This paper explores winter patios in Edmonton through the lens of place and climate sensitive design, then reflects upon the existing regulations that influence the design and management of winter patios in Edmonton. The City of Edmonton provides this research opportunity because it is currently pursuing the creation of a four-season patio culture in the city, and has created a strong WinterCity agenda. The introduction explores Edmonton’s local climate and its winter city strategy. This is followed by an explanation of the study’s methodology. The purpose of this thesis is to study how climate sensitive design principles can be applied to create places that attract winter activity. The research questions ask how climate sensitive design principles are currently incorporated in patios, what barriers exist to creating these spaces, and how to overcome these barriers in municipal processes. Many cities in cold climates seek ways to create vibrant, active cities through all seasons, and this study explores how climate sensitive planning principles can help create environments that invite winter activity. To answer the research question, a qualitative methodology was used to examine the case study of Edmonton winter patios using Eliasson’s (2007) concept of place and microclimate. The study identifies design weaknesses in Edmonton patios with little provision of shelter from wind, snow and rain, as well as limited consideration of snow storage and removal. Interviews and document review identify lack of interest and a lack of attention to the physical component of place as barriers to the creation of winter patios. Finally, the use of analytical tools such as urban climatic maps are suggested, as well as the introduction of microclimate standards so information about weather and microclimate can influence how physical components of place are planned and evaluated.

Earlier studies in the context of windows and blinds selection have mostly tried to increase the awareness regarding various effects of windows and blinds selection on subjective well-being, including their effect on visual comfort, thermal comfort, energy consumption and life cycle cost. However, the main problem is the potential conflicts between visual comfort, thermal comfort, energy consumption and life cycle cost. Increased awareness about the contradictory effect of windows and blinds selection on subjective well-being on one hand and lack of a feasible method in managing the conflicts on the other hand may bind individuals, as decision-makers, in a situation where they follow the immediate economic benefits rather than the long-term visual and thermal benefits. To solve the mentioned problem, this study analysed first the degree of the conflicts between average daylight illuminance and total energy consumption in Sweden. This decision was made due to large variation in solar elevation angle and solar intensity between summer and winter in Sweden, which has significant effects on daylight illuminance and total energy consumption. Analysing the conflicts was accomplished by developing two multivariate linear regression models for calculating average daylight illuminance and total energy consumption. Comparison and analysis of the multivariate linear regression models showed the existence of a high degree of conflicts, which makes window and blind selection a rather complex multidimensional problem. Specifying the degree of the conflicts formed a hypothesis as: “A multi criteria decision-making method increases the controllability and manages the conflicts in selecting windows and blinds”. The developed hypothesis was later tested by employing analytical hierarchy process, as widely used multi criteria decisionmaking method. The analytical hierarchy process prioritizes decision-maker’ preferences and introduces a desired trade-off solution. The results of employing analytical hierarchy process showed the capability of it in managing the conflicts among visual comfort, thermal comfort, energy consumption and life cycle cost. Finally, the application of the analytical hierarchy process was expanded by integrating it with nondominated sorting genetic algorithm-II, as an optimization algorithm. Through this integration, optimization algorithm combines windows’ and blinds’ design variables and analyses a large number of solutions, while analytical hierarchy process ranks the solutions based on decision-makers’ preferences and introduces a desired trade-off solution. The integration between analytical hierarchy process and the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm-II was presented later as a conceptual framework. The developed conceptual framework can be used for selecting windows and blinds II in both residential and commercial buildings. In selecting windows and blinds, the conceptual framework is a novel solution to the lack of a feasible method for increasing the controllability for decision-makers and obtaining a desired trade-off solution. / Tidigare