This study describes the Swedish Government's public management of the Swedish Police Authority. It also illustrates some of the Government's political promises towards the Police Authority. The reason for making this study is the situation of escalating shootings in the society and reports about a crisis in the Police Authority. Therefore is the purpose of the study to find out if there are any changes in the Government's public management of the police during the 2014-2018 term of office in relation to this situation. The method is a review of state budgets, appropriation directions, regulations, government bills and other acts which are compared with theories of public management. The results shows that the greatest change this far happened late in the term of office when the Swedish Police Authority received an increased appropriation. The Swedish Police Authority also received new government mandates with the purpose to solve specific problems within the police authority. In relation to theories of public management, the Swedish Government's management of the police focuses on the indirect types of management to reach results within the direct management of laws and regulations.

The aim of this essay is to find out in what ways the global clothing company H&M uses political and ideological statements, such as feminism, as a sales strategy. I have noticed an expanding trend in fashion; the use of feminism as branding, and how companies such as H&M have started profiling themselves with feminism. This could be seen as a typical neoliberal-femvertising phenomenon. In this essay, I use critique of ideology, a method developed by the Frankfurt school, to examine how H&M expresses feminism through their clothes, whether H&M’s production could be considered as a feminist one, and what consequences H&M’s use of feminist ideology have on the feminist political movement. To be able to answer these questions, I use gender theory and postcolonial theory. My aim is to show how neoliberal/capitalist ideologies often contain cultural and political appropriation, where an ideology such as feminism is exploited in order to make a higher profit. My conclusion is that when companies use feminist statements in their clothing they use irony and humour to emphasize positivity, such as “girl power”, instead of confronting structural inequalities among the sexes and harmful norms and gender stereotypes within this hierarchy. The consequence of this process is that feminism is depoliticized, which is harmful to the feminist political agenda.

The aim of this essay is to find out in what ways the global clothing company H&M uses political and ideological statements, such as feminism, as a sales strategy. I have noticed an expanding trend in fashion; the use of feminism as branding, and how companies such as H&M have started profiling themselves with feminism. This could be seen as a typical neoliberal-femvertising phenomenon. In this essay, I use critique of ideology, a method developed by the Frankfurt school, to examine how H&M expresses feminism through their clothes, whether H&M’s production could be considered as a feminist one, and what consequences H&M’s use of feminist ideology have on the feminist political movement. To be able to answer these questions, I use gender theory and postcolonial theory. My aim is to show how neoliberal/capitalist ideologies often contain cultural and political appropriation, where an ideology such as feminism is exploited in order to make a higher profit. My conclusion is that when companies use feminist statements in their clothing they use irony and humour to emphasize positivity, such as “girl power”, instead of confronting structural inequalities among the sexes and harmful norms and gender stereotypes within this hierarchy. The consequence of this process is that feminism is depoliticized, which is harmful to the feminist political agenda.

