At a suburban elementary school in Maryland, 3 years of data revealed that the school is grappling with the problem of student apathy. While there is a growing body of research on apathy and its effects on student achievement, few researchers have examined the problem from the perspective of the apathetic student. The purpose of this qualitative case study, grounded in the social learning and cognitive development theories of Vygotsky and Piaget, was to explore student apathy and the learning environment at the target school through the perspectives of 8 former students and their parents. The research questions focused on understanding the experiences of these former students, all of who manifested a high degree of apathy in 5th grade, to determine possible sources of the problem and identify strategies to address it. Participant interview transcripts, field notes, and attendance, and archived discipline and report cards constituted the data. Coding and categorical aggregation were used to organize, condense, and analyze these data into themes. Member checking, triangulation, and peer review ensured trustworthiness of the interpretations. The findings revealed 3 themes: students had little choice and input in their schooling, there was a lack of curricular rigor and relevance, and inadequate support for students who struggled academically and/or behaviorally. As a result of these findings, a project was developed to provide the target school with the professional development needed to deliver relevant, engaging, and differentiated instruction and to create legitimate opportunities for student choice and input about their schooling. It is expected that these findings and the resulting project will affect social change by giving (a) the apathetic students a voice, (b) the target school a research-based plan and (c) other schools and districts a set of initiatives to address student apathy.

Au-delà des symptômes moteurs classiques de la maladie de Parkinson, d’autres troubles neuropsychiatriques, émotionnels ou cognitifs sont fréquemment observés chez le patient parkinsonien. L’apathie, définie comme une importante diminution des comportements motivés dirigés vers un but, est l’un des troubles neuropsychiatriques le plus souvent rapporté en clinique. Si ce symptôme est relativement bien maitrisé par les traitements dopaminergiques, l’application de la stimulation haute fréquence du noyau subthalamique (SHF-NST), traitement neurochirurgical de référence, entraîne sa résurgence chez environ 50 % des patients stimulés. De nombreuses données suggèrent que cette résurgence est liée à la diminution du traitement dopaminergique, permise grâce aux effets spectaculaires de la SHF-NST sur les symptômes moteurs. Au contraire, d’autres études proposent un rôle délétère direct de la SHF-NST sur les comportements motivés. Malheureusement, chez le patient, il n’est pas possible de dissocier l’effet des différents traitements. Ainsi, afin de comprendre les bases neurobiologiques de l’apathie dans la maladie de parkinson, notre laboratoire a récemment développé un modèle animal chez le rat, basé sur des approches de lésions sélectives, partielles et bilatérales des neurones dopaminergiques du mésencéphale, reproduisant un déficit motivationnel pouvant s’apparenter à l’apathie parkinsonienne.L’objectif de ce travail doctoral a été d’étudier l’effet de la SHF-NST sur les comportements motivés chez le rat sain et dans ce modèle animal, et d’en comprendre les mécanismes neurobiologiques. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé un nouveau système de stimulation portatif chez le rat, permettant d’appliquer une SHF-NST chronique et ininterrompue chez l’animal libre de ses mouvements. Dans un premier temps, nous avons évalué l’effet motivationnel de la SHF-NST chez le rat sain et parkinsonien à l’aide de tests de référence. Nous avons ainsi pu montrer que la SHF-NST induisait un déficit motivationnel sévère chez le rat sain, ou exacerbait le déficit présent chez le rat lésé. Dans un deuxième temps, compte tenu de l’efficacité chez le patient des agonistes des récepteurs dopaminergiques D2 et D3 (RD2 et RD3) sur l’apathie pré ou post opératoire, nous avons voulu corriger ce trouble induit par la SHF-NST avec un tel traitement. Cette étude pharmacologique nous a amené à montrer que le pramipexole, un agoniste D2 D3, permet de traiter complétement le déficit induit par la SHF-NST. Enfin, compte tenu de ces résultats pharmacologiques, nous avons voulu vérifier si les effets délétères de la SHF-NST ou thérapeutiques du pramipexole, étaient sous-tendus par une modification d’expression des récepteurs D2 et D3. Pour cela nous avons utilisé une nouvelle technique d’hybridation in situ pour quantifier les transcrits D2 et D3. Si la SHF-NST ne semble pas impacter l’expression de ces récepteurs, l’effet thérapeutique du pramipexole pourrait être sous tendu par une baisse d’expression du RD3 au sein du noyau accumbens.Les données obtenues au cours de ce travail doctoral suggèrent donc fortement que la SHF-NST pourrait en elle-même induire de l’apathie post opératoire. De plus, malgré l’apport thérapeutique de l’activation des RD2 et RD3 sur ce symptôme, son origine serait sous tendue par un autre mécanisme qui reste à être élucider. / Apart from the classical motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, neuropsychiatric, emotional or cognitive