Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-11-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:02:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 guindani_ra_dr_botfca.pdf: 1791475 bytes, checksum: 4db5d8472248254e1f0cf0c3662488f6 (MD5) / Os consumidores estão cada vez mais exigentes com a segurança alimentar; as empresas de maçãs buscam as certificações e melhorias nos processos produtivos. A questão energética ganha destaque nas empresas produtoras de maçãs por envolver uma variável (energia) que afeta diferentes fatores, como a segurança alimentar, o meio ambiente os custos mais baixos e o aumento na produtividade. O objetivo geral definido foi analisar a relevância desses agentes institucionais para a melhoria do consumo de energias de origem fóssil do setor de produção de maçãs no Brasil. A pesquisa foi divida em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa foram coletados os dados do setor e a pesquisa foi classificada por seu objetivo como uma pesquisa descritiva. Na segunda etapa foram realizadas as entrevistas com os agentes institucionais e a pesquisa foi classificada por seu objetivo como uma pesquisa analítica. Inicialmente, foram caracterizadas as principais etapas do processo de produção de maçãs, desde o seu cultivo da maçã até a comercialização do produto nos mercados nacionais e internacionais. Em seguida, foi analisada a dependência do uso de combustíveis fósseis no processo de produção de maçãs e avaliada a contribuição dos diferentes agentes institucionais para a melhoria do consumo de energias de origem fóssil do setor de produção de maçãs. Pode-se verificar que não há esforços consideráveis para a melhoria da questão energética, porém, os agentes ainda estão voltados à certificação e comercialização e não à transformação energética em benefício do sistema produtivo mais integrado com o meio ambiente, segurança alimentar e em direção à sustentabilidade / Consumers are more demanding in terms of food safety; the apple companies are seeking for certifications and improvements in the production process. The energy issue is highlighted in companies that produce apples because it involves a variable (energy) that affects different factors, such as food safety, the environment, lower costs and the increase in productivity. The main objective in this study was to analyze the relevance of these institutional agents to improve the consumption of fossil energy in the Brazilian apple industry. The research was divided into two parts. In the first part data were collected and the research was classified through its purpose as a descriptive study. In the second stage some interviews were performed with the institutional agents and the research was classified by its purpose as an analytical research. Initially the main stages of the production process of apples were characterized from production to the product sale in domestic and international markets. Then were analyzed the dependence on fossil fuels in the production process of apples and evaluated the contribution of different institutional agents to improve the consumption of fossil energy industry’s of apples. After this analysis the contribution of the different institutional agents were evaluated in improving the consumption of fossil energy in the apple production industry. It can be seen that there is no considerable effort to improve the energy issue, the agents still focused on certification and sales, and not in the energy transformation in favor of a system production more integrated with the environment, food safety and towards sustainability

Orientador: Magali C. Monteiro da Silva / Banca: Natália Soares Janzantti / Banca: Renata de Marchi / Resumo: Os filmes e revestimentos biodegradáveis são usados para revestir os alimentos, agindo como barreira à umidade e a gases, reduzindo a respiração e as perdas de água por transpiração e desidratação, além do escurecimento enzimático, e mantendo as características do alimento, com aumento da vida de prateleira. Este trabalho teve como objetivos reunir informações sobre o uso da quitosana como revestimento de frutas e vegetais, visando dar suporte ao trabalho experimental; avaliar maçãs revestidas com quitosana comercial, durante o armazenamento à temperatura ambiente, simulando as condições de comercialização das frutas para o mercado interno; avaliar maçãs revestidas com quitosana comercial durante 6 meses de armazenamento sob atmosfera controlada e baixa temperatura, condições de estocagem das frutas para o mercado externo, seguido de armazenamento por 30 dias em atmosfera ambiente e baixa temperatura, visando simular o transporte das frutas para o mercado consumidor no exterior, e