Cette recherche relève du domaine de la didactique du FLE et de l'usage de la communication médiée par ordinateur [CMO], plus particulièrement du clavardage, outil de communication synchrone à base textuelle. Notre recherche se place dans une perspective interactionnelle et acquisitionnelle en L2 en mettant l'accent sur la construction des discussions entre participants lors de séances de clavardage. Le public étudié est composé d'étudiants de nationalités variées en master ou doctorat dans des universités en France, et qui souhaitent améliorer la langue qu'ils doivent utiliser en milieu académique. Notre analyse du « discours-en-interaction par clavardage » a pour but d'étudier les interactions en tenant compte des spécificités de l'outil et du contexte de la discussion. En premier lieu, nous examinons la structure des énoncés en L2 au niveau de l'utilisation du lexique, des structures complexes et des marques transcodiques. En deuxième lieu, nous analysons l'utilisation des topogrammes dans un contexte académique et leurs diverses fonctions. Cette analyse montre la manière dont les apprenants se focalisent à la fois sur l'objet thématique de la discussion et sur la résolution des obstacles linguistiques ou discursifs auxquels ils sont confrontés lors des échanges. En dernier lieu, nous étudions la manière dont les apprenants construisent et co-construisent les discussions par clavardage. Les énoncés que l'apprenant construit à partir des discours de ses différents interlocuteurs lui permettent, tout en alimentant ses compétences pragmatiques, d'approfondir le sujet en discussion. Nous examinons également comment les savoirs sur les pratiques académiques naissent et se transforment au fil des interactions. Nous cherchons à montrer à la fois le bénéfice de l'utilisation du clavardage pour la recherche sur la langue d'apprenants avancés et son intérêt comme outil po! ur favoriser l'appropriation d'une L2. / This is a research in the teaching and learning of French as a foreign language and the use of CMC [computer mediated communication] using synchronous text-based CMC [computer mediated communication], viz chat. We analyze the construction of discussions between foreign students with an interactional and acquisitional perspective in order to discover its specificities. The target audience is enrolled in a French university at advanced levels [Master, Ph D…] and needs to improve their French as used in an academic context. In a « discourse analysis in chat interactions », we focus on specificities of this communication tool and of the discussion context. We first show the structure of learners' utterances, their use of lexical items and complex structures, and the influence of their other languages on their productions in French. Then, we analyze the use of « topogrammes » in an academic context and their different functions. We thus sho! w how learners focus on the thematic object of the discussion and the solving of linguistic or discourse obstacles they were faced with during the exchanges. We also study the way in which the learners construct and co-construct the discussions. The messages that they construct from their interlocutors' discourses allow them to develop the theme into a discussion and to improve his pragmatic competences. Finally, we examine how knowledge about academic practices appears and evolves during the interactions. Our work shows the benefits of the use of the chat for linguistic research about advanced learners and its interest as a communication tool in L2 acquisition.

Density is more about an experienced nearness to functions and activities than buildingsbeing physically close to each other. Density is interaction, and the intensity of itdepends on accessibility to the functions and activities of the built environment. The current planning, continuing the thoughts of the modernist, are a threat to publichealth and the environment, as sprawling settlements demand more resources forinfrastructure and time spent commuting between home and work, taking up the timeto spend with family and friends. The suburban planning principles of the Swedish housing estate unit have graduallytransformed the suburban neighbourhoods into dispersed, disconnected islands, wheresocial life is inhibited in the mere configuration of space. Legibility of the urban environment is important regarding orientation and navigation,but also to understand the underlying meanings of spaces and places. The urbanstructure should be easily read to be understandable in the choices of everyday life. How we understand the boundaries and transitions of our surrounding affects howspaces are used. Unclear territorial interfaces, like the open space landscape ofmodernist planning feels too exposed to be appropriated. If activities should take placein the outdoor environment, there must be a certain quality to the spaces that areinviting and promote interaction between people. The suburban housing estate neighbourhoods can be developed to promote thisinteraction, providing spaces where the different layers of social life can take place, fromthe private home – through mediating interfaces of front yards, indoor collective spaceand collective gardens – to the public realm of the streets, pathways and parks. The thesis studies the suburban neighbourhood Årsta in eastern Uppsala, whichshows the signs of a disperse suburban housing estate in its configuration of buildings,withdrawn from the streets, turning inward away from the public spaces. By adding built volume within the existing structure of the open yards, the boundariesbetween the public and the private spaces can be clearly defined and new activatedspaces can be created. Many fronts towards the streets and paths make people meet inevery-day life and new types of spaces can be used to set a framework for interactionbetween residents as well as outsiders. Such spaces can also work as a buffer betweenpublic life and the private dwelling, e.g. a collective garden mediates the space inbetween a pedestrian path and an inner yard.