studier avseende val av fönster och solskydd har främst försökt fastställa olika effekter som valet av fönster och solskydd har på det subjektiva välbefinnandet. Detta inkluderar dessa föremåls effekt på den visuella komforten, den termiska komforten, energiförbrukningen och livscykelkostnaderna. Det huvudsakliga problemet är dock de potentiella konflikterna mellan visuell komfort, termisk komfort, energiförbrukning och livscykelkostnader. Avsaknaden av en metod för att hantera denna konflikt leder till att beslutfattaren fastnar i en situation där de snarare gör sitt val utifrån omedelbara ekonomiska fördelar än de långsiktiga visuella och termiska fördelarna. För att lösa ovan nämnda problem analyserades konflikterna mellan det genomsnittliga dagsljusinsläppet och den totala energiförbrukningen i Sverige. En av huvudanledningarna till konflikterna är att solens infallsvinkel och intensitet varierar kraftigt mellan sommar och vinter i Sverige. Detta har betydande effekter på dagsljusinfallet och den totala energiförbrukningen. Konflikterna analyserades genom att utveckla två multivariata linjära regressionsmodeller för att beräkna det genomsnittliga dagsljusinfallet och den totala energiförbrukningen. En jämförelse och analys av de multivariata linjära regressionsmodellerna påvisade en hög grad av konflikter, vilket gör valet av fönster och solskydd till ett komplext och flerdimensionellt problem. Bestämningen av graden av konflikt formade följande hypotes: ” En multikriterieanalysbaserat beslutsstöd ökar kontrollerbarheten och hanterar konflikter vid valet av fönster och solskydd”. Den utvecklade hypotesen testades senare med hjälp av Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), en ofta använd multikriterieanalys metod för beslutsfattande. Metoden tar fram lösningar genom att göra prioriteringar enligt beslutsfattarens preferenser. Resultaten av att tillämpa metoden visade metodens förmåga att lösa konflikterna kring visuell komfort, termisk komfort, energiförbrukning och livscykelkostnad. Slutligen utökades metoden genom att integrera AHP med optimeringsalgoritmen Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II. Genom denna integrering kombinerar optimeringsalgoritmen fönstrens och solskyddens design variabler till ett stort antal lösningsförslag. Dessa lösningsförslag analyseras och till sist rangordnas lösningsförslagen med hjälp av AHP baserat på beslutsfattarnas preferenser. Integreringen av AHP och optimeringsalgoritmen presenterades som ett konceptuellt ramverk. I valet av fönster och solskydd är det konceptuella ramverket en ny lösning för att öka den upplevda kontrollen och därmed förstärka det subjektiva välbefinnandet. / ProWood

Sammanfattning Syfte: Det främsta problemet med implementering av BIM inom kalkyl är brister och felaktigheter i 3D-modeller (tredimensionell modell) som medför att de inte blir pålitliga. Målet med detta arbete är därför att klargöra hur informationskvalitén i en BIM-modell kan förbättras för att därmed öka användningen av BIM inom kalkyl hos byggföretag. Metod: Intervjuer, observationsstudier och litteraturstudier är de metoder som har valts för att besvara frågeställningarna i rapporten. Intervjuer utfördes med företag som har implementerat BIM inom kalkyl, med sådana som inte har infört och med företag som håller på att införa det. Observationsstudier genomfördes med handledarföretaget där kalkylprocessen redovisades tydligt. Litteraturstudier har pågått under hela arbetets gång för att ha en teoretisk grund i det hela. Informationen från dessa tre metoder har sedan jämförts för att därefter dra rimliga slutsatser. Resultat: En vägledning för branschen som lösning till kvalitetsproblem i modeller är att upprätta manualer. Dessa ska användas vid skapandet av modeller vilket troligtvis ska medföra reducering av felaktigheter. Dock krävs det även erfarenhet och kompetens inom personal samt investeringar på kostnad- och tid. Konsekvenser: Skulle implementering av BIM inom kalkyl lyckas medför det att säkrare kalkyler kan utföras vilket stärker företagets konkurrenskraft. Genom att implementera detta så tidigt som möjligt kan företagen utvecklas och undvika att hamna efter i branschen. Detta gynnar både företaget och den nya tekniken samtidigt som stora tids och kostnadsbesparingar erhålls. En implementering som denna kan lyckas vid upprättning av manualer med tydliga kravspecifikationer som tillämpas vid modellskapandet. Detta med hjälp av rätt erfarenheter och kompetenser bland involverad personal. Begränsningar: De begränsningar som finns i resultaten är bland annat att entreprenadformer och ansvarsförhållanden inte inkluderas. Dessutom är det avgränsat till att enbart behandla BIM i tidiga kalkylskeden vilket därmed medför att BIM inom planering, produktion, förvaltning och övriga skeden utesluts. Nyckelord: BIM, 5D, fördelar, kostnader, manualer. / Abstract Purpose: The main problem with implementation of BIM within calculation is the weaknesses and