Ressource naturelle aussi précieuse qu’indispensable à nos sociétés contemporaines que pendant l’Antiquité, l’eau est le point central de ce sujet de doctorat, que nous avons décidé d’aborder sous l’angle de sa gestion par les différents échelons du pouvoir au sein de l’Empire romain mais également au niveau individuel et privé, et cela à travers l’exemple de la ville romaine de Dougga, située en Afrique Proconsulaire, l’actuelle Tunisie. Cette problématique propose ainsi de s’intéresser aux moyens mis en œuvre par les différents niveaux de responsabilités dans le but d’approvisionner et de gérer les besoins en eau d’une importante ville romaine d’Afrique, en se consacrant à l’étude des différents types d’installations hydrauliques. Cette recherche permet de distinguer les techniques de construction et d’identifier les savoir-faire locaux et les influences romaines. Enfin, la confrontation des équipements hydrauliques entre les différents types d’édifices, permet d’évaluer le mode de gestion de l’eau à l’échelle de la ville. / Natural resource as precious and indispensable to contemporary society during ancient times, water is the central topic of this thesis. We decided to address in terms of its management by different levels of power within the Roman Empire but also at individual and private, through the example of the provincial city of Thugga, in Africa Proconsularis, now Tunisia. This issue proposes to focus the resources used by the different levels of responsibilities in order to supply and manage the water needs of an important Roman city of Africa, dedicated to the study of different types of hydraulic structures.

PURPOSE: To investigate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics in the aqueduct of Sylvius in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and healthy controls (HC) using cine phase contrast imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In all, 67 MS patients (48 relapsing-remitting [RR] and 19 secondary-progressive [SP]), nine patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), and 35 age- and sex-matched HC were examined. CSF flow and velocity measures were quantified using a semiautomated method and compared with clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) disease outcomes. RESULTS: Significantly decreased CSF net flow was detected in MS patients compared to HC (-3.7 vs. -7.1 muL/beat, P = 0.005). There was a trend for increased net positive flow between SP, RR, and CIS patients. Altered CSF flow and velocity measures were associated with more severe T1 and T2 lesion volumes, lateral and fourth ventricular volumes, and third ventricular width in MS and CIS patients (P < 0.01 for all). In CIS patients, conversion to clinically definite MS in the following year was related to decreased CSF net flow (P = 0.007). There was a trend between increased annual relapse rate and altered CSF flow/velocity measures in RRMS patients (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: CSF flow dynamics are altered in MS patients. More severe clinical and MRI outcomes in RRMS and CIS patients relate to altered CSF flow and velocity measures.

Over thousands of years, the eastern part of the Mediterranean has developed ways to supply and manage its water resources. The most important evidence of this is the water networks that are distributed in the area. Case studies involving a literature review, fieldwork, sample collection and analysis were conducted that focused on two areas in the West Bank: Nablus city and the northern part of Jordan Valley. These locations were chosen because Nablus city and its vicinity have many of Roman tunnels and aqueducts while the Jordan Valley has many watermills. This study aims to examine the changes in water quality over time in various ways; in an attempt to explain environmental degradation, to understand archeological aspects relating to the water management system, and to piece together what sustained the past environmental development. Throughout centuries carbonate deposits have accumulated along the sidewalls of the water system, containing and archiving geochemical and hydraulic information. These carbonate deposits were sampled from the walls of tunnels together with water samples from the tunnel and surrounding springs in the area. In addition, carbonate sinter has accumulated at the outlet of the watermill on the water shaft. This sinter was also sampled along with water samples from the springs and the water in the Wadi in the area. Water and carbonate samples were analyzed. Water analysis included major cations and anions, trace elements, rare earth elements, 18O/16O isotope ratio, and 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratio. Results indicate the presence of different underground water bodies and Sr resources. Furthermore, thin sections were made from the carbonate samples for SEM–EDX analyses and microscopic investigations. The microscope analysis showed that the distribution of minerals precipitated differs within one sample. Likewise, SEM–EDX results show a variation in element distribution along the growth axis. After finishing the analysis of water samples and thin sections, the layers of the carbonate samples were acidified and trace elements and rare earth elements were measured by means of ICP–MS. Then selected layers were prepared for isotope analyses (18O, 13C, and 87Sr/86Sr) and subsequently measured. The carbonate samples were dated using the U–Th method. Rare earth elements and trace elements measurements provide clear evidence that urbanization has an adverse effect on groundwater quality. Different groundwater bodies were identified by means of geochemical analysis. In the same way, the water sources used to feed the ancient water system were also identified. Through petrological and geochemical analysis, the sustainability of the watermill concept could be demonstrated. This study recommends a more controlled regulation of urbanization expansion. It will only be possible to continue living in this region with sufficient amounts of groundwater and innovative techniques for water supply and management that are environmentally sustainable, as it used to be centuries ago.

