Alkoholproblem är ett samhällsproblem som orsakar lidande. Genom att erbjuda behandling med målet kontrollerat drickande har vårdsökandet ökat. Syftet med föreliggande kvalitativa studie var att studera hur personer med alkoholproblem hanterar risksituationer kopplat till alkohol efter genomgången BSCT-behandling för att uppnå kontrollerat drickande, om interventionerna varit till nytta i utmanande situationer samt hur de tänker om behandlingen. Det är enligt vår kännedom den första studien som undersökt detta. Tolv intervjuer genomfördes vilka bearbetades med en reflexiv tematisk analys utifrån ett experientiellt paradigm. Två övergripande teman framträdde: Vara på sin vakt och Värden som ger livskvalitet. Den mödosamma vägen mot kontrollerat drickande och olika aspekter av att fortsätta leva med alkohol synliggörs. Det tycks vara möjligt att leva ett liv med kontroll över alkoholkonsumtionen. Så länge positiva konsekvenser överväger tycks det vara värt ansträngningen. Kognitiv kontroll och funktionell känsloreglering förbättrar förutsättningarna. Behandlingen har erbjudit ökade strategier. Självbestämmande verkar vara viktigt både avseende val av behandling och strategier likväl om en ska vara öppen med svårigheterna. I enlighet med tidigare forskning visar vår studie att kompetens, självbestämmande och tillhörighet kan främja beteendeförändringen.

I Sverige diagnosticeras varje år cirka 350 barn och ungdomar under 18 år med cancer, varav drygt 85 % överlever. Att överleva barncancer är ofta förenat med både seneffekter och komplikationer som påverkar livet, även långt efter cancerns behandling. Det finns få svenska studier som undersöker upplevelsen av att ha haft barncancer och än färre om vad detta innebär för upplevelsen av existentiella frågor. Syftet med studien var att med en fenomenologisk ansats öka kunskapen kring hur existentiella aspekter hos vuxna som mottagit en cancerdiagnos som barn upplevs, och hur livet efter diagnosen format deras upplevande. Två fokusgrupper genomfördes via videolänk med sju vuxna deltagare som behandlats för cancer som barn. Materialet analyserades med en tematisk analys vilket resulterade i tre teman; (1) behov av att mötas i och kring existentiella frågor, (2) existensens oförutsägbarhet och (3) visdom ur erfarenheten. Studien visar att barncanceröverlevare kan uppleva sig hjälpta av att diskutera frågor av existentiell natur tillsammans med andra som har liknande erfarenheter, samt att deltagarna upplever att samhället i stort borde bemöta dessa ofta svåra frågor som är aktuella för oss alla. / In Sweden, approximately 350 children and adolescents (under the age of 18) are diagnosed with cancer every year, of which just over 85% of these survive. Surviving childhood cancer is associated with both late effects and complications that affect the lives of the survivors even long after treatments. There are few Swedish studies that examine the experience of having had childhood cancer but also what it means for the experience of existential issues. The aim of the study was to use a phenomenological approach to investigate the existential aspects of being human in connection to having been diagnosed with childhood cancer, and to live with this experience afterwards. Two focus groups were conducted via video link with adult participants treated for childhood cancer. The material was analyzed using a thematic analysis which resulted in three main themes; (1) the need to be met in and around existential issues, (2) the unpredictability of existence and (3) wisdom through the experience. The study shows that childhood cancer survivors could be perceived to benefit by meeting further in the existential issues together with others who have similar experience, but also that society can respond to these difficult issues which are relevant to us all.

<div>There is evidence that after a person chooses between two items, the chosen item is more memorable than the unchosen alternative. This is known as the chosen-item effect (Coverdale & Nairne, 2019). We frequently make choices, such as which restaurant to visit for dinner, or which brand of shampoo to buy, and what we choose in these situations can influence what we remember. In the field of consumer behavior, it is believed that memory for brand names and products influences consumer purchasing behaviors. As such, we were interested in investigating whether the chosen-item effect could be extended to memory for brands and product names. If choosing a brand name or product makes it more memorable, then companies can apply the chosen-item effect to improve an item’s memorability and potentially increase sales of that item. In three experiments we investigated whether the chosen-item effect can be extended to memory for products (Experiment 1) and brand names (Experiment 2 & 4b) and found a mnemonic benefit for items that were chosen over those that were not chosen.</div><div>In addition to the relationship between choice and memory, there is also a relationship between choice and value. We hypothesized that people would be willing to pay more for items that they have previously chosen, in addition to having better memory for them. We conducted a second set of experiments (Experiments 3 & 4a) to investigate whether the chosen-item effect extends beyond memory to value. We found that items that have previously been chosen were not perceived as being more valuable than those that were not chosen. This finding has theoretical implications for research on the mechanism(s) responsible for the chosen-item effect.</div>

Correspondence and vignette experiments have already been an important part of measuring discrimination in hiring decisions for several decades, especially in terms of ethnic discrimination. Although the body of evidence is growing, no study has provided a systematic overview of age discrimination in recruitment before. Therefore, the present systematic review investigates the effect of age on discrimination levels experienced in the recruitment process, based on 14 correspondence and vignette studies in 12 distinct articles conducted between 2010 and 2019. We assess age discrimination by looking at call-back rates or indicators of hiring/interview invitation likelihood. Data was analyzedin age groups entailing 30-to 35-year-olds as comparators, and 40-to 49-, 50-to 59-, 60-to 65-and over 65-year-olds as experimental groups. Calculating log odds ratios for the respective comparisons, it was concluded that age discrimination in recruitment is indeed an observable issue, with greatest disparities apparent for participants over the age of 60. Certain limitations of this review will have to be overcome in future; such as restrictions in sample sizes and reported issues on the risk of bias.

