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The lack of a chronological framework for 16th and 17th century northeastern North America has impeded local and regional cultural reconstructions. Based upon the changing style of 16th and early 17th century European glass beads and the settlement patterning of the Neutral Iroquoians of southern Ontario, a chronology has been created. It provides the means to investigate native and European cultural trends during that era, and within this dissertation three topics are examined--the development of the commercial fur trade and its archaeological manifestations, an archaeological definition of the Neutral Iroquoian confederacy, and changes in European material culture recovered from pre-ca. AD 1650 archaeological contexts throughout the Northeast.

Diss. Helsinki : Helsinki Universitet. 2008.

This thesis explores the interplay between practices of activism and planning through a focus on place. By developing an understanding of place as a multi-situated and multi-scalar concept, I show how a theoretical approach based on a revision of the concept of place can bridge and contribute to both the fields of anthropology of planning and of social movements. Providing a series of insights into the Milanese urban periferia (outskirts) this research argues that activism and planning are continuously engaged in redefining the field of political action. Based on ethnographic fieldwork, archival and historical research, my work shows the empirical interplay between planning and politics as a central arena for the shaping of broader historical and geographical tensions. A number of controversies and episodes of protest are examined to illustrate the experiences of activists and citizens involved across different periods of contemporary Milanese history. I approached these events as elements of place-making; processes where different subjectivities, practices and ideas come together as transformative, ever-changing instances. The neighbourhood of Quarto Oggiaro in the extreme outskirts of the city has provided a setting for fieldwork research to address the idea of the anthropological places as the result of a mutual constitution between myself as the researcher and the people I encountered in the field who were engaged in defining their environment. This approach resulted central to producing collaborative processes and for unfolding a relational interpretation of places. By engaging with these experiences this thesis demonstrates the need for examining the categories and practices of political and planning imagination and the multiple practices of world-making to make a significant contribution to understanding the human and social contexts of modern urban realities.

O estudo aborda as mudanças vividas no campesinato brasileiro a partir das obras e pesquisas realizadas por Carlos Rodrigues Brandão. Utilizando como informação e referência os estudos deste autor em comunidades, bairros, vilas e distritos rurais – particularmente nos Estados de Goiás, São Paulo e Minas Gerais –, a ênfase desta pesquisa está voltada ao cotidiano de populações rurais. Da reunião de diferentes observações, trabalhos de campo, depoimentos e relatos deste antropólogo, o foco do trabalho voltou-se aos temas terra, trabalho e família, que correspondem aos primeiros capítulos da dissertação. E falar de terra, de trabalho e de família é, também, falar de campesinidade. Assim, a partir da descrição de características qualitativas e comportamentais da cultura e da reprodução social de camponeses, observadas em seus cotidianos, busca-se seu entendimento enquanto ordem moral. Utilizaram-se, ainda, os livros e publicações de Carlos Rodrigues Brandão para abordar o alimento e, como não há nada mais cotidiano do que comer, é esse o tema tratado no último capítulo. Afirma-se aqui que as pesquisas e a trajetória de mais de trinta anos de trabalhos de campo realizados por Carlos Rodrigues Brandão são importantes fontes para o entendimento e compreensão de segmentos do campesinato em regiões brasileiras, principalmente da segunda metade do século XX. Referente às práticas, saberes, cotidianidade e cultura, de modo geral, de algumas populações rurais em nosso país, é fundamental conhecer as obras deste autor, ainda que a partir da perspectiva de alguns temas específicos, uma vez que a densidade de suas descrições e abordagem enriquece e auxilia àqueles que desejam compreender o rural brasileiro, principalmente, as mudanças vividas por indivíduos e grupos sociais. / This thesis discusses the changes experienced in Brazilian peasantry from the works and researches conducted by Carlos Rodrigues Brandão. Using as reference information the studies by this author in communities, neighborhoods, towns and rural districts – particularly in the states of Goiás, São Paulo and Minas Gerais –, the emphasis of this research is directed to rural populations’ everyday life. From the meeting of this anthropologist’s different observations, field work, interviews and reports, the focus of the work turned to the themes land, work and family, which correspond to the first three chapters of the thesis. To speak about land, work and family is also to speak about peasantry, i.e. from the description of qualitative and behavioral characteristics of culture and social reproduction of peasants, and, through their daily lives, we seek to their understanding as moral order. We used the books and publications by Carlos Rodrigues Brandão to address food and, as there is nothing else more associated to everyday life than eating, such is the subject addressed in the fourth and final chapter. It is argued here that the research and the history of more than thirty years of field work conducted by Carlos Rodrigues Brandão are important sources for understanding and comprehension of groups and segments of the peasantry in Brazilian regions, especially in the second half of the twentieth century. Related to the practices, knowledge, daily life and culture, in general, of some rural communities in our country, it is essential to know the works of this author, albeit from the perspective of some specific issues, since the depth and descriptions of their approach enrich and assist those who want to understand the Brazilian countryside, mostly, the changes experienced by individuals and social groups.