posteriormente estocadas à temperatura ambiente, simulando as condições de comercialização; e avaliar maçãs revestidas com quitosana modificada, quando submetidas à temperatura ambiente, visando prolongar a vida de prateleira durante a comercialização, após 6 meses de armazenamento sob atmosfera controlada e baixa temperatura, seguidos de armazenamento por 30 dias em atmosfera ambiente e baixa temperatura. Maçãs 'Royal Gala' foram produzidas na safra de 2009, e após a colheita foram separadas em 3 lotes, sendo as frutas do 1o lote revestidas com quitosana comercial; as do 2o lote imersas em solução de ácido acético, que foram usadas como branco e as maçãs do 3o lote não receberam tratamento e foram usadas como controle. Após 6 meses de armazenamento sob atmosfera controlada e baixa temperatura, seguido de mais 30 dias de armazenamento em atmosfera ambiente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The films and biodegradable coatings are used to coat the food, acting as a barrier to moisture and gases, reducing the respiration and water loss by transpiration and dehydration in addition to the enzymatic browning, maintaining the characteristics of food, with increased of shelf life. This study aimed to gather information about the use of chitosan as a coating for fruits and vegetables, aiming to support the experimental work; evaluate apples coated with commercial chitosan coating during storage at ambient temperature, simulating the real conditions of sale of the fruit for the domestic market; evaluate apples coated with commercial chitosan during 6 months of storage under controlled atmosphere and low temperature, storage conditions of fruit for the export market, followed by 30 days storage under at ambient and low temperature, in order to simulate the transport of fruit to the consumer market abroad, and subsequently stored at ambient temperature, simulating the conditions of marketing; and evaluate apples coated with modified chitosan, at ambient temperature, in order to prolong the shelf life during marketing after six months storaged under controlled atmosphere and low temperature, followed by another 30 days storage under at ambient atmosphere and low temperature. 'Royal Gala' apples were produced in 2009 crop and after the harvest they were separated into 3 lots, the first batch of fruit coated with commercial chitosan, those from second lot were immersed in an acetic acid solution and used as blank and the third lot of apples used as controls received no treatment. After 6 storage months under controlled atmosphere and low temperature, followed by another 30 days storage under at ambient atmosphere and low temperature apples without any treatment were separated in 2 lots, being the first batch of fruit coated with modified chitosan, and the second batch used as controls... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

As organizações dependem de fluxos de conhecimento oportunos e eficazes para aperfeiçoar as suas capacidades e execução de atividades. Estudos sobre fluxo de conhecimento - processo de movimentação de conhecimento a partir de um emissor para um receptor - são considerados primordiais, visto o conhecimento não ser distribuído uniformemente entre os indivíduos. A compreensão de como o conhecimento está caracterizado e espacializado permite que sejam elaboradas ações visando estimular o nível e o compartilhamento do conhecimento entre os atores envolvidos. Desta forma, é proposto o seguinte objetivo de pesquisa: Analisar o fluxo do conhecimento entre atores da Cadeia Produtiva da Maçã nos Campos de Cima da Serra. A metodologia adotada na investigação assumiu um caráter exploratório e descritivo com abordagem quantitativa. Participaram deste estudo 41 integrantes da Cadeia Produtiva da Maçã dos Campos de Cima da Serra, selecionados aleatoriamente com base na lista de associados da AGAPOMI (Associação Gaúcha de Produtores de Maçã). A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio da aplicação de um questionário estruturado. Na sequência, procedeu-se à quantificação dos dados, os quais foram analisados através de estatística descritiva e os fluxos quantificados por meio da aplicação do modelo proposto por Huang, Wei e Chang (2007). Para o georreferenciamento dos atores, utilizou-se o Google Maps para obtenção das coordenadas geográficas e a construção dos mapas foi feita através do software TerraView 4.2.2. Entre os principais resultados, constatou-se que o conhecimento predominante na cadeia é do tipo tácito, cujos produtores são os maiores detentores deste conhecimento. Ademais, por meio deste estudo foi possível identificar que o contato pessoal é a principal forma de compartilhamento do conhecimento na cadeia produtiva da maçã, além de se identificar que a falta de comunicação, participação e cooperação entre os atores é destacada como a principal barreira para um fluxo eficaz. Também constatou-se que o fluxo ocorre principalmente entre atores localizados próximos geograficamente. Assim, conclui-se que a análise e o mapeamento de fluxos de conhecimento podem ajudar na compreensão do seu comportamento em determinado contexto, permitindo diagnosticar e prospectar diferentes alternativas estratégicas para a cadeia produtiva da maçã buscando efetivar o fluxo de conhecimento entre os atores e assim afetando positivamente o seu desempenho. