Ala-Vestibuloplastie (AVP), zu evaluieren. Zu diesem Zweck wurden die folgenden Ziele definiert: 1. Anwendung der dreidimensionalen (3D) Weichteilmorphometrie zur objektiven Messung des äußerlich sichtbaren Teils des Naseneingangs von gesunden und brachyzephalen Hunden. 2. Definition spezifischer Weichteil-Landmarken und Parameter zur objektiven Charakterisierung des Naseneingangs von Hunden. 3. Methoden-Vergleich zwischen den hochauflösenden 3D-Scans und der Computertomographie (CT) unter Verwendung der neu definierten Parameter. 4. Kontrolluntersuchung mit 3D-Scan sechs Monate nach der chirurgischen Korrektur der Naseneingangsstenose (Ala-Vestibuloplastik). Tiere und Methoden: 45 brachyzephale und 45 nicht-brachyzephale Hunde wurden zwischen 2018 und 2020 in diese Studie aufgenommen und wurden an die Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Abteilung der Kleintierklinik der Universität Leipzig überwiesen, zur endoskopischen Untersuchung der oberen Atemwege und gegebenenfalls zur chirurgischen Korrektur der BOAS-assozierten Stenosen. Ausgeschlossen wurden Tiere, deren Naseneingang aufgrund von Krankheiten oder einer früheren Operation verändert war. Alle Hunde wurden nach einem standardisierten Anästhesieprotokoll anästhesiert, ein Computertomogramm des Kopfes erstellt und vor dem endoskopischen Eingriff wurde der Kopf mit einem 3D-Scanner gescannt. Die 3D-Scans und CT-Bilder wurden in zwei Softwareprogramme (Amira, Thermo Fisher und Facial Analysis Tool) zur objektiven Messung des Naseneingangs importiert. Zur genauen Charakterisierung wurden neue Landmarken am Naseneingang definiert und zur Berechnung von zwei neuen, abgeleiteten Parametern, der Nasenöffnungsfläche (NOA) und dem stenotischen Winkel (SA) verwendet. Der Intraobserver-Fehler und die Wirksamkeit der Ala-Vestibuloplastie wurden anhand der CT-Bilder und 3D-Scans mit demselben Verfahren geprüft und verglichen. Alle statistischen Analysen wurden später mit dem Pearson-Test oder dem Spearman-Test für die Korrelation, dem gepaarten t-Test oder dem t-Test durchgeführt. Der gepaarte t-Test wurde verwendet, um zu prüfen, ob der Mittelwertunterschied zwischen Paaren von Messungen gleich Null war. Handelte es sich nicht um dieselbe Gruppe von Tieren, wurde stattdessen der t-Test verwendet. Ergebnisse: Mit den neu definierten spezifischen Weichteil-Landmarken und den abgeleiteten Parametern NOA und SA konnte der Naseneingang aller brachyzephalen und nicht-brachyzephalen Hunde objektiv beschrieben werden. NOA und SA waren bei brachyzephalen Hunden signifikant kleiner als bei nicht-brachyzephalen Hunden. NOA korrelierte in beiden Gruppen signifikant mit dem Körpergewicht. Dagegen zeigte SA keine Korrelation mit dem Körpergewicht. Nach der chirurgischen AVP waren die Naseneingänge bei allen brachyzephalen Hunden größer als vor der Operation, mit einer Zunahme der NOA links um 295 % und rechts um 233 %. Die Intraobserver-Zuverlässigkeit wurde durch NOA-Messungen getestet und war hoch signifikant. Zum Methoden-Vergleich zwischen 3D-Scanner und CT wurde die Nasenöffnungsfläche jeweils am gemessen und zeigte keinen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen den Methoden. Schlussfolgerungen: Morphometrische Messungen mit 3D-Oberflächenscans scheinen ein zuverlässiges und reproduzierbares Instrument zur präzisen, objektiven Bewertung des Naseneingangs des Hundes zu sein. Bei der Messung der abgeleiteten Flächen (NOA) und Winkel (SA) wurde bei allen brachyzephalen Hunden dieser Studie eine Naseneingangsstenose festgestellt. Nach der chirurgischen Korrektur der brachyzephalen Naseneingangsstenose, der AVP, waren die Nasenöffnungen deutlich vergrößert. Die Einschränkung der Nasenatmung durch die extreme Verkleinerung des Naseneingangs auf einen Bruchteil der Größe von nicht-brachyzephalen Hunden, betrachten wir als eindeutigen Beweis dafür, dass die Zucht von brachyzephalen Hunden