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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
171

Biological control potential of the spotted stem borer Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) with the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae / Evaluation of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, for biological control of the spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Mekonnen, Tadele Tefera, Tadele Tefera 11 August 2011 (has links)
Thesis (PhD (Agric))--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Biological control studies were conducted with isolates of entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarrhizium anisopliae from Ethiopia and South Africa against the spotted stem borer Chilo partellus. The study was conducted from April 2002 to April 2003, at the department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa. The objectives were to screen these isolates for pathogenicity and to determine the susceptibility of different larval instars; to study the effect of temperature on fungal development and virulence; to investigate food consumption of fungus treated larvae; to determine compatibility of fungal isolates with insecticides; to study the effect of exposure methods and diets on larval mortality; and to evaluate promising isolates under greenhouse conditions using artificially infested maize plants. Four isolates of B. bassiana and six isolates of M. anisopliae were tested against second instar larvae. Of these isolates, B. bassiana (BB-01) and M. anisopliae (PPRC-4, PPRC-19, PPRC-61 and EE-01) were found to be highly pathogenic inducing 90 to 100 % mortality seven days after treatment. In subsequent assays, the fungal isolates were tested against third, fourth, fifth and sixth instar larvae. Second and sixth instar larvae were more susceptible to these isolates than third, fourth and fifth instar larvae. Conidial germination, radial growth and sporulation of the isolates PPRC-4, PPRC-19, PPRC-61, EE-01 and BB-01 were retarded at 15 and 35 0C. A suitable temperature range for the isolates was from 20 - 30 0C. At 25 and 30 0C the isolates induced 100 % mortality to second instar larvae within four to six days. Second and third instar C. partellus larvae were treated with the isolates PPRC-4 and BB-01, and daily consumption of maize leaf was measured. Treatment with the fungi was associated with a reduction in mean daily food consumption. In in-vitro studies, five concentrations (0.1 ppm, 1 ppm, 5 ppm, 10 ppm, and 100 ppm active ingredients) of the insecticides benfuracarb and endosulfan were tested with the isolates PPRC-4, PPRC-19, PPRC-16, EE-01 and BB-01. Increasing the concentration of the insecticides adversely affected germination, radial growth and sporulation of the isolates. In in-vivo studies combining the fungi, PPRC-4 and BB-01,with low concentrations (1 and 5 ppm a.i.), of the insecticides increased the mortality of third instar larvae from 65 to 100 %. Larvae sprayed directly with conidia, exposed to conidia treated leaves and dipped into conidial suspensions suffered high mortality of 98 to 100 %. Larvae exposed to treated leaves and larvae sprayed directly with conidia produced high numbers mycoses in cadavers. Exposure of larvae to treated leaves yielded high sporulation. At a low conidial concentration (1.25x107 conidia/ml), mycosis and sporulation were high. The optimum temperature was 20 0C for mycosis and 15 0C for sporulation. In greenhouse trails, a conidial suspension of 2 x 108 conidia/ml of the pathogenic isolates was sprayed on 3 to 4 week-old maize plants infested with 20 second instar larvae per plant. This resulted in suppression of foliar damage. Treatment with the fungi also reduced stem tunneling and deadheart. In addition, fungal treatment increased mean plant fresh and dry biomass compared to untreated control plants. In general, results from laboratory and greenhouse studies indicated that there was good potential for the use of these fungal isolates for controlling C. partellus larvae. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Biologiese beheerstudies is uitgevoer met isolate van die insekpatogeniese swamme, Beauvaria bassiana en Metarrhizium anisopliae teen die gespikkelde stamboorder, Chilo partellus. Die doelwitte was om hierdie isolate te evalueer vir patogenesiteit; die vatbaarheid van verskillende larvale instars teenoor hulle te bepaal; die invloed van temperatuur op swamontwikkeling en virulensie te bepaal; die voedsel inname van swambehandelde larwes te ondersoek; die verenigbaarheid van die swamisolate met insektedoders te bepaal; die invloed van blootstellingsmetodes en diëte op larvale mortaliteit; en om belowende isolate in glashuisproewe te evalueer met gebruik van kunsmatig besmette mielieplante. Vier isolate van B. bassiana en ses isolate van M. anisopliae is teen tweede instar larwes getoets. Uit dié isolate is B. bassiana (BB-01) en M. anisopliae (PPRC-4, PPRC- 19, PPRC-16 en EE-01) as hoogs patogenies bevind. Hulle het 90 tot 100 % mortaliteit na sewe dae veroorsaak. In daaropvolgende essays, is die swamisolate teen derde, vierde, vyfde en sesde instar larwes getoets. Tweede en sesde instar larwes was gevoeliger vir die isolate as die derde, vierde en vyfde instar larwes. Spoorkeming, radiale groei en sporulasie van die isolate PPRC-4, PPRC-19, PPRC-61, EE-01 en BB-01, is by 15 en 35 0C vertraag. ‘n Aanvaarbare temperatuurreeks vir die isolate is vanaf 20 tot 30 0C. By 25 en 30 0C het die isolate 100 % mortaliteit teen tweede instar larwes binne vier tot ses dae geïndusseer. Tweede en derde instar C. partellus larwes is met die isolate PPRC-4 en BB-01 behandel en die daaglikse inname van mielieblare gemeet. Behandeling met die swamme is met ‘n afname in die gemiddelde voedselinname geassosieer In in-vitro studies is vyf konsentrasies (0.1 dpm, 1 dpm, 5 dpm, 10 dpm en 100 dpm aktiewe bestandele) van die insekdoders, benfuracarb en endosulfan getoets saam met die isolate PPRC-4, PPRC-19, PPRC-16, EE-01 en BB-01. ‘n Toename in die konsentrasie van die insekdoders het ontkieming, radiale groei en sporulasie van die isolate benadeel. In in-vitro studies het die kombinering van die die swamme, PPRC-4 en BB-01, met lae konsentrasies (1 en 5 dpm a.b.) van die insekdoders mortaliteit van derde instar larwes vanaf 65 tot 100 % laat toeneem. Larwes wat direk met spore gespuit is, aan behandelde blare blootgestel is en in spoorsuspensies gedoop is het tot hoë mortaliteit gelei, (98 tot 100 %). Blootstelling aan behandelde blare saam met ‘n lae konidiakonsentrasie, 1.25x106 spore/ml) en ‘n temperatuur van 15 tot 20 0C het tot hoë swammikose en sporulasie in kadawers gelei. In glashuisproewe, is ‘n spoorsuspensies van 2 x 108 spores/ml van die patogeniese isolate op 3 tot 4 weekoud mielieplante wat met 20 tweede instar larwes per plant besmet is gespuit. Dit het blaarskade onderdruk. Behandeling met die swamme het ook stamtonnels en dooiehart verminder. Boonop het swambehandeling die vars- en droë plantbiomassa laat toeneem in vergelyking met die onbehandelde kontrole plante. Oor die algemeen het resultate van laboratorium- en glashuisproewe getoon dat daar goeie potensiaal is vir die gebruik van hierdie swamisolate vir die beheer van C. partellus larwes.
172