O estudo aborda as mudanças vividas no campesinato brasileiro a partir das obras e pesquisas realizadas por Carlos Rodrigues Brandão. Utilizando como informação e referência os estudos deste autor em comunidades, bairros, vilas e distritos rurais – particularmente nos Estados de Goiás, São Paulo e Minas Gerais –, a ênfase desta pesquisa está voltada ao cotidiano de populações rurais. Da reunião de diferentes observações, trabalhos de campo, depoimentos e relatos deste antropólogo, o foco do trabalho voltou-se aos temas terra, trabalho e família, que correspondem aos primeiros capítulos da dissertação. E falar de terra, de trabalho e de família é, também, falar de campesinidade. Assim, a partir da descrição de características qualitativas e comportamentais da cultura e da reprodução social de camponeses, observadas em seus cotidianos, busca-se seu entendimento enquanto ordem moral. Utilizaram-se, ainda, os livros e publicações de Carlos Rodrigues Brandão para abordar o alimento e, como não há nada mais cotidiano do que comer, é esse o tema tratado no último capítulo. Afirma-se aqui que as pesquisas e a trajetória de mais de trinta anos de trabalhos de campo realizados por Carlos Rodrigues Brandão são importantes fontes para o entendimento e compreensão de segmentos do campesinato em regiões brasileiras, principalmente da segunda metade do século XX. Referente às práticas, saberes, cotidianidade e cultura, de modo geral, de algumas populações rurais em nosso país, é fundamental conhecer as obras deste autor, ainda que a partir da perspectiva de alguns temas específicos, uma vez que a densidade de suas descrições e abordagem enriquece e auxilia àqueles que desejam compreender o rural brasileiro, principalmente, as mudanças vividas por indivíduos e grupos sociais. / This thesis discusses the changes experienced in Brazilian peasantry from the works and researches conducted by Carlos Rodrigues Brandão. Using as reference information the studies by this author in communities, neighborhoods, towns and rural districts – particularly in the states of Goiás, São Paulo and Minas Gerais –, the emphasis of this research is directed to rural populations’ everyday life. From the meeting of this anthropologist’s different observations, field work, interviews and reports, the focus of the work turned to the themes land, work and family, which correspond to the first three chapters of the thesis. To speak about land, work and family is also to speak about peasantry, i.e. from the description of qualitative and behavioral characteristics of culture and social reproduction of peasants, and, through their daily lives, we seek to their understanding as moral order. We used the books and publications by Carlos Rodrigues Brandão to address food and, as there is nothing else more associated to everyday life than eating, such is the subject addressed in the fourth and final chapter. It is argued here that the research and the history of more than thirty years of field work conducted by Carlos Rodrigues Brandão are important sources for understanding and comprehension of groups and segments of the peasantry in Brazilian regions, especially in the second half of the twentieth century. Related to the practices, knowledge, daily life and culture, in general, of some rural communities in our country, it is essential to know the works of this author, albeit from the perspective of some specific issues, since the depth and descriptions of their approach enrich and assist those who want to understand the Brazilian countryside, mostly, the changes experienced by individuals and social groups.