inaccuracies in 3D-models that makes them unreliable. The aim of this work is therefore to clarify how the information quality in a BIM model can be improved to thereby increase the use of BIM within calculation of construction companies. Method: Interviews, observation studies and literature studies are the chosen methods to answer the questions in the report. Interviews were conducted with companies that have implemented BIM within calculation, with those who have not introduced it yet, and with those who are about to implement it. Observation studies were conducted with the supervisor company where the calculation process was clearly reported. Literature studies have been done throughout the course to have a theoretical knowledge of the whole. The information from these three methods has then been compared to therefore make good conclusions. Findings: A guidance to the industry as a solution to quality problems in models is to set up manuals. These will be used during the creation of the models which will probably lead to a reduction of errors. However, it also requires experience and skills in staff as well as investments on cost and time. Implications: If the implementation of BIM within calculation succeeds, it will be possible to make safer calculations that strengthen the company's competitiveness. By implementing this as early as possible, companies can develop and avoid falling behind in the industry. This benefits both the company and the new technology while achieving great time and cost savings. An implementation like this can be successful in establishing manuals with clear requirement specifications which are applied during the creation of a model. This can be done with right experience and skills in the involved staff. Limitations: The limitations in the results are among other things, the fact that construction contracts and allocation of responsibilities are not included. In addition, it is limited to treat BIM in early calculation phases, which means that BIM in planning, production, management and other stages are excluded.  Keywords: BIM, 5D, benefits, costs, manuals.

Purpose: Sustainable construction in the construction industry is a constantly recurring topic on climate issues around the world. In Sweden the majority of the newly construction foundation is made of concrete, steel and reinforcement. To reduce these emissions wood materials can be used in the construction instead. And to increase the wood materials in constructions a wooden building strategy can be used. The aim with this report is to develop a comprehensive basic wooden building strategy for municipalities in Sweden. This will be achieved by analysing municipalities success in the specific area and take advantage of the knowledge of actors involved with the area. In this report the strategy and the way to the strategy will be presented.  Method: The method in this report are qualitative case studies and the collection method of the empiricism is literature surveys, document analysis and interviews.  Selected methods form the basis for analyzing Eksjös, Växjös and Skellefteå municipality's current wooden building strategies as well as the knowledge of a researcher and university lecturer, the collected data will result in developing a common basic wooden building strategy for municipalities in need.   Findings: This report has added new knowledge and shows how a wooden building strategy should be design based on the conditions of the municipalities and that the working methods vary and look different. The development process of the strategy is an important element that is decisive for how well the strategy works, in this process the content of the strategy as well as its vision and goals are discussed. A wooden building strategy should include requirement where follow-up can be done and show if the goals are achieved, also dialogues and contact should exist with the construction industries actors to increase wood construction in municipalities.  Implications: Swedish municipalities can motivate wooden construction though a wooden building strategy where, through commands, promises and strategies, they contribute to increase interest. The development process is one of the most important part of designing a building strategy. Municipalities that develop a wooden building strategy must have clear goals and visions with the strategy. Gathering knowledge is the key to a well-functional strategy where municipalities have a good dialogue and corporation with actors. In the development process it is recommenced that you influenced by the leading edge of various organizations and municipalities in the area and see its weak points and take note of its strong points. This contributes to a well-designed wooden building strategy.  Limitations: The study is mainly limited to multi-storey houses and wooden buildings in Sweden. Recommendations and conclusions, together with the empiricism, are the authors' own thoughts and ideas. The limitation of the work and the goal is that the municipalities cannot use the model directly but must adapt the content based on their own conditions and visions.  Keywords: Wooden building strategy, concrete, CO2, wooden building, wooden buildings Sweden, Strategy

