O Terceiro Humanismo de Werner Jaeger constitui um momento crucial na interpretação da Antiguidade, em especial no que diz respeito à sociedade grega clássica. Constituiu uma tentativa de recuperar um ideal humanístico através dos recursos da filologia clássica e das Altertumswissenschaften, conduzida na Alemanha nos anos do regime republicano de Weimar e também sob o nacional-socialismo. A partir de uma análise do desenvolvimento do projeto humanístico de Jaeger, do início da trajetória acadêmica do filólogo, logo antes da Primeira Guerra Mundial, até sua migração para os Estados Unidos, em 1936, a presente pesquisa procura lançar luz sobre as conjunturas políticas, sociais e intelectuais que condicionavam sua trajetória, conduzindo-o a uma tentativa de Gleichschaltung política com o nacional-socialismo no contexto dos primeiros meses do regime, e, em última análise, ao malogro de seu desígnio basilar colocar a serviço do presente forças educativas antigas, éticas e políticas. / Werner Jaeger\'s Third Humanism constituted a crucial moment in the interpretation of Antiquity, especially of classical Greek society. It was an attempt at recovering a humanistic ideal through the resources of classical philology and the Altertumswissenschaften, carried out in Germany in the years of the Weimar Republic and also under the National Socialist regime. By analyzing the development of Jaegers humanistic project, from the beginning of the philologists academic career, right before World War I, to his migration to the United States in 1936, the present research seeks to shed light upon the social, political and intellectual conditions that affected his trajectory, leading up to an attempt at political Gleichsschaltung with National Socialism during the first months of the regime, and ultimately to the failure of his primary goal to place ethical and political formative forces of Antiquity at the service of the present.

Minha dissertação se divide em três partes. A primeira é dedicada à trajetória de Alexander Kluge na televisão, no cinema e em sua incursão por outras formas midiáticas, de modo a verificar o percurso que tornou possível o projeto estético de \"Notícias da Antiguidade Ideológica\" (2008). A segunda é uma contextualização de \"Notícias da Antiguidade Ideológica\" (2008), que parte das anotações de Eisenstein, escritas entre 1927 e 1929, sobre filmar O Capital de Marx segundo a lógica de Ulysses, de James Joyce, e é concluída com uma análise de como Kluge se aproximou de tais ideias do diretor russo. A terceira parte é composta por quatro análises de entrevistas apresentadas em \"Notícias da Antiguidade Ideológica\" (2008) - com Galina Antoschewskaja, Peter Sloterdjik, Oskar Negt e Jean-Luc Godard - que evidenciam como Kluge usa exemplos do processo tradutório para reivindicar uma leitura mais poética de O Capital de Karl Marx. / My dissertation is divided in three parts. The first one is dedicated to the trajectory of Alexander Kluge in television and cinema and his incursion into other media, in order to verify the path that made the aesthetic project \"News from Ideological Antiquity - Marx/Eisenstein/Das Kapital\" (2008) possible. I devote the second part of my dissertation to contextualizing \"News from Ideological Antiquity - Marx/Eisenstein/Das Kapital\", that moves from the annotations of Eisenstein about filming Das Kapital according to the logic of Joyces\'s Ulysses, written between 1927 and 1929, concluding with an analysis of how Kluge approached such ideas from the Russian director. The third part is composed of four analyses of interviews belonging to \"News from Ideological Antiquity - Marx/Eisenstein/Das Kapital\" (2008) - with Galina Antoschewskaja, Peter Sloterdjik, Oskar Negt and Jean-Luc Godard - that show how Kluge uses examples of the translation process to claim a more poetic reading of Das Kapital by Marx

Seneca's Apocolocyntosis is a sat.ire on the deceased emperor Claudius. probably written in the early months after his death in AD54. Although the authorship and title of the work have been called into question. scholars have now reached a consensus that the sat.ire was written by Seneca and is titled "Apocolocyntosis." Its purpose, characteristic of the Menippean genre, was didactic.