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2015-02-06T16:41:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Gabriela Zanandrea.pdf: 3699767 bytes, checksum: b2be288966f293e5e5b62813ab8a0e15 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-06T16:41:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Gabriela Zanandrea.pdf: 3699767 bytes, checksum: b2be288966f293e5e5b62813ab8a0e15 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Organizations depend on timely and effective knowledge flow to enhance their skills and execution of activities. Studies on the knowledge flow - moving process knowledge from a sender to a receiver - are considered essential, knowledge is not seen to be evenly distributed among individuals. Understanding how knowledge is characterized and spatialized allows to be elaborate actions to stimulate the level and knowledge sharing among the actors involved. Thus, we propose the following research objective: Analyze the knowledge flow between actors of the production chain of Apple in Campos de Cima da Serra. The methodology adopted in the research assumed a exploratory and descriptive in character with a quantitative approach. The study included 41 members of the Production Chain apple dos Campos de Cima da Serra, randomly selected based on the list of associates of AGAPOMI (Gaucho Association of Apple Producers). Data collection occurred through the application of a structured questionnaire. Following, proceeded to the quantification of data, which were analyzed using descriptive statistics and flows quantified by applying the proposed by Huang, Wei and Chang (2007) model. For georeferencing of actors, was used Google Maps to obtain the geographic coordinates and construct maps was taken by TerraView 4.2.2 software. Among the main results, it was found that the predominant expertise in the chain is the tacit kind, whose producers are the largest holders of this knowledge. Furthermore, through this study, we found that personal contact is the main form of knowledge sharing in productive chain of apple, addition to identifying the lack of communication, participation and cooperation between stakeholders is highlighted as the main barrier to the efficient flow. Also it was found that the flow occurs mainly among actors located geographically close. Thus, it is concluded that the analysis and mapping knowledge flows can help in understanding its behavior in a given context, allowing diagnose and exploring various strategic alternatives for the in productive chain of apple seeking effecting the flow of knowledge between actors and thus positively affecting their performance.

O presente estudo objetivou caracterizar a dinâmica da dormência e a variação de carboidratos e outros constituintes de ramos de macieira com baixa ('Eva') e alta necessidade de frio ('Fuji Suprema' e 'Galaxy'), sob efeito de exposição a níveis crescente de frio ou ao longo do período de dormência em condição de campo. Brindilas e esporões foram coletados entre março e outubro de 2012 e 2013, em pomar comercial no município de Palmas-PR. Foram realizados testes biológicos de Tabuenca (1964) e de estacas com uma única gema. Paralelamente, lenhos dos ramos das porções basais e apicais foram reservados para análise de teor de proteínas solúveis; atividade de alfa-amilase; açúcares solúveis totais (AST), redutores (AR) e não redutores (ASNR); amido e umidade. O teste de Tabuenca (1964) pode ser aplicado em clima subtropical para estimar fim da endodormência. Entre as cultivares estudadas, 'Eva' apresenta menor exigência de frio, 'Fuji Suprema' e 'Galaxy' são equivalentes. A brotação da macieira ocorre em gradiente ao longo do ramo, com maior capacidade de brotação nas gemas laterais do ápice e em elevada exposição ao frio este gradiente deixa de ser significativo. A porção apical do lenho de ramos apresenta teores de proteínas solúveis, AST, AR, ASNR e amido e atividade de alfa-amilase maiores que na porção basal. Com o avanço na exposição ao frio ocorre aumento