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Discontinuous Galerkin Methods for Elliptic Partial Differential Equations with Random CoefficientsJanuary 2011 (has links)
This thesis proposes and analyses two numerical methods for solving elliptic partial differential equations with random coefficients. The stochastic problem is first transformed into a parametrized one by the use of the Karhunen--Loève expansion. This new problem is then discretized by the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method. A priori error estimate in the energy norm for the stochastic discontinuous Galerkin solution is derived. In addition, the expected value of the numerical error is theoretically bounded in the energy norm and the L2 norm. In the second approach, the Monte Carlo method is used to generate independent identically distributed realizations of the stochastic coefficients. The resulting deterministic problems are solved by the DG method. Next, estimates are obtained for the error between the average of these approximate solutions and the expected value of the exact solution. The Monte Carlo discontinuous Galerkin method is tested numerically on several examples. Results show that the nonsymmetric DG method is stable independently of meshes and the value of penalty parameter. Symmetric and incomplete DG methods are stable only when the penalty parameter is large enough. Finally, comparisons with the Monte Carlo finite element method and the Monte Carlo discontinuous Galerkin method are presented for several cases.
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Accelerated High-Performance Compressive Sensing using the Graphics Processing UnitJanuary 2011 (has links)
This thesis demonstrates the advantages of new practical implementations of compressive sensing (CS) algorithms tailored for the graphics processing unit (CPU) using a software platform called Jacket. There exist many applications which utilize CS including medical imaging, signal processing and data acquisition which have benefited from advancements in CS. However, as problems become larger not only do they become more difficult to solve but also more computationally expensive. In light of tins, existing CS algorithms are augmented for practical use on the CPU, reaping performance gains from the highly parallel architecture of the GPU. I discuss the issues associated with this transition and analyze the effects of such a movement, as well as provide results exhibiting advantages of using CPU-based methods.
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Penalty-Free Discontinuous Galerkin Methods for the Stokes and Navier-Stokes EquationsJanuary 2012 (has links)
This thesis formulates and analyzes low-order penalty-free discontinuous Galerkin methods for solving the incompressible Stokes and Navier-Stokes equations. Some symmetric and non-symmetric discontinuous Galerkin methods for incompressible Stokes and Navier-Stokes equations require penalizing jump terms for stability and convergence of the methods. These discontinuous Galerkin methods are called interior penalty methods as the penalizing jump terms involve a penalty parameter. It is known that the penalty parameter has to be large enough to prove coercivity of the bilinear form and therefore to obtain existence of the solution for the symmetric case. The momentum equation is satisfied locally on each mesh element, and it depends on the penalty parameter. Setting the penalty parameter equal to zero yields a singular linear system, if piecewise linears are used. To overcome this instability, this thesis discusses an enrichment of the velocity space with locally supported quadratic functions called bubbles. First, the penalty-free non-symmetric discontinuous Galerkin method is analyzed for the Stokes equations. Second, the main contribution of this thesis is the analysis of both symmetric and non-symmetric penalty-free discontinuous Galerkin methods for the incompressible Varier-Stokes equations. Since a direct application of the generalized Lax-Milgram theorem is not possible, the numerical solution is shown to be the solution as a fixed-point of a problem-related map. A priori error estimate is derived.
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A coupled finite volume and discontinuous Galerkin method for convection-diffusion problemsJanuary 2012 (has links)
This work formulates and analyzes a new coupled finite volume (FV) and discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method for convection-diffusion problems. DG methods, though costly, have proved to be accurate for solving convection-diffusion problems and capable of handling discontinuous and tensor coefficients. FV methods have proved to be very efficient but they are only of first order accurate and they become ineffective for tensor coefficient problems. The coupled method takes advantage of both the accuracy of DG methods in the regions containing heterogeneous coefficients and the efficiency of FV methods in other regions. Numerical results demonstrate that this coupled method is able to resolve complicated coefficient problems with a decreased computational cost compared to DG methods. This work can be applied to problems such as the transport of contaminant underground, the CO 2 sequestration and the transport of cells in the body.