The Cross in Changing of Times and its Significance in Ancient Society The cross is the most widespread symbol appearing worldwide right from the prehistoric times. Though being formed of a very simple shape of two intersecting lines the significance is far reaching. This dissertation looks at the cross both as a sign pointing beyond itself and concentrates on the diversity of its visual appearance. It tries to trace back the possible factors preceding Antiquity influencing the formation of the actual shape in that particular period of history. Although for most part the cross is understood in its connection with the Crucifixion of Christ its history is far more complex beginning in pre-Christian era. The biblical texts present more or less mere allusions of the cross itself. Seen typologically the cross may be understood as the element connecting both Old and New Testament creating a sort of a bridge between them. The careful analysis of the Early Christian documents brings several terms used for the same reality. The most significant are - σταυρός with the Latin equivalent crux and ξύλου (wood) with the Latin equivalent lignum. Later on these give a way to a more general term of σημεῖον (sign) and finally to a symbolic expression "σύμβολον σωτηρίας" (sign-symbol of salvation). The early Christian writers...

Cette thèse étudie, dans toute leur complexité et leur variabilité, les pratiques funéraires au sein du territoire de Forum Iulii (commune actuelle de Fréjus), l’une des civitas de la Province de Narbonnaise définie par Auguste à la fin du Ier siècle av. n. è. Il s’inscrit sur une période chronologique longue riche en bouleversements socio-culturels (Ier s.- IVe s. de n.è.), propre à révéler l’évolution de ces pratiques et ainsi d’appréhender la relation qu’entretiennent les individus et/ou les groupes sociaux avec leurs traditions funéraires. Ce cadre spatio-temporel est également choisi pour sa cohérence et sa richesse documentaire. L’étude est basée sur une approche interdisciplinaire,entre archéologie et anthropologie biologique. Les paramètres étudiés, selon cette double perspective, participent conjointement à une lecture individuelle puis globale des sépultures et des ensembles funéraires afin de restituer les pratiques et l’influence des facteurs socio-culturels sur le traitement des morts. Le recours à ces deux disciplines garantit une compréhension optimale des systèmes de représentations sociales propres à une communauté face au décès de l’un de ses membres. L’analyse des restes osseux humains (âge au décès, sexe, état sanitaire), mais également celle des restes matériels (ensemble de dépôts associés, architecture de la sépulture, mode d’implantation traitement du corps, etc.) constituent les outils incontournables de l’archéologie de la mort qui vise alors à contribuer à une meilleure connaissance des populations antiques grâce à une approche bioculturelle. / This study aims to understand, in all their complexity and variability, the funerary practices of the territory of Forum Iulii (Fréjus), one of the civitas of the Gallia Narbonnensis, defined by Auguste at the end of the 1st century. BC. It is part of a long chronological period rich in socio-cultural upheavals (1st-4th century AD), wich reveals the evolution of these practices, and thus allow us to apprehend the relationship between individuals and / or social groups with their funerary traditions. This spatio-temporal framework is also chosen for its coherence and documentary richness. The study is based on an archaeothanatology approach, between archeology and biological anthropology. The studied parameters, considered in the both perspective, participate together in an individual, and then global reading of burials and funerary spaces in order to return practices, funerary rites, but also the influence of socio-cultural factors on the treatment of the dead corpses.The use of these two disciplines insures an optimal understanding of the social systems and religious representations specific to a community confronted with the death of one of its members. The human bones analysis (age and sex determination, health status), but also the study of the material (set of deposits, burial architecture, implantation of the tomb, body’s treatment, etc.) are the essential tools for the archeology of death, which aims to contribute to a better knowledge of ancient populations through a biocultural approach.