impairments are also commonly observed in parkinsonian patients. Apathy, defined as a decrease in goal directed motivated behaviours, is one of the most frequently reported neuropsychiatric symptom in PD. This impairment is relatively well alleviated by dopaminergic treatment, but subthalamic nucleus high frequency stimulation (STN-HFS), the gold standard neurosurgical treatment, leads to the resurgence of this symptom in 50% of patients. Clinical evidence suggests that this is due to the reduction of the dopaminergic treatment, made possible by the great effect of STN-HFS on motor symptoms. However, some studies propose a direct deleterious action of STN-HFS on motivated behaviors. Unfortunately, it is impossible to dissociate the effect of the different treatments in patients. Thus, in order to better understand the neurobiological basis of apathy in Parkinson’s disease, our laboratory recently developed a rodent model, based on selective, partial and bilateral lesion of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons, reproducing a motivational deficit reminiscent of parkinsonian apathy.The aim of this thesis project is to assess the effect of STN-HFS on motivated behaviours in normal and parkinsonian rats, and to unravel the essential mechanisms. We have used a new micro-stimulation system, allowing chronic STN-HFS in freely moving animals. First, we evaluated the motivational effect of STN-HFS in healthy and lesioned rats, using appropriate behavioural tests. We showed that STN-HFS induces a motivational impairment in healthy rats, and exacerbates the deficit observed in parkinsonian rats. Then, considering their therapeutic effect on apathy before or after STN-HFS in patients, we used D2 and D3 dopaminergic receptor agonists to try to manage this deficit in rats. It was thus demonstrated that pramipexole, a D2 D3 agonist, completely alleviated this STN-HFS induced deficit. This result prompted to assess whether the deleterious effect of STN-HFS, or the beneficial effect of pramipexole, depended on modulation of D2 and D3 expression. We therefore applied a new in situ hybridization technique to quantify D2 and D3 mRNAs. We found that STN-HFS alone did not modify their expressions, but the therapeutic effect of pramipexole could be liked to down-regulation of D3 receptors within the nucleus accumbens.Our data strongly suggest that STN-HFS itself may induce post-operative apathy. Moreover, despite the beneficial effect of D2 and D3 agonist on this symptom, its origin could depend on other mechanisms that will need to be deciphered.

Moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (M/S TBI) is a growing public health concern with significant impact on the cognitive functioning of survivors. Cognitive control and deficits in awareness have been linked to poor recovery and rehabilitation outcomes. One way to research cognitive control is through awareness of errors using electroencephalogram and event-related potentials (ERPs). Both the error-related negativity and the post-error positivity components of the ERP are linked to error awareness and cognitive control processes. Attentional capacity and levels of apathy influence error awareness in those with M/S TBI. There are strong links between awareness, attention, and apathy. However, limited research has examined the role of attention, awareness, and apathy using electrophysiological indices of error awareness to further understand cognitive control in a M/S TBI sample. The current study sought to elucidate the role of apathy in error awareness in those with M/S TBI. Participants included 75 neurologically-healthy controls (divided randomly into two control groups) and 24 individuals with M/S TBI. All participants completed self-report measures of mood, apathy, and executive functioning, as well as a brief neuropsychological battery to measure attention and cognitive ability. To measure awareness, participants completed the error awareness task (EAT), a modified Stroop go/no-go task. Participants signaled awareness of errors committed on the previous trial. The M/S TBI group decreased accuracy while improving or maintaining error awareness compared to controls over time. There were no significant between-group differences for ERN and Pe amplitudes. Levels of apathy in the M/S TBI group were included in three multiple regression analyses predicting proportion of unaware errors, ERN amplitude, and Pe amplitude. Apathy was predictive of error awareness, although not in the predicted direction. Major analyses were replicated using two distinct control groups to determine potential sample effects. Results showed consistent results comparing both control groups to a M/S TBI group. Findings show variable levels of awareness and accuracy over time for those with M/S TBI when compared to controls. Conclusions include varying levels of attention and awareness from the M/S TBI group over time, evidenced by improving awareness of errors when they are happening, but an inability to regulate performance sufficiently to improve accuracy. Levels of apathy are playing a role in error awareness, however, not in predicted directions. The study provides support for the role of attentional impairments in error awareness and encourages future studies to look for varying levels of performance within a given task when using populations linked to elevated levels of apathy and attentional deficits.