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Refined Spectral Asymptotics for the Telegrapher's EquationJanuary 2011 (has links)
In this research, I derive a refined asymptotic expression for the eigenvalues, [Special characters omitted.] , of the operator matrix from the telegrapher's equation to accuracy O (1/ n 2). First, the expression for the "shooting function" is refined to O (1/ n 2) using a "fake potential" and a Neumann series. Then, this expression for the "shooting function" is used to refine the expressions for the eigenvalues. This refinement of the previously published results of accuracy O (1/| n |) enables the inverse spectral problem (recovering unknown resistance) to be solved in numerical experiments, using Fourier series. One application of this recovery process would be to find a fault in the insulation of a submarine telegraph cable without having to physically inspect every inch of the cable.
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Time series measurement of force distribution in ice hockey helmets during varying impact conditionsOuckama, Ryan January 2013 (has links)
Modern sport helmets have been effective in reducing catastrophic head injuries such as skull fracture and subdural hematoma; yet, the high prevalence of minor traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) is an unresolved public health concern. Consequently, there is a need for greater scrutiny in a helmet's ability to mitigate collision forces that may correspond to mTBI risk. Current safety standards primarily assess a helmet's ability to minimize the whole head's peak acceleration during blunt impacts. Absent are dynamic measures local to the impact site itself due to the technical challenge to spatial map high impact force magnitudes with high temporal resolution. Inclusion of the latter measures may enhance the functional assessment of helmets. Thus, the aim of this research was to develop a localized impact mapping system (LIMS) for placement between the helmet and head interface and then to utilize the LIMS to evaluate the mechanical behaviour of various padding foams and helmets during controlled headform drop and projectile collision tests. Interposed between the helmet shell/padding and head surface, this LIMS consists of an array of discrete, thin force sensors connected to a compact signal conditioner and high speed data acquisition digital recorder. A first study demonstrated the feasibility of the LIMS to accurately capture impact events in terms of both force magnitude and temporal response. The results of this initial study demonstrated that the system could capture impact forces with acceptable error (~5%) and high correlation (0.97) between measures of global force and the sensor array. Furthermore, the LIMS demonstrated the ability to capture impact "footprints" that functionally differentiated material properties of density and temperature. A second study incorporated the LIMS as part of a standard controlled surrogate headform drop test for blunt impacts. The LIMS performed equally well on the curved cranial surface geometry of the headform and was able to differentiate unique impact contact distribution patterns based on the ice hockey helmet model's shell and padding configurations, including identification of high focal force concentrations (>16 MPa) during side impact. Of note, global head impact acceleration measures did not correspond to the magnitude of localized contact forces (R-square=0.22), but did correspond to net global contact force (R-square=0.98). A third study used the LIMS between a Hybrid III surrogate headform and an ice hockey helmet during controlled puck projectile collisions. The LIMS was effective at capturing local force distributions dynamics for short impact events lasting 2-4 ms, and again was able to distinguish between varied helmet model's padding materials and installed configurations. Five helmet models were subject to highly localized puck impact at two different velocities (V1=24.2 m/s, V2=33.3 m/s). At V2, peak contact pressures, averaged across all helmet models, were nearly double (393 N/cm^2) those recorded at the same location during vertical drop testing (201 N/cm^2). Again, linear acceleration data did not discern these differences in localized pressures. In summary, this novel testing approach provides an instrument for the assessment of helmet design and material properties on local impact dynamics, and demonstrates merit as an industrial and research tool to enhance head protection. / Les casques de sport modernes ont été efficaces pour réduire les traumatismes crâniens sévères tels que les fractures du crâne et les hématomes sous-duraux. Malgré tout, la prévalence élevée des lésions cérébrales traumatiques mineures reste un problème de santé publique non résolu. Par conséquence, il existe un besoin important pour un examen plus approfondi de la capacité des casques à atténuer les forces de collision qui pourraient correspondre à un risque de traumatisme cérébral mineur. Les normes actuelles évaluent principalement l'efficacité des casques à minimiser les accélérations maximales de la tête lors d'impacts contondants. L'absence de mesures dynamiques locales, plus précisément au site d'impact, est surtout dû au défi technique qui est d'insérer