Fyzikální a biologické ošetření osiva jako alternativa za chemické moření

STREJČKOVÁ, Monika January 2019 (has links)
The dissertation is focused on the findings, whether it is combination of physical and biological seed treatment for selected field crops (oilseed rape, spring barley) comparable with chemical treatment. Evaluated the effectiveness of the physical seed treatment, low temperature plasma (Gliding Arc, microwave), a biological treatment culture mycoparasitic of the fungus Trichoderma virens and culture entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. In the context of experiments in laboratory conditions, was evaluated the effect of treatment on the evolution grains (the seeds), the percentage of germination grains (the seeds) and the percentage of healthy grains (the seeds). Individual plasma treatment in combination with biological treatment had a significant positive effect on the germination rate of grains (the seeds).There was no negative effect of physical and biological treatments on the grains (seeds). Involved the evaluation of emergence of the treated seed in laboratory and field conditions. In the field conditions for the selected crops in different localities and in different years, was assessed the effect of treatment on the development of the crop health and yield parameters. Plasma and plasma with T. virens treatments positively affected by the model of the plant better integration of crops, the length of the cob, (shell) and yield. The combined adjustment should in oilseed rape positive effect on the faster development of the spring, the length and strength of the root, earlier flowering and ripening. In contrast, the combined adjustment for barley spring positively influenced the emergence and tillering. According to the obtained results it seems that the combined physical and biological seed treatment is an effective alternative to the chemical treatment of seeds.
173

Influência da qualidade de diferentes tipos de arroz e inibidores de proteinases no rendimento e na virulência de conídios do fungo entomopatogênico Metarhizium anisopliae (Mestch.) Sorokin (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) / Influence of quality of different types of rice and proteinase inhibitors on yield and virulence of conidia of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Mestch.) Sorokin (Ascomycota: Hypocreales)