The dissertation deals with the roots of civic apathy in local government, and the main emphasis is to establish the root cause/s of civic apathy. The hypothesis: 'civic apathy is a phenomenon intensified by ignorance and a feeling of powerlessness and frustration on the electorate' is tested in this study. To examine further specific aspects of civic apathy, including establishing the cause/s and effects of apathy, the author conducted a quantitative research in the Northern Metropolitan Area m Johannesburg, using questionnaires and literature study as the research method. The hypothesis advanced in the dissertation has been validated insofar as it has been argued and demonstrated that indeed people can feel powerless and frustrated if they are deliberately being excluded from, or denied the opportunity to participate actively in their local government activities. The main finding is that civic apathy is intensified by ignorance. However, the most important finding is that there ts a causal relationship between powerlessness, frustration and apathy. / Public Administration and Management / M. Admin. (Public Administration)

The dissertation deals with the roots of civic apathy in local government, and the main emphasis is to establish the root cause/s of civic apathy. The hypothesis: 'civic apathy is a phenomenon intensified by ignorance and a feeling of powerlessness and frustration on the electorate' is tested in this study. To examine further specific aspects of civic apathy, including establishing the cause/s and effects of apathy, the author conducted a quantitative research in the Northern Metropolitan Area m Johannesburg, using questionnaires and literature study as the research method. The hypothesis advanced in the dissertation has been validated insofar as it has been argued and demonstrated that indeed people can feel powerless and frustrated if they are deliberately being excluded from, or denied the opportunity to participate actively in their local government activities. The main finding is that civic apathy is intensified by ignorance. However, the most important finding is that there ts a causal relationship between powerlessness, frustration and apathy. / Public Administration and Management / M. Admin. (Public Administration)

INTRODUÇÃO. Embora esteja bem estabelecida a relação neuropatológica da síndrome de Down (SD) com a doença de Alzheimer (DA), os primeiros sintomas de demência na população com SD são considerados atípicos. Estudos indicam que os sintomas iniciais estão relacionados à disfunção comportamental que envolvem circuitos cerebrais fronto-subcorticais, como mudança de comportamento e disfunção executiva. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar fatores associados ao funcionamento do lobo frontal (disfunção executiva, desinibição e apatia) durante o declínio cognitivo e a DA em adultos com SD. MÉTODOS. 92 indivíduos com SD com idade acima de 30 anos foram alocados em três diferentes grupos diagnósticos (cognição estável, demência prodrômica e DA) por meio da avaliação com o instrumento Exame Cambridge para Transtornos Mentais em Adultos com Síndrome de Down e Deficiência Intelectual (CAMDEX-DS), previamente validado como parte da metodologia de trabalho. Os participantes foram avaliados com um protocolo de funções executivas desenvolvido para pessoas com deficiência intelectual por pesquisadores da Universidade de Cambridge e classificados para a presença de disfunção executiva, desinibição e apatia através da entrevista com um informante utilizando a Escala de Personalidade Frontal. Além disso, dados sobre características de comportamentos resultantes de disfunções frontais, memória e orientação foram analisados por meio do CAMDEX-DS em conjunto com uma amostra inglesa totalizando amostra combinada de 162 participantes com SD com mais de 30 anos e divididos em quatro grupos: cognição estável abaixo de 45 anos, cognição estável acima de 45 anos, demência prodrômica e DA. RESULTADOS. Os relatos de disfunção executiva, desinibição e apatia através da Escala de Personalidade Frontal foram correlacionados com o desempenho cognitivo dos participantes: quanto maior a disfunção comportamental nestas áreas, pior o desempenho cognitivo nas tarefas executivas. A desinibição e a disfunção executiva foram associadas aos diferentes diagnósticos. A probabilidade de ter DA aumentou com elevações nos escores da Escala de Personalidade Frontal (p <= 0,5). Na análise com o CAMDEX-DS, os sintomas frontais, assim como as queixas de memória e orientação, estavam presentes antes da evidência de declínio cognitivo. Diante do diagnóstico prodrômico e de DA, esses sintomas se agravaram. O impacto da deterioração