des matrices sensorielles avec une haute résolution temporelle. Le développement de cette dernière technique de mesure pourrait améliorer l'évaluation fonctionnelle des casques en général. Ainsi, l'objectif principal de cette recherche était de développer un système de cartographie d'impact local (CIL) tout en permettant l'insertion de ce système entre le casque et la tête, et ainsi, utiliser le CIL afin d'évaluer les caractéristiques mécaniques de differentes mousses de rembourrage et différents casques au cours de chute et de collision contrôlée sur une fausse tête. Interposé entre la calotte/rembourrage et la surface de la tête, ce CIL est constitué d'un réseau de capteurs de force discrets, minces, connectés à une grande vitesse d'acquisition de données numériques. Une première étude a démontré la faisabilité d'utiliser le CIL pour capturer avec précision des événements d'impact en termes d'amplitude et de force ainsi que la réponse temporelle. Par ailleurs, le CIL a démontré la capacité de capturer les «empreintes» d'impact et de différencier fonctionnellement divers matériaux en mousse et des densités. Une deuxième étude a intégré le CIL dans le cadre d'une norme d'essai contrôlé de fausse tête de substitution lors de chute sur objets contondants. Le CIL s'est révélé tout aussi précis sur la géométrie de la surface crânienne courbe et a été en mesure de différencier les modèles uniques d'impact de contact de distribution basé sur le modèle de coque des casques de hockey et de configurations de remplissage, y compris l'identification de concentrations élevées de force de contact (>16 MPa). Fait à noter, l'impact global des mesures d'accélération de la tête ne correspond pas nécessairement à l'ampleur des forces d'intervention (R-square=0.22). Une troisième étude a utilisé le CIL entre une fausse tête de substitution Hybrid III et un casque de hockey sur glace lors de collisions de projectiles. Le CIL est efficace pour capturer des distributions locales de forces dynamiques lors d'événements de moins de 4 ms, et encore une fois a été en mesure de faire la distinction entre les matériaux de rembourrage des modèles de casques variés. En résumé, cette approche de test innovatrice s'est avérée être un instrument précis pour l'évaluation de la conception du casque et des propriétés des matériaux sur la dynamique d'impact local, et démontre le mérite d'un outil industriel et de recherche visant à améliorer la protection de la tête.
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Active vibration and buckling control of piezoelectric smart structuresWang, Qishan January 2013 (has links)
The objective of this dissertation is the vibration and buckling control of piezo-laminated composite structures with surface bonded or embedded piezoelectric sensors and actuators by using the finite element analysis and LQR/LQG feedback control techniques. The focus is mainly on two aspects: the finite element part and the active control part. (1) The finite element part:Two finite element formulations for the piezo-laminated beams based on the classical Bernoulli-Euler and the Timoshenko beam theories are developed using the coupled linear piezoelectric constitutive equations, and the Hamilton variation principle. A C0 continuous, shear flexible, eight-node serendipity doubly curved shell element for the piezo-laminated composite plates and shells is also developed based on the layer-wise shear deformation theory, linear piezoelectric coupled constitutive relations, and Hamilton variation principle. The developed elements can handle the transverse shear strains, composite materials, and piezoelectric-mechanical coupling. Higher modes of vibration can then be predicted more precisely for thin to medium-thick multi-layered composite structures. They are evaluated both for the vibration and buckling of beam, plate, and shell structures. (2) The active control part: The suppression of vibration of a cantilever piezo-laminated beam and the control of the first two buckling modes of a simply supported piezo-laminated beam are studied first. Then, the vibration and buckling control of a cantileverpiezo-laminated composite plate are studied. Furthermore, the vibration control of a piezolaminated semicircular cylindrical shell is also studied. The results of the finite element analysis are used to design a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) controller and a linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) compensator with a dynamic state observer to achieve all the controls. The control design begins with an approximate reduced modal model which can represent the system dynamics with the least system modes. A state space modal model of the smart structure which integrates the host structure with bonded piezoelectric sensors and actuators, is then used to design the control system. The designed LQR/LQG feedback controls are shown to be successful in suppressing the vibration and stabilizing the buckling modes of structures. Both the finite element analysis and the active control simulation results are consistent with the existing theoretical analysis results and the experimental data in the literature. Some important conclusions and interesting observations are obtained. / L'objectif de cette thése est le contrôle de