Rezende, Janayne Maria 01 February 2010 (has links)
Com o intuito de gerar subsídios para melhoria do processo de produção de Metarhizium anisopliae, o presente estudo teve como principais objetivos, determinar os efeitos de inibidores de proteinases de soja no crescimento vegetativo, esporulação e virulência do fungo e comparar a produção, viabilidade e virulência dos conídios produzidos em diferentes tipos de arroz e aditivos. A adição de 5 g.L-1 de inibidores de proteinases semi-purificados de soja ou 0,5 g.L-1 de inibidor purificado do tipo Kunitz no meio de cultura ME resultou em grande aumento na esporulação (de duas a 75 vezes) sem afetar a viabilidade dos conídios de quatro isolados (ESALQ-1037, IBCB348, E9, F20) de M. anisopliae. A presença destes inibidores de proteinases também alterou a morfologia dos conídios produzidos em ME. Os mecanismos responsáveis por estas alterações fisiológicas não foram determinados, mas provavelmente estejam associados à ação anti-nutricional, diminuindo a absorção protéica e estimulando a esporulação. Os conídios produzidos no meio com adição de 0,5 g.L-1 de inibidor de proteinase do tipo Kunitz ou com 2,5 g.L-1 de albumina de soro bovino e no meio BDA apresentaram virulência superior aos conídios produzido no meio ME sem inibidores. Quando o inibidor de proteinase do tipo Kunitz foi adicionado à suspensão de conídios do fungo antes da pulverização de lagartas de Diatraea saccharalis, a eficiência de controle foi 35,1%, inferior ao apresentado pelos demais tratamentos sem a presença deste inibidor. Nos estudos para determinação dos melhores tipos de arroz para produção de M. anisopliae, tentou-se correlacionar à produção de conídios com características destes substratos como valor nutricional, teor de resíduos de agrotóxicos e densidade de microorganismos. O arroz parboilizado foi responsável pela maior produção de conídios (4,38 x 109 conídios.g-1). Este tipo de arroz apresentou teor de proteína bruta menor do que a maioria dos arrozes e o maior teor de umidade (41,3% após a autoclavagem). Além disto, os grãos após autoclavagem ficaram menos gelatinosos e mais soltos, o que facilita o processo de produção do fungo. Enquanto que os arrozes dos tipos brancos polidos, canjicão e integral ficaram pegajosos e formaram grumos, o que provavelmente deve acarretar em menor superfície de desenvolvimento para o fungo. O segundo melhor arroz, o canjicão, com produção de 3,42 x 109 conídios.g-1, teve a maior quantidade de fungos contaminantes nos grãos crus. Quantidades intermediárias de conídios foram produzidas pelos arrozes branco polido irrigado, de terras altas e orgânico. O integral foi o que resultou na menor quantidade de conídios (1,53 x 109 conídios.g-1), sendo o mais rico em minerais, proteína bruta e extrato etéreo. Nenhum dos aditivos (farelo de soja, grãos de soja partidos, extrato de soja, peptona de soja, inibidores de proteinases de soja semipurificados e purificado do tipo Kunitz, polpa cítrica e levedura) resultou em aumento na produção de conídios em comparação com o arroz parboilizado sem aditivos. Os conídios produzidos em todos os arrozes e aditivos apresentam viabilidade superior a 99%. As vantagens da utilização do arroz parboilizado levando-se em consideração custo, facilidade de manuseio e produtividade são discutidas. / In order to optimize the production process of Metarhizium anisopliae, the present study aimed to determine the effects of soybean proteinase inhibitors on growth, sporulation and virulence of the fungus and to compare yield, viability and virulence of M. anisopliae conidia produced in different types of rice and additives. The addition of 5 g.L-1 of semi-purified soybean proteinase inhibitor or 0.5 g.L-1 of Kunitz-type inhibitor purified on the culture medium ME resulted in large increases in sporulation (two to 75 times) without affecting the viability of conidia of four M. anisopliae isolates (ESALQ-1037, IBCB348, E9, F20). The presence of proteinase inhibitors altered morphology of conidia produced in ME. Mechanisms responsible for these physiological changes in the fungus have not been determined, but it is probably associated to an anti-nutritional action, reducing the absorption of protein and stimulating sporulation. Spores produced in the medium with the addition of 0.5 g.L-1 Kunitz-type inhibitor purified or 2.5 g.L-1 of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and PDA medium showed higher virulence of conidia produced in ME without inhibitors. When the Kunitz-type inhibitor was added to conidial suspension of the fungus before spraying larvae of Diatraea saccharalis, control efficiency was 35.1% lower than that presented in other inhibitor-free treatments. In the studies aiming to determine the best types of rice for production of M. anisopliae, we tried to correlate production of conidia with characteristics of these substrates such as nutritional content, pesticide residues and density of microorganisms. The parboiled rice was responsible for greater production of conidia (4.38 x 109 conidia.g-1). This type of rice showed crude protein content lower than most rice and the highest moisture content (41.3% after autoclaving). Besides that, grains became less gelatinous and loose after autoclaving, and these feature favored fungus production. While types of polished white, brown rice and course (broken) rice grain were sticky and formed clumps, providing a smaller area for fungus development. The second best rice, course rice grain, with production of 3.42 x 109 conidia.g-1, had the highest amount of fungal contaminants in raw grains. Intermediate amounts of conidia were produced by white irrigated polished rice, upland rice and organic rice. The brown rice was the kind that resulted in fewer conidia (1.53 x 109 conidia.g-1), being the richest in minerals, protein and lipids. None of the additives (soybean meal, soybean parties, soy extract, soy peptone, semi-purified soybean proteinase inhibitor, Kunitz-type inhibitor purified, citrus pulp and yeast) resulted in increased production of conidia compared to parboiled rice without additives. Conidia produced in all types of rice and additives presented viability greater than 99%. The advantages of the use of parboiled rice taking into consideration the cost, easy handling and productivity are discussed.
174

Influência da qualidade de diferentes tipos de arroz e inibidores de proteinases no rendimento e na virulência de conídios do fungo entomopatogênico Metarhizium anisopliae (Mestch.) Sorokin (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) / Influence of quality of different types of rice and proteinase inhibitors on yield and virulence of conidia of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Mestch.) Sorokin (Ascomycota: Hypocreales)