O estudo aborda as mudanças vividas no campesinato brasileiro a partir das obras e pesquisas realizadas por Carlos Rodrigues Brandão. Utilizando como informação e referência os estudos deste autor em comunidades, bairros, vilas e distritos rurais – particularmente nos Estados de Goiás, São Paulo e Minas Gerais –, a ênfase desta pesquisa está voltada ao cotidiano de populações rurais. Da reunião de diferentes observações, trabalhos de campo, depoimentos e relatos deste antropólogo, o foco do trabalho voltou-se aos temas terra, trabalho e família, que correspondem aos primeiros capítulos da dissertação. E falar de terra, de trabalho e de família é, também, falar de campesinidade. Assim, a partir da descrição de características qualitativas e comportamentais da cultura e da reprodução social de camponeses, observadas em seus cotidianos, busca-se seu entendimento enquanto ordem moral. Utilizaram-se, ainda, os livros e publicações de Carlos Rodrigues Brandão para abordar o alimento e, como não há nada mais cotidiano do que comer, é esse o tema tratado no último capítulo. Afirma-se aqui que as pesquisas e a trajetória de mais de trinta anos de trabalhos de campo realizados por Carlos Rodrigues Brandão são importantes fontes para o entendimento e compreensão de segmentos do campesinato em regiões brasileiras, principalmente da segunda metade do século XX. Referente às práticas, saberes, cotidianidade e cultura, de modo geral, de algumas populações rurais em nosso país, é fundamental conhecer as obras deste autor, ainda que a partir da perspectiva de alguns temas específicos, uma vez que a densidade de suas descrições e abordagem enriquece e auxilia àqueles que desejam compreender o rural brasileiro, principalmente, as mudanças vividas por indivíduos e grupos sociais. / This thesis discusses the changes experienced in Brazilian peasantry from the works and researches conducted by Carlos Rodrigues Brandão. Using as reference information the studies by this author in communities, neighborhoods, towns and rural districts – particularly in the states of Goiás, São Paulo and Minas Gerais –, the emphasis of this research is directed to rural populations’ everyday life. From the meeting of this anthropologist’s different observations, field work, interviews and reports, the focus of the work turned to the themes land, work and family, which correspond to the first three chapters of the thesis. To speak about land, work and family is also to speak about peasantry, i.e. from the description of qualitative and behavioral characteristics of culture and social reproduction of peasants, and, through their daily lives, we seek to their understanding as moral order. We used the books and publications by Carlos Rodrigues Brandão to address food and, as there is nothing else more associated to everyday life than eating, such is the subject addressed in the fourth and final chapter. It is argued here that the research and the history of more than thirty years of field work conducted by Carlos Rodrigues Brandão are important sources for understanding and comprehension of groups and segments of the peasantry in Brazilian regions, especially in the second half of the twentieth century. Related to the practices, knowledge, daily life and culture, in general, of some rural communities in our country, it is essential to know the works of this author, albeit from the perspective of some specific issues, since the depth and descriptions of their approach enrich and assist those who want to understand the Brazilian countryside, mostly, the changes experienced by individuals and social groups.

This thesis is an ethnographic analysis of a collection of field recordings of music from sub-Saharan Africa: The Sound of Africa series made and published by Hugh Tracey between 1933 and 1973. I analyse the aims, methods, value and potential use of this collection, now held at the International Library of African Music (ILAM), in order to address a gap in the ethnomusicological literature and to begin to develop a critical framework for an evaluation of field recording and aural ethnography. An archival analysis of the collection enables me to trace the scope and intended uses of Tracey’s recordings. Identifying a primary intended audience that has not to date been engaged, I argue for the need to develop a new way to circulate recordings among a source community that has never before been reached through institutional archival practice. I use a small sample of Tracey’s archival Xhosa recordings and develop a method of sound elicitation designed to take the recordings back to urban Xhosa communities in the townships located near ILAM. By circulating archival recordings using local mechanisms in township communities, rather than institutional archival methods, I assess the potential relevance of historical recordings to an urban source community more than fifty years after the recordings were made. Having collected and analysed contemporary Xhosa responses, I consider the limitations and the potential for the recordings to connect with indigenous audiences and generate value. I argue that non-analytical responses to historical recordings may contribute to ethnographic understanding, to people’s own sense of Xhosa identity, and to archiving practice in future. Such responses may help increase our understanding of the relationships between music collectors in the field and the people recorded, whether fifty years ago, today or in future.