L’entreprise familiale est omniprésente; en effet, c’est l'épine dorsale de la vie d'entreprise. Elle est le moteur du développement socio-économique et de la création de richesse dans toutes les nations. Elle apparaît incomparable à l’entreprise non familiale, et unique quant à ses caractéristiques, éléments constitutifs, défis et perspectives. Cependant, la taxonomie légale distinctive de cette entreprise se révèle absente et oubliée partout dans le monde, soit dans les pays du droit Civil ou de Common Law. Ce manque de reconnaissance juridique induit à régler les différends et les litiges survenus en suivant les voies légales classiques; ce qui prouve, généralement, une source d'injustice tant à l'individu qu’à la famille, et suscite des répercussions sociales et économiques remarquables. Par conséquent, afin de concevoir les dynamiques authentiques de cette entreprise, nous avons adopté la théorie de l'écosystème des quatre cercles qui permettra aux juristes de percevoir cette entreprise avec un regard singulier, désormais, en tant qu’une entreprise familiale et non plus en tant qu’une simple entreprise. En outre, cette mosaïque placera la «famille» au niveau de partie prenante « royale » qui subvient aux besoins de l’entreprise et fournie le «capital familial»; ce dernier renvoie souvent aux intangibles tout en évoquant les éléments fondamentaux moteurs qui orientent et dominent cette entreprise, et la transforment en une copropriété collective mixte plutôt qu'une propriété individuelle. Somme toute, une telle classification engendrera une définition juridique distinctive de l’entreprise familiale, ainsi que des arrangements légaux et structurels et des conséquences primordiales. / Family business is omnipresent as the backbone of the corporate life. It is the engine driver of the socio-economic development, and the fundamental source of wealth creation in all nations. Incomparable to nonfamily counterparts, family business reveals unique in its characteristics, constructs, challenges, and prospects. However, the legal differentiated taxonomy of this enterprise reveals absent and forgotten across the globe, whether in the common law system or the civil law system. The lack of the legal recognition of its uniqueness induces jurists to resolve disputes and litigations via the conventional legal channels. This often discloses as the source of injustice for individuals as well as the family, and echoes significant social and economic consequences. Correspondingly, in order to conceive the authentic dynamics of this enterprise, we have embraced the four circles ecosystem theory, which shall allow jurists to visualize this enterprise with a singular eye as a family business, no longer as a business. Besides, this pattern shall reveal the “family” as the “Royal Stakeholder” and the main provider of the “Family Capital”. Thus, the latter unveils the intangibles as the fundamental drivers that guide and control this enterprise, and then turn it into a mixed collective co-ownership, rather than an individual ownership. Ultimately, this classification generates the distinctive legal definition of the family business as well as the relevant arrangements, structures, and unavoidable consequences.

The text of the Bible projects for its readers a Biblical-textual world. Christians live within the seminal, normative contours of this symbolic Biblical world. In this regard, a Ricoeurian hermeneutics presents a helpful apparatus to the reader of the Biblical text. In his hermeneutical studies, Ricoeur organises his considerations around four poles that operate as guidelines for this study – distanciation, objectification, projecting of a world and appropriation. In this thesis each of these considerations is applied to Proverbs 10:1–15:33 to facilitate an exploration of the symbolic-textual world projected for the reader in this literature. It is the thesis of the study that the proposed reading strategy is, in terms of the threefold movement within postmodern thought – the movements beyond foundations, beyond totalities and towards the Other – a most productive effort. When this reading strategy is utilised for Proverbs 10:1–15:33, with specific reference to the fear of the Lord, the concept of the fear of the Lord is found to have a functional definition within this collection rather than an ontological or theoretical one. With this approach, the fear of Yahweh-proverbs in Proverbs 10:1–15:33 are understood not to be dogmatised, absolute, universal truths but finds, in line with the movement beyond totalities, its authority in the context within which it is applied. Instead of communicating propositional content, which is in line with the movement beyond foundations within postmodern thought, by their power to disclose a symbolic world, it confronts the reader with the Other, in line with the movement toward the Other, and consequently opens up new modes of being, orienting the reader’s practical actions. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2013 / Old Testament Studies / unrestricted