Η παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή διατριβή έχει ως στόχο τη διερεύνηση ζητημάτων διατήρησης και ανάδειξης πολιτιστικών αγαθών, καθώς και το θέμα της ένταξής τους στον σύγχρονο τρόπο ζωής. Έτσι, διαρθρώνεται σε τρία μέρη. Το πρώτο αφορά στο θεσμικό πλαίσιο, κάτω από το οποίο λαμβάνουν χώρα οι όποιες προσπάθειες στο ζήτημα της διαφύλαξης, αλλά και σε θεωρητικές ή τεχνικές προσεγγίσεις και παράγοντες που σχετίζονται με την ανάδειξη. Το δεύτερο μέρος εκθέτει την πολεοδομική και ιστορική εξέλιξη του χώρου της Πάτρας, εντοπίζοντας την περισσότερο πάσχουσα και υποβαθμισμένη περιοχή στο κέντρο της πόλης, τον ενδιάμεσο χώρο της Άνω και της Κάτω πόλης, ενώ στο τρίτο μέρος γίνεται προσπάθεια υλοποίησης σε μορφή σχεδιαστικών προτάσεων, στην συγκεκριμένη περιοχή, όλων εκείνων των πορισμάτων που διεξήχθησαν από το πρώτο μέρος. / The present postgraduate thesis aims at the investigation of maintenance and distinction of cultural goods, as well as the subject of integration in the modern way of life. Thus, it is structured in three parts. First part concerns in the institutional frame, which has to do with the subjects of safeguarding, but also in theoretical or technical approaches and factors that are related with the distinction. In the second part is exposed the urban and historical development of Patras. It is also located the region in the centre of city which suffers and is downgraded the most, and for this thesis will be called as the intermediary space of Upper and Down city of Patras, while in the third part takes place an effort of effectuation of a scheme, considered all the conclusions that were carried out by the first part, by design proposals, for the particular region.