da atividade da alfa-amilase. A ocorrência de acúmulo de frio irregular promove a ressíntese de amido, redução da UP e atraso na brotação. / The present study aimed to characterize the dormancy dynamics and the variation of carbohydrates and other shoots constituents of apple tree with low ('Eva') and high chilling requirement ('Fuji Suprema' and 'Galaxy'), under increasing cold levels or over the period of dormancy in the field. Bearing shoots and spurs were collected between March until October 2012 and 2013 in a commercial orchard in Palmas-PR. Tabuenca (1964) biological test and one bud cuttings test were performed. Simultaneously, one-year-old shoots wood, in the basal and apical portions, were reserved for soluble proteins, alpha-amylase activity, total soluble sugars, reducing and non-reducing sugars, starch and water content analysis. The Tabuenca test (1964) can be applied in subtropical climate to estimate the end endodormancy. Among the cultivars, 'Eva' has lower chilling requirement than 'Fuji Suprema' and 'Galaxy', which were equivalent. The apple tree budbreak gradient occurs along the shoot, with greater capacity for sprouting in the lateral buds of the apex. However in high exposure to cold temperature this gradient is no longer significant. The shoots apical portion present higher levels of soluble proteins, alpha-amylase activity, total soluble sugars, reducing and non-reducing sugars and starch than the basal portion. With the advancement of cold exposure the alpha-amylase activity increased. The occurrence of irregular chilling accumulation promotes starch resynthesis, water content decrease and sprouting delay.

As organizações dependem de fluxos de conhecimento oportunos e eficazes para aperfeiçoar as suas capacidades e execução de atividades. Estudos sobre fluxo de conhecimento - processo de movimentação de conhecimento a partir de um emissor para um receptor - são considerados primordiais, visto o conhecimento não ser distribuído uniformemente entre os indivíduos. A compreensão de como o conhecimento está caracterizado e espacializado permite que sejam elaboradas ações visando estimular o nível e o compartilhamento do conhecimento entre os atores envolvidos. Desta forma, é proposto o seguinte objetivo de pesquisa: Analisar o fluxo do conhecimento entre atores da Cadeia Produtiva da Maçã nos Campos de Cima da Serra. A metodologia adotada na investigação assumiu um caráter exploratório e descritivo com abordagem quantitativa. Participaram deste estudo 41 integrantes da Cadeia Produtiva da Maçã dos Campos de Cima da Serra, selecionados aleatoriamente com base na lista de associados da AGAPOMI (Associação Gaúcha de Produtores de Maçã). A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio da aplicação de um questionário estruturado. Na sequência, procedeu-se à quantificação dos dados, os quais foram analisados através de estatística descritiva e os fluxos quantificados por meio da aplicação do modelo proposto por Huang, Wei e Chang (2007). Para o georreferenciamento dos atores, utilizou-se o Google Maps para obtenção das coordenadas geográficas e a construção dos mapas foi feita através do software TerraView 4.2.2. Entre os principais resultados, constatou-se que o conhecimento predominante na cadeia é do tipo tácito, cujos produtores são os maiores detentores deste conhecimento. Ademais, por meio deste estudo foi possível identificar que o contato pessoal é a principal forma de compartilhamento do conhecimento na cadeia produtiva da maçã, além de se identificar que a falta de comunicação, participação e cooperação entre os atores é destacada como a principal barreira para um fluxo eficaz. Também constatou-se que o fluxo ocorre principalmente entre atores localizados próximos geograficamente. Assim, conclui-se que a análise e o mapeamento de fluxos de conhecimento podem ajudar na compreensão do seu comportamento em determinado contexto, permitindo diagnosticar e prospectar diferentes alternativas estratégicas para a cadeia produtiva da maçã buscando efetivar o fluxo de conhecimento entre os atores e assim afetando positivamente o seu desempenho. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Organizations depend on timely and effective knowledge flow to enhance their skills and execution of activities. Studies on the knowledge flow - moving process knowledge from a sender to a receiver - are considered essential, knowledge is not seen to be evenly distributed among individuals. Understanding how knowledge is characterized and spatialized allows to be elaborate actions to stimulate the level and knowledge sharing among the actors involved. Thus, we propose the following research objective: Analyze the knowledge flow between actors of the production chain of Apple in Campos de Cima da Serra. The methodology adopted in the research assumed a exploratory and descriptive in character with a quantitative approach. The study included 41 members of the Production Chain apple dos Campos de Cima da Serra, randomly selected based on the list of associates of AGAPOMI (Gaucho Association of Apple Producers). Data collection occurred through the application of a structured questionnaire. Following, proceeded to the quantification of data, which were analyzed using descriptive statistics and flows quantified by applying the proposed by Huang, Wei and Chang (2007) model. For georeferencing of actors, was used Google Maps to obtain the geographic coordinates and construct maps was taken by TerraView 4.2.2 software. Among the main results, it was found that the predominant expertise in the chain is the tacit kind, whose producers are the largest holders of this knowledge. Furthermore, through this study, we found that personal contact is the main form of knowledge sharing in productive chain of apple, addition to identifying the lack of communication, participation and cooperation between stakeholders is highlighted as the main barrier to the efficient flow. Also it was found that the flow occurs mainly among actors located geographically close. Thus, it is concluded that the analysis and mapping knowledge flows can help in understanding its behavior in a given context, allowing diagnose and exploring various strategic alternatives for the in productive chain of apple seeking effecting the flow of knowledge between actors and thus positively affecting their performance.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Apple fruit quality is of utmost importance to apple farmers and breeders in the selection and commercialization of new cultivars. Fruit size, colour, texture, firmness and taste are all traits that affect the quality of fruit. In this study the genetic contribution of these traits, and others were evaluated in order to generate the genetic markers required for the application of marker assisted selection in fruit quality breeding. Three mapping populations, ‘Prima’ x ‘Anna’, ‘Golden Delicious’ x ‘Priscilla’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ x ‘Anna’, consisting of 87, 87 and 141 respectively, were used in the study. Fruit samples were analysed, using a range of visual, physical and sensory measurements, over a period of three years, and the data was then correlated using statistical analysis. Traits analysed included stripe-ness, fruit colour, fruit size, fruit form, ground colour, russet, texture, fruit firmness, juiciness, sugar content, acidity, taste, skin toughness, %TSS, fruit mass and diameter. ANOVA detected significant levels of variation between the three families for all traits except taste and russet; while highly significant ‘within family’ variation was also observed for all traits in pre- and post-storage analyses, except for sugar content (sweetness) and fruit form. Within family variation also contributed the largest percentage towards the variance components of all traits. Heritability estimates found stripe-ness to be the most heritable trait, from subjective analyses, while heritability values ranged from 0.41 to 0.84 for instrumentally measured traits. The genetic maps for the three populations were generated using both published microsatellites and new EST-SSR and DART markers, using JoinMap 4.0". The integrated genetic linkage maps of ‘Prima’ x ‘Anna’, ‘Golden Delicious’ x ‘Priscilla’, ‘Golden Delicious’ x ‘Anna’ consisted of 398 (133 SSR and 265 DArT), 353 (80 SSR and 273 DArT) and 213 (87 SSR and 126 DArT) markers respectively. The maps were 1021.6cM, 1079cM and 1302.7cM in length, respectively. Location of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for 14 fruit quality traits was detected using MapQTL 5.0" and a total of 79 pre-storage and 60 poststorage QTLs were identified on the three mapping populations. Comparative genome analysis and the role of various genes on the outcome of fruit quality can now be investigated. Using the integrated genetic maps, and the QTLs identified, candidate markers associated with these QTL can be used for marker-assisted selection, to increase the speed and efficiency of the apple breeding program.