eine Qualzucht ist.:1 INTRODUCTION - 1 - 1.1 General Introduction - 1 - 1.2 Objectives - 2 - 2 OVERVIEW OF THE LITERATURE - 3 - 2.1 Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) - 3 - 2.1.1 General Introduction of BOAS - 3 - 2.1.2 How to Define Brachycephalic Dogs - 3 - 2.1.3 Commonly Affected Breeds - 4 - 2.2 The Canine Nasal Entrance - 4 - 2.2.1 Anatomy of the Canine Nasal Entrance and Stenosis - 4 - 2.2.2 Pathophysiology of Stenotic Nares in Brachycephalic Dogs - 5 - 2.3 Diagnosis of Stenotic Nares - 9 - 2.3.1 Visual Assessment - 9 - 2.3.2 Nostril Ratio - 11 - 2.3.3 Air Volume of the Nasal Entrance - 11 - 2.4 Development of Morphometry in Brachycephalic Dogs - 11 - 2.5 3D Scanners for 3D Model Reconstruction - 12 - 2.6 Landmarks - 14 - 2.6.1 Introduction of Landmarks - 14 - 2.6.2 Development of Landmarks in Human Medicine - 15 - 2.6.3 Development of Landmarks in Veterinary Medicine - 16 - 2.6.4 Cephalometric Analysis Software - 17 - 3 ANIMALS AND METHODS - 19 - 3.1 Animals - 19 - 3.2 Methods - 19 - 3.2.1 3D Scanning Process and Set-ups of Canine Nasal Entrance - 19 - 3.2.2 Cephalomorphometric Software - 20 - 3.2.3 Cephalometric Landmarks - 20 - 3.2.4 Advanced Morphometric Parameters for Nares - 22 - 3.2.5 Efficacy of Ala-Vestibuloplasty (AVP) - 24 - 3.2.6 Comparison between CT and the 3D Scanning Tool - 24 - 3.2.7 Intra-observer Reliability - 25 - 3.2.8 Statistics - 25 - 4 RESULTS - 26 - 4.1 Brachycephalic Dogs and Non-brachycephalic Dogs - 26 - 4.2 The Nasal Opening Area (NOA) - 28 - 4.3 Efficacy of Ala-Vestibulopasty - 30 - 4.4 Stenotic Angle (SA) - 31 - 4.5 Comparison between CT and the 3D Scanning Tool - 32 - 4.6 Intra-observer Reliability - 34 - 5 DISCUSSION - 36 - 5.1 The Nasal Entrance - 36 - 5.2 Method: the 3D Scanner - 37 - 5.3 Method: Comparison between CT and the 3D Scanner - 38 - 5.4 Method: Landmarks and Reproducibility, Intra-observer Reliability - 39 - 5.5 Nasal Opening Area (NOA) and Efficacy of Ala-Vestibuloplasty (AVP) - 42 - 5.6 Stenotic Angle (SA) - 44 - 5.7 Animal Welfare - 45 - 6 SUMMARY - 47 - 7 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG - 49 - 8 REFERENCES - 51 -

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Based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Seoul from July 2012 until July 2013, this dissertation offers a novel perspective on human-animal interactions and public discourses regarding livestock versus pet moral boundaries in contemporary Korea. I aim to explore how Koreans struggle to make sense of the tension between the emergence of animal welfare and the perpetuation of traditional health behaviours that involve animal processing. The focus will be on why participants in my study, whether activists or not, defended both animal ethics and cat and dog meat consumption, while including Korean animals in fluid and instrumental conceptions of Koreanness. I have analysed a variety of discourses produced by both Korean and non-Korean, academic and non-academic stakeholders, in order to reveal the on-going tension between these powerful ubiquitous ideas and the lived experience of Koreans today. Moreover, I examine how the aesthetics of cruelty and empathy is employed in order to singularize livestock into companion animals thereby transgressing cultural taboos regarding Western ethics of species separation. I also demonstrate that converging and conflicting economic, political, social and cultural agendas are responsible for making Korea’s public discourses about animal welfare very unsettled. My research thus contributes to key anthropological debates about the cross-cultural circulation and cross-fertilisation of moral values that impact the ethics of post-industrial human-animal interactions; and about the influence of policy dialogue, at both national and international levels, on applied animal ethics, cultural stigmatization and the reinforcement of national sentiment.