Janayne Maria Rezende 01 February 2010 (has links)
Com o intuito de gerar subsídios para melhoria do processo de produção de Metarhizium anisopliae, o presente estudo teve como principais objetivos, determinar os efeitos de inibidores de proteinases de soja no crescimento vegetativo, esporulação e virulência do fungo e comparar a produção, viabilidade e virulência dos conídios produzidos em diferentes tipos de arroz e aditivos. A adição de 5 g.L-1 de inibidores de proteinases semi-purificados de soja ou 0,5 g.L-1 de inibidor purificado do tipo Kunitz no meio de cultura ME resultou em grande aumento na esporulação (de duas a 75 vezes) sem afetar a viabilidade dos conídios de quatro isolados (ESALQ-1037, IBCB348, E9, F20) de M. anisopliae. A presença destes inibidores de proteinases também alterou a morfologia dos conídios produzidos em ME. Os mecanismos responsáveis por estas alterações fisiológicas não foram determinados, mas provavelmente estejam associados à ação anti-nutricional, diminuindo a absorção protéica e estimulando a esporulação. Os conídios produzidos no meio com adição de 0,5 g.L-1 de inibidor de proteinase do tipo Kunitz ou com 2,5 g.L-1 de albumina de soro bovino e no meio BDA apresentaram virulência superior aos conídios produzido no meio ME sem inibidores. Quando o inibidor de proteinase do tipo Kunitz foi adicionado à suspensão de conídios do fungo antes da pulverização de lagartas de Diatraea saccharalis, a eficiência de controle foi 35,1%, inferior ao apresentado pelos demais tratamentos sem a presença deste inibidor. Nos estudos para determinação dos melhores tipos de arroz para produção de M. anisopliae, tentou-se correlacionar à produção de conídios com características destes substratos como valor nutricional, teor de resíduos de agrotóxicos e densidade de microorganismos. O arroz parboilizado foi responsável pela maior produção de conídios (4,38 x 109 conídios.g-1). Este tipo de arroz apresentou teor de proteína bruta menor do que a maioria dos arrozes e o maior teor de umidade (41,3% após a autoclavagem). Além disto, os grãos após autoclavagem ficaram menos gelatinosos e mais soltos, o que facilita o processo de produção do fungo. Enquanto que os arrozes dos tipos brancos polidos, canjicão e integral ficaram pegajosos e formaram grumos, o que provavelmente deve acarretar em menor superfície de desenvolvimento para o fungo. O segundo melhor arroz, o canjicão, com produção de 3,42 x 109 conídios.g-1, teve a maior quantidade de fungos contaminantes nos grãos crus. Quantidades intermediárias de conídios foram produzidas pelos arrozes branco polido irrigado, de terras altas e orgânico. O integral foi o que resultou na menor quantidade de conídios (1,53 x 109 conídios.g-1), sendo o mais rico em minerais, proteína bruta e extrato etéreo. Nenhum dos aditivos (farelo de soja, grãos de soja partidos, extrato de soja, peptona de soja, inibidores de proteinases de soja semipurificados e purificado do tipo Kunitz, polpa cítrica e levedura) resultou em aumento na produção de conídios em comparação com o arroz parboilizado sem aditivos. Os conídios produzidos em todos os arrozes e aditivos apresentam viabilidade superior a 99%. As vantagens da utilização do arroz parboilizado levando-se em consideração custo, facilidade de manuseio e produtividade são discutidas. / In order to optimize the production process of Metarhizium anisopliae, the present study aimed to determine the effects of soybean proteinase inhibitors on growth, sporulation and virulence of the fungus and to compare yield, viability and virulence of M. anisopliae conidia produced in different types of rice and additives. The addition of 5 g.L-1 of semi-purified soybean proteinase inhibitor or 0.5 g.L-1 of Kunitz-type inhibitor purified on the culture medium ME resulted in large increases in sporulation (two to 75 times) without affecting the viability of conidia of four M. anisopliae isolates (ESALQ-1037, IBCB348, E9, F20). The presence of proteinase inhibitors altered morphology of conidia produced in ME. Mechanisms responsible for these physiological changes in the fungus have not been determined, but it is probably associated to an anti-nutritional action, reducing the absorption of protein and stimulating sporulation. Spores produced in the medium with the addition of 0.5 g.L-1 Kunitz-type inhibitor purified or 2.5 g.L-1 of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and PDA medium showed higher virulence of conidia produced in ME without inhibitors. When the Kunitz-type inhibitor was added to conidial suspension of the fungus before spraying larvae of Diatraea saccharalis, control efficiency was 35.1% lower than that presented in other inhibitor-free treatments. In the studies aiming to determine the best types of rice for production of M. anisopliae, we tried to correlate production of conidia with characteristics of these substrates such as nutritional content, pesticide residues and density of microorganisms. The parboiled rice was responsible for greater production of conidia (4.38 x 109 conidia.g-1). This type of rice showed crude protein content lower than most rice and the highest moisture content (41.3% after autoclaving). Besides that, grains became less gelatinous and loose after autoclaving, and these feature favored fungus production. While types of polished white, brown rice and course (broken) rice grain were sticky and formed clumps, providing a smaller area for fungus development. The second best rice, course rice grain, with production of 3.42 x 109 conidia.g-1, had the highest amount of fungal contaminants in raw grains. Intermediate amounts of conidia were produced by white irrigated polished rice, upland rice and organic rice. The brown rice was the kind that resulted in fewer conidia (1.53 x 109 conidia.g-1), being the richest in minerals, protein and lipids. None of the additives (soybean meal, soybean parties, soy extract, soy peptone, semi-purified soybean proteinase inhibitor, Kunitz-type inhibitor purified, citrus pulp and yeast) resulted in increased production of conidia compared to parboiled rice without additives. Conidia produced in all types of rice and additives presented viability greater than 99%. The advantages of the use of parboiled rice taking into consideration the cost, easy handling and productivity are discussed.
175

Efeitos de inibidores de proteinases de soja em organismos não-alvo associados à cultura da cana-de-açúcar / Effects of soybean proteases inhibitors on non-target organisms associated to sugarcane