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The domesticated apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) has been distributed into diverse climatic conditions worldwide for commercial production of fruit. Apple trees need exposure to cold temperatures, referred to as chill unit (CU) accumulation during winter, in order for budbreak to occur promptly and uniformly after winter. In warmer production areas the application of dormancy breaking chemicals has enabled successful production of high chilling requiring apple cultivars in suboptimal environmental conditions. In the Western Cape region of South Africa it is common orchard practice to apply dormancy breaking chemicals after winter in order to stimulate vegetative growth. If this is not done prolonged dormancy symptoms (PDS) are experienced which include extended rest, less synchronised breaking of buds and reduced branching. An increasing awareness of both global warming and the negative effects associated with the use of chemical sprays (for both pest and disease resistance and growth regulation) has resulted in the need to breed cultivars better adapted to current and future environmental conditions. The breeding of new cultivars using conventional breeding methods is a time consuming process, especially in perennial tree species with a long juvenile phase such as apple. The implementation of marker-assistedbreeding (MAB) and selection (MAS) will enable the selection of favourable genotypes at a very early seedling stage. Although markers linked to genes involved in disease resistance for a variety of known apple pathogens have been identified and are already in use in breeding programs, the genetic determinants of dormancy related characteristics residing within the bud itself (endodormancy) are poorly understood. This hampers the genetic improvement of such characters. Although this study focused on time of initial vegetative budbreak IVB, there are various other characteristics that can be associated with dormancy, such as position and number of budbreak and budbreak duration. The unravelling of the genetic basis of complex traits such as dormancy, can be done through the construction of a genetic linkage map followed by the identification of genomic regions, known as quantitative trait loci (QTL), that can be ssociated with the trait of interest. This study involved the construction of genetic linkage maps for two mapping pedigrees where the low chilling requiring cultivar ‘Anna’ was used as common male parent in crosses with the higher chilling requiring ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Sharpe’s Early’. A third mapping pedigree, with ‘Golden Delicious’ as female parent and ‘Prima’ as male parent, was also included. Maps consisted of transferable SSR markers only, facilitating the alignment with the proposed apple reference map (Silfverberg-Dilworth et al., 2006) and adherence to the common LG numbering system now being used for apple genetic linkage maps (Maliepaard et al., 1998). A number of newly developed EST-SSR markers are reported, some of which are candidates for filling large gaps between adjacent SSR markers on the apple reference map. An interactive database was developed to successfully manage the large amount of data generated during this investigation. A selective mapping, or bin mapping strategy (Vision et al., 2000) was developed for two of the three mapping populations in order to facilitate the incorporation and positioning of newly developed markers onto existing genetic linkage maps. This involves the screening of new markers on a small subset of the population, drastically reducing the cost and time involved. Genetic linkage maps constructed allowed for the detection of 18 putative QTLs affecting the time of IVB. Four of these QTLs co-localize with previously identified QTLs. A QTL identified on LG 8 confirms a previously identified QTL (Segura et al., 2007), while one of the QTLs identified on LG 9 might coincide with a QTL identified on the corresponding LG 3 of the genetic linkage map constructed by Conner et al. (1998). Two QTLs identified on LG 10 might coincide with markers found to co-segregate with time of budbreak in an earlier study conducted by Lawson et al. (1995). An additional 14 QTLs involved in time of IVB have been identified. We proposed the testing of four markers in a validation study conducted on a second mapping pedigree derived from a cross between ‘Anna’ and ‘Golden Delicious’. These markers are CH04a12, CH04c06y, CH01h01 and A267. Not only do these markers show significant levels of association with the time of IVB, but segregation of parental alleles from the cultivar ‘Anna’ for two of these markers, CH04c06y and CH01h01, were found to be associated with the time of IVB in different genetic backgrounds. The identification of markers closely associated with time of IVB will facilitate the implementation of MAS in breeding programs in order to breed cultivars that are better adapted to local climatic conditions.