Introdução - O acelerado processo de urbanização provoca sobre os animais silvestres uma forte pressão, que fez com que a Prefeitura de São Paulo criasse por lei, em 1993, um serviço voltado à gestão desse recurso. Objetivo - Analisar as políticas públicas e a gestão da fauna silvestre nativa na Cidade de São Paulo, a fim de verificar se as mesmas trazem contribuições para as áreas de meio ambiente e saúde pública e podem servir de exemplo para outras localidades. Metodologia - Pesquisa do tipo qualitativa descritiva, por meio de um estudo de caso, para uma análise profunda sobre o tema empregando a pesquisa bibliográfica em bases de dados, pesquisa documental e consulta de dados disponíveis no Sistema de Informações da Fauna (SISFAUNA). Resultado - A Cidade de São Paulo conta com um serviço institucionalizado para a gestão da fauna, que fornece subsídios para a elaboração de políticas e estratégias de proteção e preservação ambiental e cumprimento da legislação, contribuindo com a área de educação e de pesquisas voltadas à saúde e bem estar dos animais e da população, dando publicidade dos resultados dos trabalhos. Conclusão - Compete ao Estado, nas suas diferentes esferas, proteger e preservar a fauna silvestre, e que a gestão da fauna deve ser realizada no âmbito dos estados e municípios integrantes do Sistema Nacional do Meio Ambiente (SISNAMA), desde que esses sejam aparelhados com um serviço institucionalizado para esta finalidade, visando garantir o cumprimento da legislação e a tomada de decisões locais, levando em consideração a fauna silvestre de seu território. / Introduction The accelerated urbanization process brings strong pressure to bear on wild animals, which prompted the São Paulo City Council to create by law, in 1993, a service geared towards the management of this resource. Objective - To analyze the public policies and the management of the native wild fauna in the City of São Paulo, in order to verify whether these make contributions to the environmental and public health areas and can serve as an example to other locations. Methodology - Research of the descriptive qualitative type, by means of a case study, for an in-depth analysis of the topic employing bibliographic research in databases, documental research and consultation of data available in the Fauna Information System (SISFAUNA). Result - The City of São Paulo has an institutionalized service for fauna management, which furnishes subsidies for the preparation of policies and strategies of environmental protection and preservation and compliance with the legislation, contributing to the area of education and of research focused on the health and well-being of animals and of the population, publicizing the results of the work. Conclusion - It is incumbent upon the State, in its different spheres, to protect and preserve wild fauna, and to ensure fauna management is performed in the sphere of the states and municipalities from the National Environmental System (SISNAMA), providing these have resource to an institutionalized service for this purpose, aiming to guarantee compliance with the legislation and local decision making, taking into consideration the wild fauna from their territory.

Die Arbeit liefert eine umfassende Beschreibung der Managementmethoden von Milcherzeugerbetrieben unter dem Fokus Herdenfruchtbarkeit. Die Studie analysiert Einflüsse des Managements auf Reproduktions- und Milchleistung und verfolgt hierzu einen bio-sozialen Forschungsansatz. Die Daten wurden 2007 in Interviews mit Herdenmanagern und Stallrundgängen anhand von Fragebögen in 84 v.a. Brandenburger Milcherzeugerbetrieben erhoben. Die Fragen betrafen u.a. Haltungsumwelt, Stressvermeidung, Herden-, Reproduktions- und Personalmanagement. Die Leistungsdaten der Herden entstammen der Milchleistungsprüfung 2007. Die Datenanalyse umfasste qualitative und quantitative Methoden. Abhängige Variablen waren Zwischenkalbezeit (ZKZ) und 305-Tage-Milchleistung (ML). Im Mittel betrug die Herdengröße 306,3 Kühe (+/-238,3), die ZKZ 413,2d (+/-18,73) und die ML 8555kg (+/-1132,9). Die ZKZ sank tendenziell mit steigender ML (r=-0,188, p=0,10). Die ML stieg mit der Herdengröße (r=0,29, p=0,01). Die Laufgänge (LG) waren in 71,25% der Betriebe nass und rutschig. Hier war die ZKZ tendenziell länger (+16,6d, p=,055) als bei trockenen, rutschfesten LG. Die Liegeflächen (LF) waren in 29,9% der Betriebe trocken und elastisch. Hier war die ML höher (+1110kg, p=0,011) als bei nassen, harten LF. Eine eindeutige Zuordnung der Verantwortung für die Brunstkontrolle wirkte tendenziell positiv auf die ZKZ (-6,3d, p=0,129). Akademisch ausgebildete Herdenmanagerinnen erzielten eine höhere ML als gleichqualifizierte Männer (+752,9kg, p=0,005) bei gleicher ZKZ und damit eine günstigere Relation von Reproduktions- und Milchleistung. Motivierung durch materielle und soziale Anreize bzw. Verantwortungsübertragung und gute Kommunikation war mit einer höheren ML verbunden als Motivierung durch Leistungslohn (+ ca. 1000kg, p=0,009). Die Studie belegt die Notwendigkeit verbesserter Haltungsbedingungen und bietet eine Grundlage für vertiefende Studien zum Personalmanagement in Milchviehbetrieben. / This