cognitiva ocorreu em memória e orientação (odds ratio 35,07; P < 0,001) e disfunção executiva (odds ratio 7,16; P < 0,001) para o grupo prodrômico em relação à cognição estável; desinibição (odds ratio 3,54; P = 0,04) para DA em relação ao grupo prodrômico; e apatia (odds ratio 34,18; P < 0,001) para DA em relação à cognição estável. CONCLUSÃO. Disfunção executiva, desinibição e apatia estiveram presentes em indivíduos com SD e cognição estável. Estas medidas se agravam no declínio cognitivo inicial (prodrômico) e na DA nessa população e estão associados ao desempenho cognitivo em tarefas de funções executivas. Disfunções comportamentais devem ser levadas em consideração durante a avaliação clínica. Estudos futuros considerando a interseção entre neuropatologia, conectividade cerebral e expressão de comportamento podem agregar conhecimento sobre a base e a natureza dessas associações e servirem de base para a criação de estratégias preventivas eficazes / INTRODUCTION. Although a neuropathological correlation has been established between Down syndrome (DS) and Alzheimer\'s disease (AD), the early symptoms of dementia present atypically in the DS population. There is evidence that frontal-subcortical circuits play an important role in the initial presentation of dementia in DS, including changes in behaviour and executive dysfunction. The present study aimed to investigate factors associated with frontal lobe functioning (executive dysfunction, disinhibition and apathy) during cognitive decline and AD in adults with DS. METHODS. 92 individuals with DS aged over 30 years were evaluated and divided into three groups of diagnosis (stable cognition, prodromal dementia and AD) using the Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders in Adults with Down Syndrome and others with Intellectual Disability (CAMDEX-DS), previously validated as part of our methodology. Participants were assessed with an executive function protocol developed for people with intellectual disabilities by researchers from University of Cambridge, and were rated for executive dysfunction, disinhibition and apathy by an informant using the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe). In addition, data on characteristics of frontal behaviour, memory and orientation were analysed through CAMDEX-DS in conjunction with an English sample totalling 162 participants with DS over 30 years old and divided into four groups: stable cognition under 45 years, stable cognition above 45 years, prodromal dementia and AD. RESULTS. Reports of executive dysfunction, disinhibition and apathy through FrSBe were correlated with participants\' cognitive performance: the higher the behavioural dysfunction in these areas, the worse the cognitive performance in executive tasks. Disinhibition and executive dysfunction were associated with diagnoses. The odds of having AD increased in parallel with increases in FrSBe scores (p <= 0.5). In the CAMDEX-DS analysis, amnestic and non-amnestic symptoms were found to be present before there was evidence of a cognitive decline. During the progression to dementia, those symptoms tended to worsen. Memory and orientation were poorer in the prodromal dementia group than in the stable cognition group (odds ratio 35.07, P < 0.001) as was executive function (odds ratio 7.16, P < 0.001). Disinhibition was greater in the AD group than in the prodromal dementia group (odds ratio 3.54, P = 0.04), and apathy was more pronounced in the AD group than in the stable cognition group (odds ratio 34.18; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION. Executive dysfunction, disinhibition and apathy were present in individuals with DS and stable cognition. These measures hasten the initial cognitive decline of AD and are related with cognitive performance in executive function tasks. Frontally mediated behaviour should be taken into consideration during the clinical evaluation of adults with DS. Future studies considering the intersection of neuropathology, brain connectivity, and behaviour may aggregate knowledge about the basis and nature of these associations, leading to the development of effective preventive strategies