la vibration et de flambage à l'aide de l'analyse par éléments finis et LQR/LQG technologies de contrôle de rétroaction pour les structures composites stratifiées piézo-électriques qui sont liés ou incorporés de surface de capteurs et d'actionneurs piézoélectriques. Il ya principalement deux parties ciblées. La partie des éléments finis : Deux formulations éléments finis pour les poutres laminées piézo-basé sur le classique d'Euler-Bernoulli et la théorie des poutres de Timoshenko, respectivement, linéaires couplées piézoélectriques équations constitutives, et le principe de variation de Hamilton sont développés. Un C0 continue, cisaillement flexible, à huit nuds élément de coque à double courbure sérendipité pour les plaques piézocomposites stratifiés et de coquillages est également dérivée basée sur la théorie de la couche-sage déformation de cisaillement, linéaires piézo-électriques couplés relations constitutives mécaniques, et le principe de variation de Hamilton. Toute la poutre, plaque, et des éléments de coque développés ont considéré la rigidité, de masse et les effets de couplage électromécanique du capteur piézo-électrique et les couches de l'actionneur. Les éléments de structure développéssont capables de traiter les effets non linéaires de déformation en cisaillementtransversal et la non-linéarité des matériaux composites, piézoélectrique-mécanique d'accouplement, et peut prévoir plus précisément les modes supérieurs de vibration, et peut être appliquée à partir de minces d'épaisseur moyenne structures composites multicouches. Ils sont évalués à la fois les vibrations et analyse de flambage de la poutre, plaque, et structures en coque. La partie de commande actif : La vibration de supprimer d'un porte à faux piézo-collé poutre, les deux premiers modes de flambement contrôle d'un appui simple piézo-collé poutre, et la vibration et le flambage contrôle de la charge d'un cantilever piézoélectrique stratifié plaque composite sont étudiés. Les résultats de l'analyse par éléments finis sont utilisés pour concevoir un régulateur linéaire quadratique (LQR) contrôleur et un linéaire quadratique gaussienne (LQG) compensateur avec un observateur d'état dynamique pour atteindre toutes les commandes. Les conceptions de commandes commencent par une méthode modale modle pour déterminer un modle modal réduit approximative qui peut représenter la dynamique du systme avec les modes les moins systme inclus. Un modle modal espace d'état de la structure intelligente qui a intégré la structure d'accueil d'colléscapteurs et d'actionneurs piézoélectriques, est ensuite utilisé pour concevoir le systme de contrôle. Les contrôles visant commentaires LQR/LQG sont avérés succs dans la suppression de la vibration et de stabiliser les modes de flambement des structures. Tant l'analyse par éléments finis et les résultats de simulation de contrôle actives sont compatibles avec les résultats existants d'analyse théoriques et les données expérimentales de la littérature. Quelques conclusions importantes et des observations intéressantes sont obtenues.
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Force and centre of pressure measurements during ice hockey skating with a regular and a modfied ice hockey skateLe Ngoc, Chau January 2013 (has links)
Force and centre of pressure (COP) were measured during a forward skating task on ice using a standard hockey skate and a modified skate with an altered tendon guard and eyelet configuration which allows for increased dorsiflexion and plantarflexion. The objective of this study was to determine if those skate design changes would result in biomechanical changes in the skaters during forward skating. Both left and right skates were instrumented with a calibrated strain gauge force transducer system to measure forces and with an insole system used to measure the COP during the forward skating task. The modified skate showed a reduction of 14.5-24.3 mm in total anterior-posterior COP excursion (p < .05). This suggests that the modified skate changes the biomechanics of the skaters. However, a full body kinematic study might be needed in order to study the exact biomechanical changes. / La force et le centre de poussée (CDP) ont été mesurés pendant le patinage sur glace en ligne droite en utilisant des patins de hockey standards et des patins de hockey modifiés avec un protecteur du tendon d'Achille plus flexible et une configuration différente des oeillets pour lacets permettant une plus grande dorsiflexion et flexion plantaire de la cheville. Le but de cette étude était de déterminer si ces changements de construction de patins ont une influence sur le mouvement biomécanique des patineurs pendant le patinage sur glace en ligne droite. Les patins gauches et droites ont été instrumentés avec un système d'estimation de la force calibré et avec un système de capteurs de pression en dessous de la semelle pour mesurer le CDP. L'utilisation du patin modifié s'est manifestée par une réduction de 14.5 à 24.3 mm du déplacement total du CDP dans la direction antéro-postérieure (p < .05). Celà suggère que l'utilisation du patin modifié a un effet sur la biomécanique des patineurs. Cependant, une étude cinématique du corps au complet serait peut-être nécéssaire afin d'étudier les changements biomécaniques exacts.