Simões, Renata Araújo 17 January 2008 (has links)
Genes de plantas que codificam inibidores de enzimas digestivas de insetos têm sido introduzidos em plantas cultivadas visando o controle de pragas. Os inibidores de proteinases estão presentes nos tecidos vegetais, principalmente nas sementes, e atuam em resposta a ataques por herbívoros e patógenos. Inibidores de serino-proteinases (IPs) dos tipos Bowman-Birk e Kunitz isolados de sementes de soja foram inseridos em variedades de cana-de-açúcar para aumentar a resistência à broca Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr.), principal praga desta cultura. Para utilização de plantas geneticamente modificadas contendo inibidores de proteinases é necessário um conhecimento profundo de sua sustentabilidade e segurança ambiental, determinando a estabilidade da característica inserida e os seus efeitos nos organismos não-alvo. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar os efeitos diretos e indiretos de inibidores de proteinases de soja em organismos não-alvos: um parasitóide larval, Cotesia flavipes (Cam.) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae); um patógeno, Metarhizium anisopliae (Mestch.) Sorokin (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes); um polinizador, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) e um decompositor, Scheloribates praeincisus (Berlese) (Acari: Oribatida: Scheloribatidae); associados à cultura da cana-de-açúcar. O consumo de Kunitz e BBI não afetou a sobrevivência de S. praeincisus. Por outro lado, a ingestão dos inibidores semi-purificados e purificados do tipo Kunitz diminuiu a duração das fases imaturas de S. praeincisus. A ingestão de folhas de cana GM expressando inibidores de proteinases (Kunitz e BBI) não afetou o tempo de desenvolvimento e a sobrevivência dos imaturos deste oribatídeo quando comparada à ingestão de suas isolinhas. Os inibidores de proteinases semi-purificados e purificados não afetaram a duração dos períodos larval e pupal, o peso e número de pupas e percentual de emergência do parasitóide C. flavipes em D. saccharalis. Por outro lado, a proporção de fêmeas em relação a machos de C. flavipes foi maior no tratamento onde as lagartas foram alimentadas com dieta contendo 0,5% de inibidores semi-purificados comparado-se à testemunha. A proporção fêmea:macho foi significativamente maior também quando os parasitóides foram alimentados com o inibidor do tipo Kunitz em relação ao controle e aos parasitóides alimentados com BBI. A adição de 0,5% (p/v) de inibidores de proteinases semi-purificados e 0,05% (p/v) de inibidores purificados do tipo Kunitz nos meios de cultura MC e BDA resultaram em maiores crescimento vegetativo e produção de conídios de M. anisopliae. Os inibidores purificados do tipo BBI não alteraram a esporulação do fungo. Os resultados dos estudos com A. mellifera não foram conclusivos e novas investigações precisam ser conduzidas para esclarecer os potenciais efeitos de inibidores de proteinases em abelhas. De uma forma geral, observou-se que os inibidores de proteinases (Kunitz e BBI) não afetaram negativamente os organismos não-alvo testados. Por outro lado, a ingestão de inibidor do tipo Kunitz alterou positivamente alguns parâmetros biológicos de C. flavipes, M. anisopliae e S. praeincisus. / Genes of plants expressing insect proteinase inhibitors have been introduced into plants for pest control. Proteases inhibitors are present in plant tissues, mainly in seeds, and act in response to predators and pathogens. The Bowman-Birk type and Kunitz type of serine proteases inhibitors (PI) from soybean seeds are been used to increase resistance of sugarcane to Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr.), the most important pest of this crop. The sustainability and environmental safety of PI crops is still unknown. For these reasons, it is necessary to understand the stability and the non-target effects of this new trait. The objective of this study was to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of soybean PI on the following non-target organisms associated to sugarcane: the larval parasitoid, Cotesia flavipes (Cam.) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae); the entomopathogen, Metarhizium anisopliae (Mestch.) Sorokin (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes); the pollinator Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and the soil mite involved in the process of recycling organic matter, Scheloribates praeincisus (Berlese) (Acari: Oribatida: Scheloribatidae). Kunitz and BBI did not affect S. praeincisus survival. On the other hand, Kunitz semi-purified and purified inhibitor ingestion reduced duration of the immature stages of S. praeincisus. Ingestion of GM senescent leaves did not have an effect on mite immatures development time and survival compared to ingestion of its isolines leaves. The semi-purified and purified proteinases inhibitors did not alter either the duration of larval and pupal stages of C. flavipes on D. saccharalis, or weight and number of pupae and parasitoid emergence. In other hand, the parasitism and proportion of female was higher on the treatment where caterpillars were fed with diet containing 0.5% of semi-purified inhibitors, comparing to control. The ratio female:male was significantly higher also when parasitoids were fed to the Kunitz type inhibitor compared to the control and BBI. The addition of 0.5 % (w/v) of semi- purified proteinase inhibitors and 0.05% (w/v) of Kunitz type purified inhibitors on two culture media (CM and PDA), resulted in increase of vegetative growth and production of conidia. BBI type purified inhibitors did not change the fungus sporulation. The results from the studies with A. mellifera were not conclusive and investigations are needed to clarify the potential impact of proteinase inhibitors on A. mellifera. Overall, proteinase inhibitors (Kunitz and BBI) did not negatively affect the non-target organisms tested. Conversely, ingestion of the Kunitz type of proteinase inhibitors altered positively some biological parameters of C. flavipes, M. anisopliae and S. praeincisus.
176

Hodnocení biologického ošetření osiva vybraných polních plodin / Evaluation of biological seed treatment of different field crops