Le présent travail est consacré aux récits de la vie d'Alexandre incorporés aux trois histoires universelles que sont la Chronique dite de Baudoin d'Avesnes, composée par un écrivain anonyme entre 1278 et 1281, et deux versions de la Fleur des histoires, écrites par le même auteur, Jean Mansel, fonctionnaire à la cour de Bourgogne, respectivement dans les années 1140 et 1460. Le choix de ces trois textes s'explique par leur origine géographique commune, par les relations qu'ils entretiennent entre eux, par leurs modalités de diffusion et de réception similaires. Provenant du Nord de la France, très lus par les lecteurs nobles de la fin du moyen Age, ils constituent un corpus unifié inédit et restent un champ presque vierge pour la recherche. Les trois oeuvres accordent une place majeure à la vie d'Alexandre le Grand et à l'historie de son empire, en exploitant des sources différentes, des chroniques universelles de l'Antiquité tardive, comme celle d'Orose, aux textes d'inspiration courtoise comme les Voeux du paon de Jacques de Longuyon. La thèse comprend une étude de la tradition manuscrite des trois textes, une recherche sur leurs auteurs, leurs mécènes et leurs lecteurs, une analyse des stratégies de réécriture élaborées pour recomposer le portrait d'Alexandre et intégrer sa vie dans le continuum d'une histoire universelle ainsi qu'une étude des fonctions que les auteurs lui accordent dans l'histoire de l'humanité. Elle édite en annexe les prologues des chroniques et les trois récits de la vie d'Alexandre. / The present study examines the life of Alexander the Great as it is told in three universal chronicles, the Chronique dite de Baudoin d'Avesnes, written by an anonymous historian between 1278 and 1281, and two versions of the Fleur des histoires, composed in 1440s and in 1460s, respectively, by Jean mansel, a functionary at the Burgundian court. The three texts have a common geographical provenance and were read by the same readers ; furthermore, Mansel borrowed extensively from his predecessor to create the two versions of his chronicle. Despite evidence, of their wide readership in the Middle Ages, these texts remain largely unknown to modern researchers. The shared genre model, geographical and intellectual connections between these chronicles, on the one hand, and their paradoxical status of once well-known and now nearly forgotten texts, on the other, have prompted the decision to study them together. On crucial link between these works is the prominence their authors give to Alexander the Great and the variety of sources they use to tell his story, ranging from universal chronicles of the late Antiquity, such as Orosius' Historiae, to courtly romances such as Jacques de Longuyon' Voeux du paon. Our thesis comprises firstly, a study of the manuscript tradition of the three texts, with an emphasis on the role authors of the chronicles, their patrons and readers played in the creation and dissemination of various textual versions, followed by an analysis of the strategies employed by the authors to rewrite the story of Alexander's life in order to integrate it in the continuum of universal history and, finally, an examination of the roles assigned to the Macedonian king in the history of the humanity. The appendices contain an edition of the prologues and of the three accounts of Alexander's life.