Phytoseiids are generally predaceousr thus it was not unusual for Jorgensen (1964) and Croft (1968) to find Typhlodromus mcgregori Chant preying on the eggs, larvae, nymphs, and adults of Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (European red mite), Bryobia rubrioculus (Scheuten) (brown mite) 11 and Tetranychus urticae Koch (= telarius (L.) of Jorgensen, 1964). Jorgensen (19649 1967) further reported that To mcgregori occurred in pomaeeous orchards in Oregon and Utah respectively.

The theory that fruit abscission may be the result of a reduction in metabolites available to the young fruit was addressed by this study. Shade cloth or terbacil, a photosynthetic inhibitor, were applied to limbs and whole trees to examine the influence of treatment and time of application on fruit nonstructural carbohydrates and abscission. 'Stayman' apple limbs shaded with 92% shade material from 5-15, 10-20, 15-25, 20-30, and 25-35 days after full bloom (April 22) had lower fruit retention than unshaded controls on 11 June. On 18 June, fruit diameter was greater on limbs shaded between 5-25 days after full bloom (DAFB) than on unshaded limbs. At 15, 20, 25, and 30 DAFB, fruit from limbs shaded for 10 days had lower total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC), total sugars, and reducing sugars (% dry wt) than fruit from limbs shaded for 0 or 5 days. Terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil) was applied at 0, 50, 100, and 200 ppm to whole nine-year-old 'Redchief Delicious' apple trees at 15 DAFB. Terbacil markedly inhibited Pn; recovery occurred by 9 and 26 DAA for the 50 and 100 ppm rates, respectively. Phytotoxicity prevented the determination of Pn in the 200 ppm treated trees. Fruit dry weight, TNC, total sugars, and reducing sugars (% dry wt and mg/fruit) declined with increasing rates of terbacil. Total fruit abscission was observed 12 DAA for the 100 and 200 ppm treatments, while the 0 and 50 ppm applications retained 4.6 and 1.4 fruit per cm² limb cross sectional area (LCSA) at 35 DAA, respectively. Compared to the control, 50 ppm terbacil decreased fruit number and weight at harvest, but increased fruit weight. Terbacil at 75 ppm and 92% shade material were applied to whole, 3-year-old 'Redchief Delicious' trees at 18, 23, and 28 DAFB. Generally, fruit dry weight, total sugars, and reducing sugars were lowered by both shade and terbacil treatments. In most cases, fruit from shaded trees were lower in dry weight and measured nonstructural carbohydrates than fruit from terbacil-treated trees after 5 or 10 days of treatment. Shading for 5 or 10 days resulted in total fruit drop. Terbacil at 75 ppm resulted in 0.8 as opposed to 2.9 fruit per cm² LCSA on the controls at 54 DAFB. / M.S.

Many innovations have been attempted to shorten drying time or improve dehydration techniques for foods. Despite the recent advances in science and technology the bulk of dried fruit production throughout the world, over 1 1/2 billion tons (dry basis), is prepared by the energy of the sun (Copley and Van Arsdel, 1964), However, other techniques and processes for food dehydration and preservation are occupying more prominent positions in the overall production of dehydrated foods, particularly in the more advanced countries. Economics notwithstanding, it is readily apparent that dehydration as compared to sun-drying offers at least two main advantages. It is more sanitary and it is independent of inclement weather and thus of geographies. These two reasons arc perhaps among the chief ones for the increasing technical developments in dehydration by procedures such as cabinet drying (Beavens, 1944), vacuum drying (Schroeder and Schwarz, 1949), freeze drying (Lawler, 1963) and foam-mat drying (Morgan and Ginnette, 1960). They are perhaps also the reason for continuing research on new and improved dehydration processes which may be adaptable to certain types of products. In this continuing search, electromagnetic waves, which are similar to the more familiar light or radiowaves but differ in frequency and wavelength, have received little attention.