The present study looks into examining if an employee’s consideration of future consequences or cultural values better predict their procrastination at work. A total of 253 participants from various parts of the globe were examined via an online survey utilizing the Considerations of Future Consequences Scale (Strathman et al., 2013), Behavior Identification Form (Vallacher &amp; Wegner, 1989), CVScale for cultural values (Yoo et al., 2011), and Irrational Procrastination Scale (Steel, 2010). Work procrastination was found to be negatively correlated to consideration of future consequences, where those with higher levels of consideration of future consequences were found to have lower levels of work procrastination. In addition, more abstract or high-level personal agency was found to be positively correlated to consideration of future consequences and negatively correlated to work procrastination. Furthermore, a positive relationship was found between work procrastination and the cultural values of masculinity and power distance, where those with higher levels of these cultural values had higher levels of work procrastination. Lastly, consideration of future consequences was found to be a better predictor for work procrastination than cultural values. Possible explanations of the results are discussed, limitations of the study are mentioned, and recommendations for future studies are suggested.

Given the strong focus of both organizations and institutions of higher education on leadership development, understanding antecedents to leadership motivation is a topic of great interest. This pre- registered study set out to investigate personality factors as antecedents to motivation to lead (MTL) and positive psychological capital (PsyCap). Additionally, the framework was expanded by integrating PsyCap as a predictor of MTL and mediator between personality and MTL. 258 business students served as a convenience sample for the cross-sectional study. The online survey included measures of the Big Five personality factors, PsyCap, and MTL. Several multiple regression and mediation analyses were conducted. The findings supported the proposed role of Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, and Neuroticism as antecedents to PsyCap. Additionally, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and PsyCap were identified as predictors of affective-identity MTL and PsyCap was found to predict socio-normative MTL. The mediation hypotheses were partially supported. The results imply that developing students’ PsyCap can potentially benefit their leadership motivation and help preparing them for future careers through making beneficial first leadership experiences in academic settings. As limitations are discussed, further research specifically investigating the role of cultural values is encouraged.

The ability to detect deception is of critical value in criminal and investigative contexts. This study has investigated beliefs about deception detection held by police officers (N = 63) and police students (N = 130). The results show that there are inconsistencies when comparing the beliefs to empirical research findings. One example is the belief that liars avert their gaze. The results are discussed and contrasted with the Truth-Default Theory. Instead of a focus on cues that are probabilisticallyassociated with deception, the Truth-Default Theory focuses on contextualized communication content. The theory recognizes that people are truth biased. Truth-Default Theory proposes that reliance on cues pushes the accuracy of deception detection to the level of chance.

The purpose of this thesis is to give a detailed account of gesture and movement phenomena observed in children. The analysis method is multimodal interaction analysis, otherwise known as Ethnomethodological Conversation Analysis (EMCA). The analysis is based on children performing the Picture Naming Game (PiNG), a vocabulary test for young children. During the PiNG, the researcher will place printed pictures in front of the child, and the child is tasked with naming the de- picted object. The central phenomenon discovered and analysed with multimodal interaction analysis in this thesis was that the children would occasionally pick up a picture and turn it around. These children’s turning movements are generally anal- ysed as being fidgets, and possibly related to increased cognitive taxation, or, seen as social, and part of a metaphoric gesture shared with the researcher. Addition- ally, the researcher’s interactions are also examined. The researcher uses additional prompts as interactional tools during the PiNG, and four types of such prompts are identified, each with gestural and verbal counterparts. Some proposals for future research that would complement this current thesis are offered, and finally some ideas for future research inspired by this thesis are discussed.

Legislation, economic incentives and informational campaigns are traditional tools of government used to exert its influence on citizens. More recently, other behavioral interventions called nudges and boosts have also come into usage to influence behavior. Nudges exploit faults in human decision making, pushing the individual in a direction of a specific choice, hence the name nudge. Boosts instead try to foster existing competences in the individual, effectivizing decision making while still preserving the individual’s own agency. Both nudges and boosts have proved to be cost-effective ways of influencing behavior, making them attractive alternatives to traditional behavioral interventions. An a priori way to investigate the effectiveness of behavioral interventions without their implementation is by measuring their acceptance. This thesis investigates the acceptance for nudges and boosts compared to traditional behavioral interventions when used in the domain of energy saving practices. The results show that acceptance differs greatly depending on which behavioral intervention is used, which energy saving domain the behavioral intervention is applied to, and to an extent the demographic characteristics of the individuals exposed to the behavioral intervention.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om det finns ett samband mellan upplevd stress och anställningsform. Studien presenterade tre hypoteser: 1) Individer med fast anställning upplever mindre stress än individer med andra anställningsformer, 2) Anställningsform/anställningsvillkor påverkar upplevd stress i skalan PSS-14, 3) Kön, ålder, utbildning, arbetstid och familjesituation påverkar upplevd stress av arbetsförhållanden enligt stressskalan PSS-14. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av en kvantitativt enkätundersökning som distributerades online med stresskalan PSS-14 som underlag. Totalt besvarade 157 personer enkäten om stress och arbete, 122 deltagare angav att de var kvinnor och 34 män. T-test för oberoende variabler genomfördes. T-testen visade att det inte fanns signifikanta skillnader mellan anställningsform, ålders, civilstånd, kön eller arbetstid.