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Statistical analysis and forecasting of sea ice conditions in Canadian watersGarrigues, Laurent January 2001 (has links)
Historical data of sea ice concentration in Canadian waters are analysed using projections methods (Principal Component Analysis, Singular Value Decomposition, Canonical Correlation Analysis and Projection on Latent Structures) to identify the main patterns of evolution in the sea ice cover. Three different areas of interest are studied: (1) the Gulf of St Lawrence, (2) the Beaufort Sea and (3) the Labrador Sea down to the east coast of Newfoundland. Forcing parameters that drive the evolution of the sea ice cover such as surface air temperature and wind field are also analysed in order to explain some of the variability observed in the sea ice field. Only qualitative correlations have been identified, essentially because of the singular nature of the sea ice concentration itself and the accuracy of available data. However, several statistical models based on identified patterns have been developed showing forecasting skills far better than those of the persistence assumption, which currently remains one of the best 'model' available. Forecasts are tested over periods of time ranging from a few days to several weeks. Some of these models constitute innovative approaches in the context of statistical sea ice forecasting. Some others models have been developed using a probabilistic approach. These models provide forecasts in terms of sea ice severity (low-medium-high), which is often accurate enough for navigation purposes for the three areas of interest. Forecasting skills of these models are also better than the persistence assumption. Finally, an existing dynamic sea-ice model has been adapted and used to predict sea ice conditions in the Gulf of St Lawrence during the Winter season 1992-1993. Simulations provided by this model are compared to the forecasts of different statistical models over the same period of time.
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Functional mechanical assessment of foot and ankle stiffness and work production in ice hockey skate bootsBaig, Zubair January 2011 (has links)
Ice hockey is a sport characterized by high speeds, sharp turns and abrupt stops. As a result of these explosive and agile movements, the interaction of the foot and ankle with the skate boot is fundamental for optimal stability and propulsion. The purpose of this study was to determine the nature of this mechanical coupling in both a conventional and prototype skate models. In phase one, a Biodex System 4 Pro dynamometer was used to isolate the foot and ankle / boot dynamics in sagittal and frontal plane movements. Three footwear conditions were evaluated (control shoe, a skate boot in production and a modified skate boot prototype). In phase two, lower body kinematics were assessed using 3D motion capture to determine if the above skate models would yield different joint movement coordination during skating push-offs using the two skate boot models. When comparing the three foot conditions, there was a significantly greater range of motion observed in the shoe control and modified skate boot than the regular skate boot (65.2 deg vs. 52.4 deg vs. 35.7 deg, p < 0.05). The total work done was only significant in the shoe control over the regular skate boot (16 kJ vs. 8.9 kJ, p < 0.05). In phase two, only the maximum plantar flexion was greater with the modified skate (11.3 deg vs. 1.3 deg, p < 0.05). The biodex dynamometer was able to discern differences between the three types of footwear using the dependent variables selected. Using a combination of the active and passive modes, this system has provided a valuable measurement of quantifying boot stiffness characteristics. / Une vitesse de jeu rapide, les virages brusques ainsi que les arrêts soudains sont des caractéristiques bien particulières au hockey sur glace. Considérant ces mouvements explosifs et agiles, l'interaction entre le pied, la cheville ainsi que la botte du patin devient fondamentale pour obtenir une propulsion et une stabilité optimale. Le but de cette études était de déterminer la nature cette interaction mécanique pour un modèle de patin a glace conventionnel ainsi que pour un prototype. Dans un premier temps, un dynamomètre Biodex System 4 a été utilisé pour isoler de façon dynamique le pied et la cheville/patin dans les plans sagittal et frontal. Trois conditions expérimentales ont été évaluées (soulier contrôle, patin commercialisé ainsi qu'un patin modifié). Par la suite, la cinématique des membres inférieurs fut mesurée en utilisant une système de capture du mouvement pour déterminer si les différentes botte de patin affecteraient la coordination motrice lors d'un départ.En comparant les trois conditions de botte, une différence significative a été observée pour l'amplitude de mouvement entre le soulier et le patin modifié et le patin commercial (65.2° vs. 52.4° vs. 35.7°, p < 0.05). Le travail total était seulement significatif entre le soulier et le patin commercial (16 kJ vs 8.9 kJ, p < 0.05). Pour la deuxième phase, seulement la flexion plantaire maximale était plus grande avec le patin modifié 11.3° vs. 1.3°, p < 0.05).Le dynamomètre Biodex a pu clairement discerner des différences entre les différentes conditions de botte pour les variables dépendantes sélectionnées. En utilisant les modes passifs et actifs, le système a permis de générer une méthode de quantification caractéristique de la rigidité de bottes.
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