INTRODUÇÃO. Embora esteja bem estabelecida a relação neuropatológica da síndrome de Down (SD) com a doença de Alzheimer (DA), os primeiros sintomas de demência na população com SD são considerados atípicos. Estudos indicam que os sintomas iniciais estão relacionados à disfunção comportamental que envolvem circuitos cerebrais fronto-subcorticais, como mudança de comportamento e disfunção executiva. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar fatores associados ao funcionamento do lobo frontal (disfunção executiva, desinibição e apatia) durante o declínio cognitivo e a DA em adultos com SD. MÉTODOS. 92 indivíduos com SD com idade acima de 30 anos foram alocados em três diferentes grupos diagnósticos (cognição estável, demência prodrômica e DA) por meio da avaliação com o instrumento Exame Cambridge para Transtornos Mentais em Adultos com Síndrome de Down e Deficiência Intelectual (CAMDEX-DS), previamente validado como parte da metodologia de trabalho. Os participantes foram avaliados com um protocolo de funções executivas desenvolvido para pessoas com deficiência intelectual por pesquisadores da Universidade de Cambridge e classificados para a presença de disfunção executiva, desinibição e apatia através da entrevista com um informante utilizando a Escala de Personalidade Frontal. Além disso, dados sobre características de comportamentos resultantes de disfunções frontais, memória e orientação foram analisados por meio do CAMDEX-DS em conjunto com uma amostra inglesa totalizando amostra combinada de 162 participantes com SD com mais de 30 anos e divididos em quatro grupos: cognição estável abaixo de 45 anos, cognição estável acima de 45 anos, demência prodrômica e DA. RESULTADOS. Os relatos de disfunção executiva, desinibição e apatia através da Escala de Personalidade Frontal foram correlacionados com o desempenho cognitivo dos participantes: quanto maior a disfunção comportamental nestas áreas, pior o desempenho cognitivo nas tarefas executivas. A desinibição e a disfunção executiva foram associadas aos diferentes diagnósticos. A probabilidade de ter DA aumentou com elevações nos escores da Escala de Personalidade Frontal (p <= 0,5). Na análise com o CAMDEX-DS, os sintomas frontais, assim como as queixas de memória e orientação, estavam presentes antes da evidência de declínio cognitivo. Diante do diagnóstico prodrômico e de DA, esses sintomas se agravaram. O impacto da deterioração cognitiva ocorreu em memória e orientação (odds ratio 35,07; P < 0,001) e disfunção executiva (odds ratio 7,16; P < 0,001) para o grupo prodrômico em relação à cognição estável; desinibição (odds ratio 3,54; P = 0,04) para DA em relação ao grupo prodrômico; e apatia (odds ratio 34,18; P < 0,001) para DA em relação à cognição estável. CONCLUSÃO. Disfunção executiva, desinibição e apatia estiveram presentes em indivíduos com SD e cognição estável. Estas medidas se agravam no declínio cognitivo inicial (prodrômico) e na DA nessa população e estão associados ao desempenho cognitivo em tarefas de funções executivas. Disfunções comportamentais devem ser levadas em consideração durante a avaliação clínica. Estudos futuros considerando a interseção entre neuropatologia, conectividade cerebral e expressão de comportamento podem agregar conhecimento sobre a base e a natureza dessas associações e servirem de base para a criação de estratégias preventivas eficazes / INTRODUCTION. Although a neuropathological correlation has been established between Down syndrome (DS) and Alzheimer\'s disease (AD), the early symptoms of dementia present atypically in the DS population. There is evidence that frontal-subcortical circuits play an important role in the initial presentation of dementia in DS, including changes in behaviour and executive dysfunction. The present study aimed to investigate factors associated with frontal lobe functioning (executive dysfunction, disinhibition and apathy) during cognitive decline and AD in adults with DS. METHODS. 92 individuals with DS aged over 30 years were evaluated and divided into three groups of diagnosis (stable cognition, prodromal dementia and AD) using the Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders in Adults with Down Syndrome and others with Intellectual Disability (CAMDEX-DS), previously validated as part of our methodology. Participants were assessed with an executive function protocol developed for people with intellectual disabilities by researchers from University of Cambridge, and were rated for executive dysfunction, disinhibition and apathy by an informant using the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe). In addition, data on characteristics of frontal behaviour, memory and orientation were analysed through CAMDEX-DS in conjunction with an English sample totalling 162 participants with DS over 30 years old and divided into four groups: stable cognition under 45 years, stable cognition above 45 years, prodromal dementia and AD. RESULTS. Reports of executive dysfunction, disinhibition and apathy through FrSBe were correlated with participants\' cognitive performance: the higher the behavioural dysfunction in these areas, the worse the cognitive performance in executive tasks. Disinhibition and executive dysfunction