study provides a comprehensive characterization of current management methods of dairy farms, focusing on herd fertility. Relations of management factors to fertility and milk performance are analyzed following a bio-social approach. In 2007 a questionnaire survey including face-to-face interviews and direct observations was conducted in 84 East German dairy farms, mostly located in Brandenburg. Questions referred to housing, stress prevention, and management of herds, reproduction and personnel. Herd performance data stem from milk performance testing in 2007. Data analysis combined qualitative and quantitative methods. Calving interval (CI) and 305-day-milk yield (MY) were used as dependent variables. Mean values of herd size, CI and MY were, respectively, 306.3 cows (+/-238.3), 413.2d (+/-18.73d) and 8555kg (+/-1132.9). CI tended to decrease with increasing MY (r=-0.188, p=0.10). MY increased with rising herd size (r=0.29, p=0.01). Floors were wet and slippery in 71.25% of farms. In these farms CI tended to be longer (+16.6d, p=0.055) compared to farms with dry and non-slippery floors. Lying areas were in 29.9% of the farms dry and flexible. Here MY was higher (+1110kg, p=0.011) than in farms with wet and hard lying areas. A clear assignment of responsibility for heat detection showed a trend of decreasing CI (-6.3d, p=0.129). Female herd managers with academic qualification achieved a higher MY than likewise qualified men (+752.9kg, p=0.005), with no difference in CI. Thus, herds managed by highly qualified women showed a better MY:CI ratio. Employee motivation by material and social incentives or by allocating responsibility to workers and pursuing good communication was related to higher MY than motivation by performance pay alone (+1000kg, p=0.009); CI remained unaffected. Performance pay had no positive effect on targeted parameters. Results underscore the need for improved housing and recommend further study into personnel management in dairy farms.

Introdução - O acelerado processo de urbanização provoca sobre os animais silvestres uma forte pressão, que fez com que a Prefeitura de São Paulo criasse por lei, em 1993, um serviço voltado à gestão desse recurso. Objetivo - Analisar as políticas públicas e a gestão da fauna silvestre nativa na Cidade de São Paulo, a fim de verificar se as mesmas trazem contribuições para as áreas de meio ambiente e saúde pública e podem servir de exemplo para outras localidades. Metodologia - Pesquisa do tipo qualitativa descritiva, por meio de um estudo de caso, para uma análise profunda sobre o tema empregando a pesquisa bibliográfica em bases de dados, pesquisa documental e consulta de dados disponíveis no Sistema de Informações da Fauna (SISFAUNA). Resultado - A Cidade de São Paulo conta com um serviço institucionalizado para a gestão da fauna, que fornece subsídios para a elaboração de políticas e estratégias de proteção e preservação ambiental e cumprimento da legislação, contribuindo com a área de educação e de pesquisas voltadas à saúde e bem estar dos animais e da população, dando publicidade dos resultados dos trabalhos. Conclusão - Compete ao Estado, nas suas diferentes esferas, proteger e preservar a fauna silvestre, e que a gestão da fauna deve ser realizada no âmbito dos estados e municípios integrantes do Sistema Nacional do Meio Ambiente (SISNAMA), desde que esses sejam aparelhados com um serviço institucionalizado para esta finalidade, visando garantir o cumprimento da legislação e a tomada de decisões locais, levando em consideração a fauna silvestre de seu território. / Introduction The accelerated urbanization process brings strong pressure to bear on wild animals, which prompted the São Paulo City Council to create by law, in 1993, a service geared towards the management of this resource. Objective - To analyze the public policies and the management of the native wild fauna in the City of São Paulo, in order to verify whether these make contributions to the environmental and public health areas and can serve as an example to other locations. Methodology - Research of the descriptive qualitative type, by means of a case study, for an in-depth analysis of the topic employing bibliographic research in databases, documental research and consultation of data available in the Fauna Information System (SISFAUNA). Result - The City of São Paulo has an institutionalized service for fauna management, which furnishes subsidies for the preparation of policies and strategies of environmental protection and preservation and compliance with the legislation, contributing to the area of education and of research focused on the health and well-being of animals and of the population, publicizing the results of the work. Conclusion - It is incumbent upon the State, in its different spheres, to protect and preserve wild fauna, and to ensure fauna management is performed in the sphere of the states and municipalities from the National Environmental System (SISNAMA), providing these have resource to an institutionalized service for this purpose, aiming to guarantee compliance with the legislation and local decision making, taking into consideration the wild fauna from their territory.