Acompanhar as flutuações e os percursos bandeirantes na cidade de São Paulo, objetivo desta tese, significa balizar os usos que pessoas e grupos fazem desse personagem para dar sentido a suas experiências em momentos e lugares específicos. Produzido no interior de uma teia de práticas e discursos, o bandeirante não é uma categoria fixa, tampouco tem seu significado dado de antemão. Para além de figura histórica do período colonial brasileiro, trata-se da invenção de uma metrópole que ele mesmo ajuda a produzir, numa operação na qual sobrepõe, cruza, destrói e reinventa falas, atitudes e miradas, muitas vezes contraditórias. Ao trazê-lo para o primeiro plano (com os diferentes sentidos e formas que sua figura vai assumindo, assim como as associações que ela estabelece e que a constituem), procuro mostrar como suas tão variadas encarnações não se substituem uma à outra, em linha diacrônica, mas convivem, muitas vezes de modo tenso e ambíguo, em distintos enredos simultâneos. Sensível às transformações da cidade, o bandeirante comenta as mudanças urbanas e lhes confere sentido, não apenas expressando essas transformações, mas engendrando-as e produzindo-as. Presença incontornável na capital paulista, ele se insere em frentes, espaços e ramos diversos, sendo cultivado e recriado em um movimento permanente. Atenta às reelaborações locais e às tantas historicidades nele impregnadas, sigo os itinerários acidentados de algumas figurações desse personagem que, ao se recriar no tempo e com o tempo, condensa e articula diferentes embates, temporalidades e sentidos. / Accompanying the moves and paths of the Bandeirantes in the city of São Paulo, the objective of this thesis, means surveying the uses that peoples and groups make of these characters in order to bestow meaning on their experiences at specific moments and in specific places. Produced within a web of practices and discourses, the Bandeirantes are not a set category, nor is their meaning pre-established. More than historical figures from the colonial period in Brazil, they are an invention of a metropolis that they themselves helped to produce in an operation in which sayings, attitudes and views, often times contradictory, are overlapped, intersected, destroyed and reinvented. By bringing them to the forefront (with the different meanings and forms that these figures assume, as well as the associations established, and which constitute them), I attempt to demonstrate how their varied incarnations do not substitute one another, in a diachronic line, but instead coexist, often in a tense and ambiguous manner, in distinct, simultaneous story-lines. Sensitive to the citys transformations, the Bandeirantes comment on urban changes and confers meaning upon them, not only expressing these transformations, but also engendering and producing them. An inescapable presence in the city of São Paulo, they are found in facades, spaces and sectors, cultivated and recreated in a permanent movement. Mindful of local redevelopments and the many historicities imbued in these characters, I follow the turbulent journeys of some of the manifestations of the Bandeirantes, which, through their self-reinvention in time and with time, embody and convey a series of conflicts, temporalities and meanings.

My thesis revives the term raciology to describe collectively the literature which emanated out of philological ethnology, that is, out of the studies of man inspired by the rapid advances in linguistic science in the early nineteeenth century. Raciological Thought in Victorian Culture is divided into two parts: it examines the development and dissemination of nineteenth-century raciological knowledge in the works of celebrated philologists and anthropologists; and then investigates typical features of raciological discourse in Victorian and Victorian Canadian culture. It views this regional British literature as a field for the political and educational deployment of British raciological conceptions, and comments on some of the implications of the circulation of raciological doctrine. My argument begins with discussion of the often overlooked celebrity and authority of philologists in Victorian culture, tracing the derivation from philology of raciological typologies which established the raciological associations of terms like "Britons," "Anglo-Saxons," and "Teutons" during the early and middle-Victorian periods. An important aspect of the thesis is a re-evaluation of the influence of Friedrich Max Muller, the most influential comparative philologist and mythologist in the Victorian world. I argue that his use of etymological study for archaeological data greatly contributed to the rapid dissemination of raciological thought among the educated and educating classes. The first part of the thesis concludes with discussion of issues which animated raciological discourse. The second part follows the dissemination of Victorian raciological thought to Canada, and illustrates its effects in an imperial context. It demonstrates the use of raciology in establishing Canada's legitimacy as a British nation, and documents the place of raciology in establishing the authenticity of Canadian continuity with a British culture running into deep antiquity. After discussing neglected raciological aspects of several important Victorian Canadian source works, it goes on to outline the importance of raciological mythology to the preservation of the Dominion from American annexation and Fenian incursion. My epilogue briefly documents the decline of raciological thought in Britain after the 1890s. By investigating numerous neglected Victorian sources, Raciological Thought in Victorian Culture establishes raciology as an important element in Victorian political-and, in particular, nationalist-thinking.