Partint d’una concepció àmplia de la fraseologia i d'una perspectiva etnolingüística, l’anàlisi es centra en fraseologismes espanyols (especialment, parèmies) per als quals pot establir-se un origen llatí o una motivació en el món grecoromà, analitzant contrastivament les particularitats culturals de dites unitats fraseològiques i dels seus corresponents precedents clàssics. Temàticament, el corpus s’ha limitat a ítems lingüístics que giren al voltant de la concepció clàssica d’ ‘amistat’, entesa com l’harmònic motor de les relacions humanes i socials. La major amplitud semàntica d’aquest concepte crucial de la filosofia antiga implica que en el treball es tractin, a part del tema de l’amistat pròpiament dita, altres temes que en deriven, com ara l’amor, la família i les relacions cíviques entre ciutadans. A banda de les relacions diacròniques entre els més de 10.000 ítems analitzats, la perspectiva d’estudi es centra en la parcialitat de la visió de la realitat presentada per aquests, en particular en el biaix cultural i social que suposen les consideracions que inclouen, presentant com universals apreciacions que, en realitat, són parcials i interessades, com a conseqüència de les relacions de poder que enterboleixen les relacions humanes que s’estudien. / Partiendo de una concepción amplia de la fraseología y de una perspectiva etnolingüística, el análisis se centra en fraseologismos españoles (especialmente, paremias) para los cuales puede establecerse un origen latino o una motivación en el mundo grecorromano, analizando contrastivamente las particularidades culturales de dichas unidades fraseológicas y sus correspondientes precedentes clásicos. Temáticamente, el corpus se ha limitado a ítems lingüísticos que giran en torno a la concepción clásica de ‘amistad’, entendida como el armónico motor de las relaciones humanas y sociales. La mayor amplitud semántica de este concepto crucial de la filosofía antigua implica que en el trabajo se aborden, aparte del tema de la amistad propiamente dicha, otros temas derivados de éste, tales como el amor, la familia y las relaciones cívicas entre ciudadanos. Además de las relaciones diacrónicas entre los más de 10.000 ítems analizados, la perspectiva de estudio se centra en la parcialidad de la visión de la realidad presentada por éstos, en particular en el sesgo cultural y social que suponen las consideraciones que encierran, presentando como universales apreciaciones que, en realidad, son parciales e interesadas como consecuencia de las relaciones de poder que enturbian las relaciones humanas que se estudian. / Starting from a wide conception of Phraseology as a discipline and from an ethnolinguistical perspective, the analysis focus on Spanish set phrases (specially proverbs) whose Latin origin or motivation in Greco-Roman world can be established, carrying out a contrastive analysis of the culturally special features of those Spanish items and the corresponding classical ones. Corpus has been thematically restricted to those which center around the classical conception of ‘friendship’, understood as the driving force of all harmonious human and social relationships. The wider sense of this concept—crucial to classical philosophy—entails the treatment of other topics besides friendship itself, such as love, family or civil relations between citizens. In addition to the diachronic relations between the more than 10 000 items analyzed, this doctoral thesis focus on how partial is the view of reality they show, particularly the cultural and social bias implicit in these linguistic chunks, presenting as universal some assessments that, in fact, are biased, as a result of the power relations that mar the different kinds of relationships which are being analyzed.

Empress Livia – Murderer or wrongfully accused? An overview of the ancient sources on the empress Livia and what that suggests that shemurdered her husband Emperor Augustus and his adoptive children to make way for herown son Tiberius as the emperor of Rome.This work will analyze the ancient roman sources by the great historians from that time;Tacitus, Suetonius and Cassius Dio, and their works discussing the murder conspiracy of theempress of Rome; Livia.Here I examine what these ancient sources tell about the possible involvement of Livia, on thedeath of Augustus himself and his adoptive sons. Each author to these ancient sources will beexamined and contextualized according to their contemporary time, but also their political andideological views of women in high position and Ceasarism itself. Their characteristics andstyles of their written account will also be examined.The following issues will be dealt with in this work:  What does the ancient sources of; Tacitus, Suetonius and Cassius Dio say about theconspiracy theory in which empress Livia is central.  What is known about the authors of these ancient sources and to what extant mighttheir political and ideological view affect their written account?  Can the allegations directed at Livia be the result of the fact that she was a highlyinfluential woman at her time, something which the ancient authors by romanstandards saw as unfit for a woman, and therefore is mistreated in the written sources?  If so, were all women with power under the same time and circumstances criticized inthe same way in which Livia is portrayed?  Are there any other aspects that have not been treated equally in the past by authorsand researchers, in which new questionable guidelines can be made? As is very important to point out, this work and essentially all others alike will not evenassume to solve the final question if empress Livias was guilty or not of murdering herhusband, Emperor Augustus and/or his adoptive sons. This work is to be foremost accepted asan appendix of other works regarding the same issue.