Over thousands of years, the eastern part of the Mediterranean has developed ways to supply and manage its water resources. The most important evidence of this is the water networks that are distributed in the area. Case studies involving a literature review, fieldwork, sample collection and analysis were conducted that focused on two areas in the West Bank: Nablus city and the northern part of Jordan Valley. These locations were chosen because Nablus city and its vicinity have many of Roman tunnels and aqueducts while the Jordan Valley has many watermills. This study aims to examine the changes in water quality over time in various ways; in an attempt to explain environmental degradation, to understand archeological aspects relating to the water management system, and to piece together what sustained the past environmental development. Throughout centuries carbonate deposits have accumulated along the sidewalls of the water system, containing and archiving geochemical and hydraulic information. These carbonate deposits were sampled from the walls of tunnels together with water samples from the tunnel and surrounding springs in the area. In addition, carbonate sinter has accumulated at the outlet of the watermill on the water shaft. This sinter was also sampled along with water samples from the springs and the water in the Wadi in the area. Water and carbonate samples were analyzed. Water analysis included major cations and anions, trace elements, rare earth elements, 18O/16O isotope ratio, and 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratio. Results indicate the presence of different underground water bodies and Sr resources. Furthermore, thin sections were made from the carbonate samples for SEM–EDX analyses and microscopic investigations. The microscope analysis showed that the distribution of minerals precipitated differs within one sample. Likewise, SEM–EDX results show a variation in element distribution along the growth axis. After finishing the analysis of water samples and thin sections, the layers of the carbonate samples were acidified and trace elements and rare earth elements were measured by means of ICP–MS. Then selected layers were prepared for isotope analyses (18O, 13C, and 87Sr/86Sr) and subsequently measured. The carbonate samples were dated using the U–Th method. Rare earth elements and trace elements measurements provide clear evidence that urbanization has an adverse effect on groundwater quality. Different groundwater bodies were identified by means of geochemical analysis. In the same way, the water sources used to feed the ancient water system were also identified. Through petrological and geochemical analysis, the sustainability of the watermill concept could be demonstrated. This study recommends a more controlled regulation of urbanization expansion. It will only be possible to continue living in this region with sufficient amounts of groundwater and innovative techniques for water supply and management that are environmentally sustainable, as it used to be centuries ago.:Declaration V Acknowledgment VI Abstract VIII List of Figures X List of Tables XVI List of Abbreviations XVII Terms and definitions XIX 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Structure of the thesis 1 1.2 General information, background 2 1.2.1 Spiritual value of water in Palestine 2 1.2.2 Water resources and management condition in Palestine 3 1.2.3 Water crisis in Palestine 4 1.3 Motivation 5 1.4 Hypothesis 6 1.5 Location of study area 6 1.5.1 Description of geology and hydrogeology of the study area 8 1.5.2 Climate 13 2. Literature review 18 2.1 Research history of aqueducts 18 2.2 Aqueducts in Palestine 18 2.2.1 Agricultural aqueducts (related to watermills) in Palestine 20 2.3 Utilization of springs in Palestine 21 2.3.1 Ancient water system in Nablus–Sebestia 22 2.4 Carbonate sinter accumulation in aqueducts and artificial water network 24 2.4.1 Research history of secondary carbonate sinter 26 2.4.2 Growth mechanism of secondary carbonate 29 2.4.3 Carbonate sinter analysis 30 3. Methodology 33 3.1 Literature review 33 3.2 Fieldwork 34 3.3 Sampling and analysis 37 3.3.1 Water samples: 37 3.3.2 Carbonate samples 38 3.3.3 U–Th series dating 41 3.4 Software used 43 3.5 Challenges 43 4. Results and discussion (Nablus area) 45 4.1 Ancient water system description 45 4.2 Water sample results and discussion 54 4.2.1 Stable isotope 59 4.2.2 Strontium isotope analysis (87Sr/86Sr) 60 4.2.3 Saturation index 62 4.2.4 Discussion 63 4.3 Carbonate analysis (host rock) 64 4.4 Aqueduct building material 65 4.5 Secondary carbonate analysis 66 4.5.1 Ras Al Ein location (S-2) 66 4.5.2 Ijnisinya location (S-9) 72 4.5.3 Harun Location (S-8) 79 4.5.4 Water tunnel Location (A-1) 86 4.5.5 Water aqueduct Location (A-4) 99 4.6 Discussion 101 4.6.1 Is urbanization a source of groundwater quality degradation? 101 4.6.3 Paleoclimate calculations 105 5. Results and discussion (Al Malih area) 107 5.1 Water system description 107 5.2 Geochemical results (water) 108 5.3 Geochemical results (Carbonate) 111 5.3 Sustainability of watermills 113 6. Conclusions and recommendation 115 6.1 Conclusions 115 6.2 Recommendations 116 6.2.1 Recommendation for further research 116 6.2.2 Recommendation for policy makers 116 References 118