TICHÁ, Eva January 2016 (has links)
The thesis is focused on biological seed treatment of selected field crops using adhesive in combination with entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopaliae and mycoparasitic fungi Trichoderma virens. Guar gum, xanthan gum and carboxymethylcellulose were chosen as the adhesive. Within the experiments in laboratory conditions, the percentage of kernels germination of spring barley, winter oilseed rape and a cucumber was evaluated after 24 hours and energy of germination and vitality during 2 5 days. The adhesive in combination with the filamentous fungi had positive influence on growth and development of embryonic roots of spring barley and growth and development of seedlings in all tested crops. The evaluation of plant emergence took place under laboratory and field conditions and the plants were biologically treated. Furthermore, the ability to colonize environment of the entomopathogenic fungus M. anisopliae was verified in this thesis. The fungus was injected into the substrate using seed dressings. According to the results, the introduced fungus is able to infect larvae Tenebrio molitor and Galleria mellonella after specific time.
177

Transformação genética em cevada por bombardeamento de partículas

Nonohay, Juliana Schmitt de January 2002 (has links)
A presente Tese de Doutorado objetivou: (1) definir um método eficiente de transformação genética, por bombardeamento de partículas, para a obtenção de plantas transgênicas de cultivares brasileiras de cevada e (2) identificar gene(s) codificante(s) de quitinase(s) potencialmente capaz(es) de conferir resistência ao fungo patogênico de cevada Bipolaris sorokiniana. Culturas de calos obtidos a partir de escutelos imaturos das cultivares Brasileiras de cevada MN-599 e MN-698 (Cia. de Bebidas das Américas, AMBEV) foram bombardeadas com partículas de tungstênio e avaliadas quanto à expressão do gene repórter gusA através de ensaios histoquímicos de GUS e quanto ao efeito dos bombardeamentos na indução estruturas embriogênicas e regeneração de plantas. As condições de biobalística analisadas incluíram a região promotora regulando a expressão de gusA, tipo e pressão de gás hélio de dois aparelhos de bombardeamento, distância de migração das partículas, número de tiros e a realização de pré e pós-tratamento osmótico dos tecidos-alvo. No presente trabalho foram obtidos um número bastante alto de pontos azuis por calo, a indução de calos embriogênicos e embriões somáticos em uma freqüência de até 58,3% e a regeneração de 60 plantas, sendo 43 de calos bombardeados. As melhores condições observadas foram o promotor e primeiro íntron do gene Adh de milho (plasmídeo pNGI), o aparelho de bombardeamento “ Particle Inflow Gun” (PIG) utilizando-se a distância de migração de partículas de 14,8 cm, dois tiros disparados por placa e a realização de tratamento osmótico dos explantes com 0,2 M de manitol e 0,2 M de sorbitol 4-5 horas antes e 17-19 horas depois dos bombardeamentos. Das 43 plantas obtidas de calos bombardeadas, 3 apresentaram atividade de GUS na base das suas folhas. A utilização de primers sintéticos definidos a partir de genes de quitinases descritos na literatura em PCRs resultou na amplificação de dois fragmentos de aproximadamente 700 e 500 pb a partir de DNA total das cvs. MN-599 e MN-698 de cevada e um fragmento, com aproximadamente 500 pb, a partir do DNA total do isolado A4c de Trichoderma sp. Estes fragmentos foram purificados dos géis de agarose e diretamente seqüenciados de forma manual e automática. Os fragmentos de 700 e 500 pb amplificados do genoma da cultivar MN-599 foram identificados como genes de quitinases de cevada e o fragmento de 500 pb do isolado A4c de Trichoderma sp. não apresentou homologia com seqüências conhecidas de quitinases depositadas no EMBL/GenBank. A utilização de novos pares de primers, representando seqüências conservadas de quitinases do fungo Metarhizium anisopliae, resultou na amplificação de 3 fragmentos a partir do DNA total do isolado A4b de Trichoderma sp., que estão sendo purificados para realização de seqüenciamento. / The present Tesis aimed: (1) to determine an efficient method of genetic transformation by particle bombardment to obtain transgenic plants of Brazilian barley cultivars and (2) to identify a gene coding for chitinase that could confer resistance to barley against the pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. Calli cultures derived from immature scutella of Brazilian barley cultivars MN-599 e MN-698 (American Beverage Company, AMBEV) were bombarded with tungsten particles and analyzed for gusA reporter gene expression by GUS histochemical assay, embryogenic structures induction and plant regeneration. Physical and biological biolistic conditions analyzed included two promoter regions regulating the gusA gene, two particle bombardment devices, different helium pressures, distances between target tissues and the initial position of particles, number of shots and use of osmotic pre- and post-treatment of tissues. In the present work there were observed high numbers of blue spots per callus, embryogenic calli and somatic embryos induction with a frequency until 58.3% and the regeneration of 60 plants, being 43 from bombarded calli. The best conditions were obtained with the employment of the Adh promoter and its first intron (pNGI plasmid), Particle Inflow Gun (PIG) device, 14.8 cm of distance, 2 shots per plate and osmotic treatment of tissues with 0.2 M mannitol and 0.2 M sorbitol during 4-5 hours prior to and 17-19 hours after bombardments. Leaves from 3 out of 43 regenerated plants showed positive GUS activity in histochemical assays. The use of primers defined from chitinase genes described in literature resulted in the amplification of two fragments with approximately 700 and 500 bp from genomic DNA of MN-599 e MN-698 barley cultivars and one fragment, with approximately 500 bp, from Trichoderma sp. strain A4c genomic DNA. These fragments were purified from agarose gel and manual and automatically sequenced. Fragments of 700 and 500 bp from cv. MN-599 were identified as chitinase genes of barley and fragment of 500 bp Trichoderma sp. A4c presented no homology with chitinase sequences deposited in the EMBL/GenBank. The use of new primers representing conserved chitinase sequences of Metarhizium anisopliae resulted in the amplification of three fragments from genomic DNA of Trichoderma sp. strain A4b. These fragments should be purified and sequenced
178