<p>Empress Livia – Murderer or wrongfully accused?</p><p>An overview of the ancient sources on the empress Livia and what that suggests that shemurdered her husband Emperor Augustus and his adoptive children to make way for herown son Tiberius as the emperor of Rome.This work will analyze the ancient roman sources by the great historians from that time;Tacitus, Suetonius and Cassius Dio, and their works discussing the murder conspiracy of theempress of Rome; Livia.Here I examine what these ancient sources tell about the possible involvement of Livia, on thedeath of Augustus himself and his adoptive sons. Each author to these ancient sources will beexamined and contextualized according to their contemporary time, but also their political andideological views of women in high position and Ceasarism itself. Their characteristics andstyles of their written account will also be examined.The following issues will be dealt with in this work:</p><p> What does the ancient sources of; Tacitus, Suetonius and Cassius Dio say about theconspiracy theory in which empress Livia is central.</p><p> What is known about the authors of these ancient sources and to what extant mighttheir political and ideological view affect their written account?</p><p> Can the allegations directed at Livia be the result of the fact that she was a highlyinfluential woman at her time, something which the ancient authors by romanstandards saw as unfit for a woman, and therefore is mistreated in the written sources?</p><p> If so, were all women with power under the same time and circumstances criticized inthe same way in which Livia is portrayed?</p><p> Are there any other aspects that have not been treated equally in the past by authorsand researchers, in which new questionable guidelines can be made?</p><p>As is very important to point out, this work and essentially all others alike will not evenassume to solve the final question if empress Livias was guilty or not of murdering herhusband, Emperor Augustus and/or his adoptive sons. This work is to be foremost accepted asan appendix of other works regarding the same issue.</p>

Dans le présent mémoire, je revisite l’oeuvre de Foucault à la lumière des analyses qu’il offre entre 1981 et 1984 dans ses derniers cours au Collège de France. À l’encontre de l’avis qui voit une rupture dans la pensée foucaldienne – opinion justifiée par la transition radicale qu’opère Foucault depuis l’étude de la relation entre pouvoir et savoir à l’analyse des techniques de subjectivation dans l’Antiquité – j’illustre qu’il y a continuité et complémentarité entre ses analyses des années 1970 et ses démonstrations des années 1980. Foucault trouve, au fondement de la pratique politique gréco-romaine, une éthique définie comme travail de soi sur soi. Aussi tente-t il, au travers de ses dernières analyses, de réactualiser l’askêsis comme fondement oublié de l’éthique, et l’êthos comme condition d’efficacité de la politique. Si, jusqu’en 1980, Foucault s’intéresse aux mécanismes et aux dispositifs permettant le gouvernement de la population, à partir de 1980, c’est la question du gouvernement de soi comme condition nécessaire du gouvernement des autres qui investit ses analyses. L’objectif de ce mémoire est d’illustrer, à partir de la redéfinition foucaldienne de l’éthique, la présence d’une nouvelle théorie de la résistance dans ses derniers cours au Collège de France. Par voie de conséquence, je propose implicitement des éclaircissements sur la fonction qu’occupent L’Usage des plaisirs et le Souci de soi, ultimes publications de l’auteur, au sein de son oeuvre. / In this dissertation, I revisit Foucault’s work through the various analyses he offered between 1981 and 1984 while teaching at the Collège de France. Against the opinion which sees a radical turn in Foucault’s thought – opinion which is seemingly justified by the author’s break with his past demonstrations on the relation between power and knowledge, and his shift towards the study of the various spiritual exercises in Antiquity – I illustrate that there is a continuity and a complementarity between his earlier studies and his later interests. Foucault uncovers, at the basis of Greco-roman political practice, an ethics defined as an exercise of the self. He then attempts, throughout his last years at the Collège de France, to reinstate askêsis as the long forgotten foundation of ethics, and the êthos as the condition of political efficiency. Until 1980, Foucault is mainly interested by the mechanisms and devices enabling the government of populations. From 1980 on, it is the question of the government of self as a necessary condition for the government of others which invests his analyses. My objective, throughout this dissertation, is to illustrate how Foucault’s redefinition of ethics allows him to advocate a new theory of resistance in his last years at the Collège de France. This dissertation therefore implicitly suggests further clarification pertaining to the function of Foucault’s last two publications (L’usage de plaisir and Le souci de soi) within his work understood as a whole.