L’objet de cette thèse est d’explorer comment, dans le cadre de l’implantation d’un programme de valorisation de la diversité ethnoculturelle, les membres d’une organisation en arrivent à s’approprier (ou non) l’ensemble des principes, des idées et des valeurs qui orientent et structurent la mise en place de telles initiatives. Par appropriation, nous entendons toute action visant à rendre une chose propre à soi. En l’occurrence, l’appropriation peut-être vue comme une forme d’adaptation qui permet de donner une signification particulière à la situation dans laquelle les membres de l’organisation se trouvent. Nous avons, tout au long de cette thèse, mobilisé l’approche ventriloque de la communication afin de dévoiler les figures (principes, valeurs ou idées) qui facilitent ou, au contraire, entravent l’appropriation du programme par les acteurs organisationnels. D’un point de vue méthodologique, ce travail de thèse repose sur une étude de cas longitudinale menée sur une période d’un an avec une grande entreprise panquébécoise. Le caractère particulièrement innovant de cette recherche tient en sa démarche méthodologique, laquelle a consisté à suivre le devenir d’une initiative de diversité ethnoculturelle, depuis son lancement jusqu’à sa complétion. À travers la réalisation d’enregistrements de réunions et d’entrevues pré- et post-initiative, nous avons pu répertorier et analyser les multiples formes d’appropriation qui ont mené à l’appréciation ou, parfois au contraire, à la désappropriation de telles initiatives. Le lien entre l’appropriation des initiatives de diversité par les acteurs du changement et la communication organisationnelle a jusque là été peu étudié. Cette thèse se veut donc une illustration empirique, via l’analyse des différentes formes d’appropriation, permettant de combler certaines lacunes dans la littérature portant sur le diversity work et la communication organisationnelle. / The main purpose of this thesis is to explore how, in the context of implementing a new initiative to promote ethnocultural diversity, members of an organization come to appropriate (or not) principles, ideas and values that guide and structure the implementation of such initiatives. In this context, appropriation shall mean any action aimed to adapt something to oneself. Therefore, appropriation can be seen as a form of adaptation that gives particular meaning to this new situation in which organizational members find themselves in. Throughout this thesis, we mobilized a ventriloquial approach to communication in order to reveal the figures (principles, values or ideas) that facilitate or on the contrary hinder the appropriation of the program by organizational actors. From a methodological point of view, this thesis is based on a longitudinal case study conducted over a one-year period with a large pan-Quebec company. The particularly innovative nature of this research lies in its methodological approach, which consisted in monitoring an ethnocultural diversity initiative, from its launch to its completion. Through the recording of pre- and post-initiative meetings and interviews, we were able to identify and analyze the multiple forms of appropriation that led to the appreciation or, sometimes, on the contrary, the misappropriation of such initiatives. The link between appropriation of diversity initiatives by change actors and organizational communication has so far been little explored. This thesis is therefore intended as an empirical illustration, through the analysis of the different forms of appropriation, to fill certain gaps in the literature on diversity work and organizational communication.

The study investigates the development of church infrastructure within the urban environment. A symbiotic interaction between church form and urban conditions is proposed and contextualised through analysis of existing church models and current spatial concerns within Pretoria’s inner-city. The potential of church as agent for urban renewal and community development is identified and the study generates a spatial and programmatic model aligned with the inner-city’s need for meaningful and integrated interventions. A systemic definition of church proposes a multi-layered programme based on partnership and interaction while alternative church positioning suggests the concept of re-claiming inner-city spaces, applied through the re-development of the Schubart Park housing complex. AFRIKAANS : Hierdie studie ondersoek die ontwikkeling van kerk infrastruktuur in die stedelike omgewing. ‘n Simbiotiese interaksie tussen kerkvorm en stedelike kondisies word voorgestel en gekontekstualiseer deur analise van bestaande kerk modelle en ruimtelike kwessies in die middestad van Pretoria. studie identifiseer die potensiaal van kerk as agent vir stedelike hernuwing en gemeenskapsontwikkeling en vervolgens word n ruimtelike en programmatiese model in lyn gestel met die middestad se tekort aan betekenisvolle en geintegreerde ingrypings. Sistemiese definisie van kerk stel n gelaagde program voor gebasseer op vennootskap en interaksie terwyl alternatiewe plasing van die hergebruik van stedelike ruimtes voorstel wat toegepas word deur die herontwikkeling van die Schubart Park behuisings kompleks. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Architecture / unrestricted