were associated with diagnoses. The odds of having AD increased in parallel with increases in FrSBe scores (p <= 0.5). In the CAMDEX-DS analysis, amnestic and non-amnestic symptoms were found to be present before there was evidence of a cognitive decline. During the progression to dementia, those symptoms tended to worsen. Memory and orientation were poorer in the prodromal dementia group than in the stable cognition group (odds ratio 35.07, P < 0.001) as was executive function (odds ratio 7.16, P < 0.001). Disinhibition was greater in the AD group than in the prodromal dementia group (odds ratio 3.54, P = 0.04), and apathy was more pronounced in the AD group than in the stable cognition group (odds ratio 34.18; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION. Executive dysfunction, disinhibition and apathy were present in individuals with DS and stable cognition. These measures hasten the initial cognitive decline of AD and are related with cognitive performance in executive function tasks. Frontally mediated behaviour should be taken into consideration during the clinical evaluation of adults with DS. Future studies considering the intersection of neuropathology, brain connectivity, and behaviour may aggregate knowledge about the basis and nature of these associations, leading to the development of effective preventive strategies

Les troubles schizophréniques stabilisés s'accompagnent souvent de déficits cognitifs et émotionnels. Les plus récents travaux mettent en relation la cognition, la motivation et les émotions dans la présentation cliniques des troubles schizophréniques. L'objectif de ce travail est de décrire les troubles de la reconnaissance des émotions, du sentiment subjectif et des réactions physiologiques liées aux émotions dans les troubles schizophréniques stabilisés. L'influence des troubles cognitifs et de l'apathie sur les processus émotionnels est également explorée. Dans une première étude, nous avons mis en évidence l'introduction de biais dans la reconnaissance des émotions dans deux modalités sensorielles (visuelle et auditive).Dans l'étude suivante, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'influence des troubles des fonctions exécutives dans le sentiment subjectif des émotions. A l'aide d'extrait de films, nous avons montré qu'un trouble des fonctions exécutives pouvait entraîner l'introduction d'un ressenti émotionnel nuancé dans les troubles schizophréniques stabilisés. L'apathie est un trouble fréquent dans la schizophrénie et peut influencer les processus émotionnels. Dans un troisième travail, nous avons étudié l'impact de l'apathie sur les réactions physiologiques induites par les émotions. Nous avons montré que la sévérité de l'apathie était corrélée à une diminution de l'activité électrodermale lors de l'induction d'émotions positives. Les résultats de ces travaux montrent un impact des troubles cognitifs et motivationnels sur les processus émotionnels dans les troubles schizophréniques stabilisés. Ces travaux nous encouragent à explorer les bases cérébrales de l'interaction entre émotion et cognition dans la schizophrénie. Des applications cliniques sont également discutées. / Stabilized schizophrenia is characterized by cognitive and emotional deficits. Recent works adopted a dynamic view of the relationship between cognition; motivation and emotion in schizophrenia. The objective of this work was to describe the impairments of recognition; subjective feelings and physiological reactions related to emotions in stabilized schizophrenia. The influence of cognitive impairment and apathy on the emotional processes was also explored. In a first study on a group of 23 patients with schizophrenia; we highlighted the introduction of bias in the recognition of emotion in two sensory modalities (visual and auditory). In the next study; we investigated the influence of executive function disorders in the subjective feeling of emotions. With film excerpts; we showed that a disorder in executive functions could lead the introduction of a mixed subjective feeling in schizophrenia. Apathy is a common disorder in schizophrenia and may influence emotional processes. In a third study; we investigated the impact of apathy on physiological reactions induced by emotion. We have shown that the severity of apathy was correlated with a decrease in electrodermal activity during induction of positive emotions. The results of these studies show an impact of cognitive and motivational disturbances in emotional processes in stabilized schizophrenia. This work encourages us to explore the neural bases of the interaction between emotion and cognition in schizophrenia. Clinical applications are also discussed.