Lifestyles, including alcohol consumption and illicit drug use in medical students were assessed using a self-completion questionnaire. Eight cohorts of secondy ear medical students were assessed consecutively between 1993-2000. The proportion of medical students in each cohort drinking excessively increased during this period. Illicit drug use stayed fairly stable with approximately half of each year group reporting having experimented with illicit drugs. Lifestyles in medical students were assessed in the second and final year of studies and one year after graduation. Alcohol consumption and illicit drug use had significantly increased over the 4 year period of the study. Two cohorts of medical and dental students were also compared in a similar study design. Although alcohol consumption in dental students was more than their medical student counterparts during the second year of the studies, it decreased one year after graduation. Illicit drug use was higher in medics than in dentists at all three time points. Nearly half of the fresher medical students reported to have been drinking excessively and using illicit drugs before beginning university life. Personality characteristics of the students were found to be related to their alcohol and illicit drug use. A significant proportion of pre-registration house officers suffered from stress and anxiety with more women than men having anxiety scores within the clinically significant range. Job satisfaction was low, with more pre-registration house officers being dissatisfied with the organisational processes of their jobs. Personality was significantly related to stress, anxiety, depression and job satisfaction. Education on alcohol and illicit drugs for young people may be needed at a much earlier age. Dealing with the problems of drink, drugs and stress among medical students and doctors may require a holistic approach which considers both the culture of medical education and work conditions.

nÃo hà / Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methyl-phenol) an isomer of Carvacrol. Present as large colorless crystals or white crystalline powder. It is a monoterpene essential oil extracted from various herbs, and the main component of the essential oil of rosemary-pepper (Lippia sidoides), constituting approximately 48% of its composition. This paper presents the behavioral actions of thymol in animal models of anxiety, depression, seizures and sedation, such as elevated plus maze (EPM), open field, rota rod, forced swim, tail suspension, seizure induced by pentylenetetrazol and pentobarbital-induced sleep time. Thymol was administered orally in male mice at doses of 25mg/kg and 50mg / kg. The results showed that thymol at both doses studied did cause muscula relaxament activits change locomotor activity on the test rota rod nor the number of crossings in the open field test, but reducedThe grooming was reduced with the administration of thymol in the open field test. At both doses studied LCE thymol increased all parameters observed suggesting a possible anxiolytic effect. Flumazenil, an antagonist of GABA / benzodiazepine, reversed this effect. In the test of sleep time induced by pentobarbital thymol not alter the latency but increased sleep duration. Although this test is sensitive to CNS depressant agents but is not specific for compounds which would interfere with the biotransformation of pentobarbital. In the test of pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures, thymol increased latency of seizure at the dose of 50mg/kg, however was not able to change the mortality of animals. Thymol showed antidepressant effect in the forced swim test and the tail suspension. This effect was reversed by pretreatment of animals with PCPA (a serotonin synthesis inhibitor), Prazosin and Yohimbine (adrenoreceptor antagonists), SCH23390 and Sulpiride (dopamine receptor antagonists). These results suggest that thymol shows anxiolytic effects probably associated with the GABAergic system and antidepressant effects associated with the serotonergic, noradrenergic and dopaminergic without causing sedation. / O Timol (2-isopropil-5-metil-fenol) um isÃmero do Carvacrol. Apresenta-se como cristal incolor grandes ou pà cristalino branco. à um monoterpeno extraÃdo do Ãleo essencial de diversas plantas aromÃticas, sendo o componente principal do Ãleo essencial do alecrim-pimenta (Lippia sidoides), constituindo aproximadamente 48% da sua composiÃÃo. Este trabalho avaliou as aÃÃes comportamentais do timol em modelos animais de ansiedade, depressÃo, convulsÃo e sedaÃÃo, tais como labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE), campo aberto, rota rod, nado forÃado, suspensÃo da cauda, convulsÃo induzida por pentilenotetrazol e tempo de sono induzido por pentobarbital. Timol foi administrado por via oral, em camundongos machos, em doses Ãnicas de 25mg/Kg ou 50 mg/Kg. Os resultados mostraram que o timol nas duas doses estudadas, nÃo causou efeito relaxante muscular no teste do rota Rod nem alterou o nÃmero de cruzamentos no teste do campo aberto, mas reduziu o grooming. No LCE ambas as doses estudadas do timol aumentaram todos os parÃmetros observados sugerindo um possÃvel efeito ansiolÃtico. O flumazenil, um antagonista dos receptores GABAA/BenzodiazepÃnico, reverteu este efeito. No teste do tempo de sono induzido por pentobarbital o timol nÃo alterou a latÃncia, mas aumentou a duraÃÃo do sono. Entretanto este teste embora sendo sensÃvel para agentes depressores do SNC nÃo à especÃfico pois compostos que possam interferir com a biotransformaÃÃo do pentobarbital. No teste da convulsÃo induzida por pentilenotetrazol, timol aumentou a latÃncia da convulsÃo na dose de 50mg/Kg, no entanto nÃo foi capaz de alterar a latÃncia de morte e a mortalidade dos animais. Timol apresentou efeito antidepressivo no teste do nado forÃado e da suspensÃo da cauda. Este efeito foi revertido pelo prÃ-tratamento dos animais com PCPA (um inibidor da sÃntese de serotonina), Prazosina e Ioimbina (antagonistas dos receptores adrenÃrgicos), SCH23390 e Sulpirida (antagonistas dos receptores dopaminÃrgicos). Estes resultados sugerem que o timol apresenta efeitos ansiolÃticos provavelmente relacionados com o sistema GABAÃrgico e efeitos antidepressivos associados aos sistemas serotonÃrgico, noradrenÃrgico e dopaminÃrgico sem causar sedaÃÃo.