Se estudió la influencia de la tecnología del sacrificio sobre la calidad de la canal y la carne porcinas. El trabajo consistió en estudiar minuciosamente todas las operaciones llevadas a cabo en un matadero industrial de gran capacidad, desde la recepción de los cerdos, hasta la obtención de la canal refrigerada, con el objeto de detectar y, en su caso, subsanar, posibles pérdidas de calidad que pudieran ser atribuibles a la tecnología empleada. Para ello, se valoró la importancia de aquellas operaciones que podrían jugar un papel relevante en la consecución de una mejor calidad, incluido el diseño de instalaciones, tales como zonas de descarga, corrales, salas de sacrificio y faenado y cámaras frigoríficas. El estudio fue realizado sobre 2047 cerdos de cebo procedentes de 36 granjas, realizando diferentes medidas y ensayos según las operaciones estudiadas. Se determinó el peso, magro y panículo adiposo de la canal, estableciéndose su clase comercial y conformación subjetiva. La temperatura de la canal fue estudiada en el músculo SM a 3 niveles de profundidad (superficial, medio y profundo) a 45 min, 2 y 24 h. pm. La calidad de la carne fue estimada en el músculo SM a partir de medidas de pH (45 min, 2, 8 y 24 h) y CE (45 min, 2 y 24 h). Las carnes fueron clasificadas como PSE (CE2>8 mS/cm), DFD (pH86,2) y Normales cuando la CE2<6 mS/ cm y el pH8<6. Los resultados obtenidos muestran como la calidad de la carne va a estar condicionada por el manejo presacrificio, la refrigeración de las canales, y en menor medida, por el faenado. Especialmente críticos son el reposo, acarreo y aturdido, como las operaciones más influyentes en vida del animal, junto con los ritmos de sacrificio que puedan sobrepasar la capacidad frigorífica del sistema de oreo rápido. También se encontraron mermas en la calidad de la carne como consecuencia del diseño y ubicación inadecuadas de algunas instalaciones o equipos. / The influence of the slaughter technology on carcass and pork meat quality was studied. The work consisted in a throughout study including all the operations carried out in a great capacity industrial slaughter, from the arrival of the animals to the refrigerated carcass. This was made in order to detect and correcting possible quality losses related to the technology applied. For this purpose, it was considered the most important processes that could have influence on the meat quality, among them were included: installation design, loading areas, corrals, slaughtering rooms, and refrigeration rooms. 2047 pigs from 36 different farms were studied considering different batches and measurements according to the industrial stage under study. Weight, lean, and backfat of carcass were determined in order to establish their commercial type and subjective conformation. SM temperature at 45 min. 2 and 24 h pm was measured at three different deep levels (surface, middle, bottom). pH (45min. 2,8,and 24h pm and CE (45min, 2, and 24h pro) measurements at SM were used for the estimation of meat quality. Meat was classified according to the latest parameters as PSE (CE2>8 mS/cm), DFD (PH8>6.2), and normal (CE2<6mS/cm and pH8<6). The results obtained showed the relationship between antemortem handling, carcass refrigeration conditions, and slaughter handling with meat quality. The most critical parameters affecting meat quality can be considered: resting animal, entry of animals into the slaughter rooms, stunning, and finally refrigeration room capacity being enough to keep the slaughtering rate. Losses of meat quality were also found because of non-adequate design and location of the installations.

No description available.