Hodnocení účinnosti vybraných druhů entomopatogenních hub při samostatné aplikaci a aplikaci ve směsi více druhů / Evaluation of the effectiveness of chosen strains of entomopathogenic fungi in individual application and in application of more strain mixture

KRÁLOVEC, Jan January 2012 (has links)
This diploma theses focuses on comparison of natural and intentionally inducated supressiveness of environment induced by application of entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Isaria fumosorosea a Lecanicillium muscarium. In tests were evaluated the in vitro parameters as well as the effectiveness in vivo biotests on insect host larva Tenebrio molitor. The species of entomopatoghenic fungi were applied in suspensions, single strains and also in combination of two strains. In the in vitro conditions the possibilities of objective evaluation of the supresivity level were tested by using the CFU test (Colony Forming Units) on three different nutrient media (PDA, PDA + A , PDA + D), as one of the basic evaluation parameters. Further the germination tests were evaluated according to GI (Germination Index), determination of radial growth (comparison of median cultures) and interaction of strain suspensions on nutrient media PDA. In the in vivo biotests were watched the epizooties from suspensions of these entomopathogenic fungi on insect larva Tenebrio molitor in competitive test of strains according to FDI (Fungl development index) evaluation scala. Chosen larva covered by fully sporulating mycelium from epizootie were further evaluated in CFU test. The result were dominant strain/s on the larva from applied suspensions.
179

Transformação genética em cevada por bombardeamento de partículas

Nonohay, Juliana Schmitt de January 2002 (has links)
A presente Tese de Doutorado objetivou: (1) definir um método eficiente de transformação genética, por bombardeamento de partículas, para a obtenção de plantas transgênicas de cultivares brasileiras de cevada e (2) identificar gene(s) codificante(s) de quitinase(s) potencialmente capaz(es) de conferir resistência ao fungo patogênico de cevada Bipolaris sorokiniana. Culturas de calos obtidos a partir de escutelos imaturos das cultivares Brasileiras de cevada MN-599 e MN-698 (Cia. de Bebidas das Américas, AMBEV) foram bombardeadas com partículas de tungstênio e avaliadas quanto à expressão do gene repórter gusA através de ensaios histoquímicos de GUS e quanto ao efeito dos bombardeamentos na indução estruturas embriogênicas e regeneração de plantas. As condições de biobalística analisadas incluíram a região promotora regulando a expressão de gusA, tipo e pressão de gás hélio de dois aparelhos de bombardeamento, distância de migração das partículas, número de tiros e a realização de pré e pós-tratamento osmótico dos tecidos-alvo. No presente trabalho foram obtidos um número bastante alto de pontos azuis por calo, a indução de calos embriogênicos e embriões somáticos em uma freqüência de até 58,3% e a regeneração de 60 plantas, sendo 43 de calos bombardeados. As melhores condições observadas foram o promotor e primeiro íntron do gene Adh de milho (plasmídeo pNGI), o aparelho de bombardeamento “ Particle Inflow Gun” (PIG) utilizando-se a distância de migração de partículas de 14,8 cm, dois tiros disparados por placa e a realização de tratamento osmótico dos explantes com 0,2 M de manitol e 0,2 M de sorbitol 4-5 horas antes e 17-19 horas depois dos bombardeamentos. Das 43 plantas obtidas de calos bombardeadas, 3 apresentaram atividade de GUS na base das suas folhas. A utilização de primers sintéticos definidos a partir de genes de quitinases descritos na literatura em PCRs resultou na amplificação de dois fragmentos de aproximadamente 700 e 500 pb a partir de DNA total das cvs. MN-599 e MN-698 de cevada e um fragmento, com aproximadamente 500 pb, a partir do DNA total do isolado A4c de Trichoderma sp. Estes fragmentos foram purificados dos géis de agarose e diretamente seqüenciados de forma manual e automática. Os fragmentos de 700 e 500 pb amplificados do genoma da cultivar MN-599 foram identificados como genes de quitinases de cevada e o fragmento de 500 pb do isolado A4c de Trichoderma sp. não apresentou homologia com seqüências conhecidas de quitinases depositadas no EMBL/GenBank. A utilização de novos pares de primers, representando seqüências conservadas de quitinases do fungo Metarhizium anisopliae, resultou na amplificação de 3 fragmentos a partir do DNA total do isolado A4b de Trichoderma sp., que estão sendo purificados para realização de seqüenciamento. / The present Tesis aimed: (1) to determine an efficient method of genetic transformation by particle bombardment to obtain transgenic plants of Brazilian barley cultivars and (2) to identify a gene coding for chitinase that could confer resistance to barley against the pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. Calli cultures derived from immature scutella of Brazilian barley cultivars MN-599 e MN-698 (American Beverage Company, AMBEV) were bombarded with tungsten particles and analyzed for gusA reporter gene expression by GUS histochemical assay, embryogenic structures induction and plant regeneration. Physical and biological biolistic conditions analyzed included two promoter regions regulating the gusA gene, two particle bombardment devices, different helium pressures, distances between target tissues and the initial position of particles, number of shots and use of osmotic pre- and post-treatment of tissues. In the present work there were observed high numbers of blue spots per callus, embryogenic calli and somatic embryos induction with a frequency until 58.3% and the regeneration of 60 plants, being 43 from bombarded calli. The best conditions were obtained with the employment of the Adh promoter and its first intron (pNGI plasmid), Particle Inflow Gun (PIG) device, 14.8 cm of distance, 2 shots per plate and osmotic treatment of tissues with 0.2 M mannitol and 0.2 M sorbitol during 4-5 hours prior to and 17-19 hours after bombardments. Leaves from 3 out of 43 regenerated plants showed positive GUS activity in histochemical assays. The use of primers defined from chitinase genes described in literature resulted in the amplification of two fragments with approximately 700 and 500 bp from genomic DNA of MN-599 e MN-698 barley cultivars and one fragment, with approximately 500 bp, from Trichoderma sp. strain A4c genomic DNA. These fragments were purified from agarose gel and manual and automatically sequenced. Fragments of 700 and 500 bp from cv. MN-599 were identified as chitinase genes of barley and fragment of 500 bp Trichoderma sp. A4c presented no homology with chitinase sequences deposited in the EMBL/GenBank. The use of new primers representing conserved chitinase sequences of Metarhizium anisopliae resulted in the amplification of three fragments from genomic DNA of Trichoderma sp. strain A4b. These fragments should be purified and sequenced
180