no / The concepts of “defeat” (representing failed social struggle) and “entrapment” (representing an inability to escape from a situation) have emerged from the animal literature, providing insight into the health consequences of low social rank. Evolutionary models suggest that these constructs co-occur and can lead to the development of mental disorders, although there is limited empirical evidence supporting these predictions. Participants (N=172) were recruited from economically deprived areas in North England. Over half of participants (58%) met clinical cut-offs for depression and anxiety, therefore we conducted analyses to establish whether participant outcomes were dependent on baseline defeat and entrapment levels. Participants completed measures of defeat, entrapment, depression and anxiety at two time-points twelve months apart. Factor analysis demonstrated that defeat and entrapment were best defined as one factor, suggesting that the experiences co-occurred. Regression analyses demonstrated that changes in depression and anxiety between T1 and T2 were predicted from baseline levels of defeat and entrapment; however, changes in defeat and entrapment were also predicted from baseline depression and anxiety. There are implications for targeting perceptions of defeat and entrapment within psychological interventions for people experiencing anxiety and depression and screening individuals to identify those at risk of developing psychopathology.

Thesis (doctoral)--Lund University, 1996. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted.

Thesis (doctoral)--Lund University, 1996. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted.

Objectives: (1) To ascertain whether adult siblings of disabled individuals are more prone to anxiety and depression symptomatology than a closely matched control group. (2) To examine the contribution that perceived parenting styles, attachment styles and personality traits play in the long-term affective outcome of these siblings. (3) To consider if the type of disability has a role in sibling affective outcome. Design: A cross-sectional, closely matched study design, with data collected through self-report. One-way ANOVAs, correlational analyses, moderation and mediation analyses were applied. Participants: Adult siblings of disabled individuals (SDI), were initially contacted through support groups, such as SIBS, the Down’s Syndrome Association, the National Autistic Society and the Prader-Willi Association (UK) and responded to a postal or e-mailed questionnaire; 150 participants returned the completed questionnaire. The 150 control group participants were closely matched on the variables of gender, age, marital status and when possible socio-economic status, in order to compare like with like. This group was contacted through friends, family, work colleagues and local businesses. Measures: All the participants completed a range of demographic questions; the SDI were additionally asked questions regarding their disabled sibling. The established measures used included the Hospital and Anxiety Depression Scale (Zigmond & Snaith, 1983), Experiences in Close Relationships (Brennan, Clark & Shaver, 1998), an adapted measure of the Descriptions of Parental Caregiving Style (DPCS, Hazan & Shaver, 1986) and the International Personality Item Pool (Goldberg, 1999). Results: The majority of SDI reported no increased anxiety or depression symptomatology, however, when compared the SDI did report higher levels of anxiety and depression symptomatology than the control group; also higher levels of perceived inconsistent mothering, attachment-related anxiety and neuroticism, with lower levels of extraversion than the control group. These variables mediated the path between having a disabled sibling and anxiety and depression, with the notable exception of perceived inconsistent mothering. This variable showed no association with any of the established measures for the SDI group; however, there were associations consistent with previous research for the control group. There was no moderation effect on anxiety or depression between the demographic variables and SDI. The autistic spectrum disorder siblings reported similar levels of anxiety symptomatology to Prader-Willi siblings but higher than Down’s syndrome siblings and the control group and they also reported the highest levels of depression symptomatology. Conclusions: The adult SDI’s higher propensity towards anxiety and depression is a cause for concern; particularly when explained through heightened levels of attachment-related anxiety, high levels of neuroticism and low levels of extraversion. The lack of association with perceived inconsistent mothering requires further investigation. These results can help guide interventions or clinical therapies; the emotional well-being of SDI is paramount as they will possibly be among the first group to assume responsibility for their disabled siblings.

Mental illness is today the leading cause of long-term sick leave and insomnia, anxiety, depression and burnout are among the most common conditions. The aim of the study was to investigate the stability of these conditions and how this is influenced by gender and age, as well as the extent to which these states are risk factors for each other. The participants were a random sample (n = 2336) from the general population in the age of 18-79 years. The results showed that stable illness was more common among women than men, and that stable illness decreased with aging. The stability itself was not affected by gender or age. Relations between the conditions were bidirectional and they constitute major risk factors for each other (odds ratios, OK = 2.37 to 6.46). The largest risk factor for a condition is, however, previous occurrence of the same problem. Previous burnout was found to be a significantly larger risk factor for future burnout than previous insomnia for future insomnia (OK = 9.63 and 5.74, respectively). The results suggest that insomnia, anxiety, depression and burnout, despite their differences, are similar regarding symptoms and underlying causes. The importance of early interventions to prevent comorbid conditions which are more complicated and more difficult to treat is emphasized. / Miljöhälsostudien i Västerbotten

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (Psy. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p.91-105).

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Queensland, 2005. / Includes bibliography.