Les universités publiques en Guinée, comme ailleurs en Afrique francophone, ont connu au cours des dernières années une succession de réformes néolibérales conçues dans les pays occidentaux et parachutées dans les universités africaines comme des modèles à adopter. Le système LMD, qui est l’inclinaison du processus de Bologne conçu en Europe pour harmoniser les programmes des institutions universitaires européennes, et appliqué en Guinée en 2007, est l’une de ces réformes comme celles de la gouvernance et de l’assurance qualité. Comment se traduisent concrètement sur le terrain guinéen ces réformes conçues au niveau international ? Comment ont-elles été vécues de l’intérieur par les acteurs universitaires ? Quel est le niveau d’adhésion de ces derniers face aux réformes ? Pour répondre à ces questions, la présente a privilégié le point de vue des acteurs et a adopté une démarche méthodologique de type qualitatif, basée sur l’entrevue semi-directive comme technique de recueil d’informations. Plus précisément, des entretiens ont été réalisés avec différents acteurs qui composent le milieu universitaire public guinéen : représentants du ministère de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche scientifique, directeurs généraux, vice-recteur, doyens de facultés, chefs de départements, enseignants-chercheurs, représentants syndicaux et étudiants. L’analyse des données révèle une adhésion globalement faible des acteurs universitaires aux récentes réformes, notamment celle du LMD. Bien qu’elles soient défendues par les dirigeants des universités et les représentants ministériels, leur pertinence est en effet fortement remise en cause par les enseignants et syndicats qui sont très critiques face à leur mode de conception, d’adoption et d’exécution. Le manque d’implication des acteurs universitaires, autres que les dirigeants, dans l’élaboration et la mise en œuvre de ces réformes, surtout du LMD, explique la résistance des enseignants, enseignants-chercheurs et acteurs syndicaux au nouveau référentiel qui a, par ailleurs, fortement transformé leur quotidien. De manière générale, tous les acteurs s’accordent sur l’insuffisance du soutien financier aux réformes, mais plusieurs pointent aussi du doigt le manque de compétence et de qualification des dirigeants responsables de leur mise en œuvre dans les universités. Globalement, les acteurs universitaires ont une vision très pessimiste de l’avenir des universités publiques en Guinée aux prises avec des problèmes de sous-financement, de sous-effectif et de mauvaise formation du personnel enseignant, d’inadéquation chronique des programmes universitaires par rapport aux besoins du marché du travail, d’infrastructures vétustes et inadaptées, et d’une gouvernance déficiente. Mots clés : Afrique, Guinée, nouvel ordre éducatif mondial, acteurs universitaires, universités, réformes néolibérales, LMD, appropriation, enseignement supérieur. / Public universities in Guinea, as elsewhere in francophone Africa, have undergone in recent years a succession of neo-liberal reforms designed in Western countries and parachuted into African universities as models to be adopted. The LMD system, the inclination of the Bologna process designed in Europe to harmonize the programs of European universities and applied in Guinea in 2007, is one of these reforms, as are those of governance and quality assurance. How do these internationally designed reforms translate into practice in Guinea? How have they been experienced from within, by university actors? What is the level of support or resistance to the reforms? In order to answer these questions, the present study favored the point of view of the actors and adopted a qualitative methodological approach, based on the semi-directive interview as a technique for collecting information. More specifically, interviews were conducted with various actors in the Guinean public university system: representatives of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, directors general, vice-rectors, deans of faculties, heads of departments, teacher-researchers, union representatives and students. The analysis of the data reveals an overall weak adhesion of university actors to the recent reforms, in particular the LMD. Although they are defended by university leaders and ministerial representatives, their relevance is strongly questioned by teachers and unions who are very critical of the way they were designed, adopted and implemented. The lack of involvement of university actors, other than managers, in the development and implementation of these reforms, especially the LMD, explains the resistance of teachers, teacher-researchers and union actors to the new reference system, which has, moreover, greatly transformed their daily lives. In general, all actors agree on the inadequacy of financial support for the reforms, but many also point to the lack of competence and qualification of the leaders responsible for their implementation in the universities. Overall, university stakeholders have a very pessimistic view of the future of Guinea's public universities, which are struggling/grappling with problems of underfunding, understaffing and poor training of teaching staff, chronic mismatch of university programs with the needs of the labor market, outdated and inadequate infrastructure, and poor governance. Keywords: Africa, Guinea, new world educational order, university actors, universities, neoliberal reforms, LMD, appropriation, higher education.