Avaliação de produtos comerciais de fungos entomopatogênicos no controle do psilídeo-de-concha glycaspis brimblecombei (hemiptera: psyllidae) /

Dal Pogetto, Mário Henrique Ferreira do Amaral, 1981- January 2009 (has links)
Orientador: Carlos Frederico Wilcken / Banca: Antonipo Batista Filho / Banca: Luis Garrigós Leite / Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial de controle de alguns produtos comerciais de fungos entomopatogênicos disponíveis no mercado, bem como o desenvolvimento dos fungos Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae e Lecanicillium longisporum sobre ninfas de Glycaspis brimblecombei (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios em laboratório com pulverização de suspensões fúngicas de 1 x 104, 1 x 105, 1 x 106, 1 x 107 e 1 x 108 conídios/mL dos bioinseticidas Boveril WP, Toyobo e Mycotrol (B. bassiana), Metarril WP e Toyobo (M. anisopliae) e Vertirril WP (L. longisporum) nas ninfas do inseto. Nos bioensaios de semicampo estes produtos foram aplicados na forma pulverizada e polvilhada sobre mudas infestadas por ninfas de G. brimblecombei. As avaliações para o bioensaio de laboratório foram realizadas aos um, três, cinco e sete dias após a pulverização, enquanto no ensaio de semicampo as avaliações foram realizadas apenas sete dias após a aplicação dos produtos. O desenvolvimento dos fungos sobre os insetos foi avaliado mediante a observação dos insetos em microscópio óptico a 0, 24, 48, 72 e 148 horas após a aplicação dos fungos. No bioensaio de laboratório os produtos que apresentaram as maiores mortalidades na maior concentração foram L. longisporum (Vertirril WP), B. bassiana (Mycotrol e Boveril WP) e M. anisopliae (Metarril WP), com mortalidades acima de 70%. As maiores porcentagens de mortalidade confirmada foram observadas para os tratamentos com maior porcentual de mortalidade total, destacando-se o produto Mycotrol que obteve 70% dos indivíduos esporulados nas concentrações de 1 x 106, 1 x 107 e 1 x 108 conídios/mL. Em semicampo os produtos M. anisopliae (Metarril WP) aplicado em pulverização e M. anisopliae e B. bassiana (Toyobo) aplicados em polvilhamento apresentaram eficiência em torno de 70%. Na avaliação do ciclo ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the potential control of some commercial entomopathogenic fungi products available in the market and the development of Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Lecanicillium longisporum on nymphs of Glycaspis brimblecombei. The insecticides Boveril WP, Toyobo and Mycotrol (B. bassiana), Metarril and Toyobo WP (M. anisopliae) and Vertirril WP (L. longisporum) were tested in laboratory spraying fungal suspensions with 1 x 104, 1 x 105, 1 x 106, 1 x 107 and 1 x 108 conidia/mL on insect nymphs. In the semi field bioassays, these products were used in dust and sprayed forms on plants infested by nymphs of G. brimblecombei. The evaluations in laboratory bioassay were made at one, tree, five and seven days after spraying, and semi field test the assessments were carried out seven days after products application. The fungi development on insects was evaluated by observing of nymphs in optical microscope at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 148 hours after application. In laboratory bioassay the bioinsecticides had highest mortality in highest concentration were L. longisporum (Vertirril WP), B. bassiana (Mycotrol and Boveril WP) and M. anisopliae (Metarril WP), with mortality rates above 70%. The highest percentages of confirmed mortality were obtained in most effective treatments, especially to Mycotrol which obtained 70% of individuals sporulated at concentrations of 1 x 106, 1 x 107 and 1 x 108 conidia/mL. In semi field bioassay, M. anisopliae (Metarril WP) applied in spraying and M. anisopliae and B. bassiana (Toyobo) applied... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

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