Externhandelsområden står inför stora utmaningar i och med den digitaliserade handeln och samhällets utveckling mot det hållbara samhället. I takt med att städerna växer blir de externa handelsområdena en del av staden. Järfälla kommun i Stockholms län, nämner i sin översiktsplan att Barkarby Handelsplats år 2050 ska ha en stadsmässig bebyggelse som binder samman kommunens centrum till en stor kommunkärna. Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka möjligheterna att minska den externahandelns bilberoende genom förtätning. Frågan besvarades genom ett områdesförslag för Barkarby Handelsplats där handeln har anpassats till en stadsmässig struktur, med god tillgänglighet och fortsatt ekonomiskt värde. Genom teoretiska studier om förtätning kunde det konstateras att förtätning är en fungerande strategi för minskad biltrafik, om det görs i samband med en förbättrad kollektivtrafik. Studierna visade också att handeln anpassas allt mer till ett digitaliserat samhälle samtidigt som vikten av fysiska butiker fortfarandeär viktig för lönsamheten. Genom att minska butiksytorna och implementera hemleverans för stora varor kunde handeln anpassas till en stadsmässig struktur. För att behålla områdets tillgänglighet förbättrades områdets gång- och cykelnät, parkeringsplatser samlades vid områdets utkant och en ny kollektivtrafiklinje drogs genom området. / Decentralized retail sites are facing increased challenges with retail digitalization. Another challenge is that societies are progressing towards sustainable cities. As the cities grow the decentralized retail sites are becoming a centralized part of the city. Järfälla municipality in Stockholm County, mentions in their latest comprehensive plan that Barkarby Retail Center will have an urban development scheme in 2050. The plan also states that the area will be a part in connecting the local municipality centers. The aim of this study was to determine the possibilities of reducing car dependency in decentralized retail sites with compact development. The study resulted in an area proposal for Barkarby Retail Center, where the existing retail were adapted to an urban development with an improved accessibility and continued economic value. Theoretical studies concluded that compact development is a working strategy to make people drive less, if it is combined with an improved public transport. The studies also concluded that even though the retail is getting more digitalized, the importance of physical stores is still proven to be important for profitability. By minimizing the retail space and implementing home delivery for bulky goods, the decentralized retail could be adapted to an urban development scheme. In order to maintain the accessibility of the area, the area’s pedestrian and bicycle networks were improved, parking spaces were gathered at the outskirts of the area and a new public transport line was drawn through the area.

Background: The building industry is slowly but progressively shifting from the ‘take-make-dispose’principle of the linear economy towards a circular economy (CE), where waste is minimized and reintroduced to the loop of production. In this way, the loop of materials, energy and waste flows is closed; all for the hopes of saving the environment. Nonetheless, studies show that this is not the main incentivefor which architects and engineers implement CE principles into their projects and businesses but rather because they are interested in the innovative aspect of CE (Alhawari, et al., 2021). Previous research has also shown that there is a positive correlation between this innovation incentive and the growth thata company has experienced over the years (Horbach & Rammer, 2020). Innovation as such allows companies to attain competitiveness and make their presence stronger in the market (Raghuvanshi & Agrawal, 2020). Objectives: The objective is to extend previous studies about innovation being the main incentivedriving the implementation of CE principles in the building industry. Furthermore, the relationship between company growth and the strength of the innovation incentive is studied, as well as the relationship between company growth and the number of CE projects a company has worked on over the last years.  Methodology: The study is based on a quantitative approach for data collection and data analysis. The data comes from 70 architectural and engineering companies operating in various countries of the European Union and is analyzed with the help of descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney U tests through STATA software.  Results: Innovation is proved to be the main incentive, driving the transition towards CE in the building industry; it is also clearly proven that there is a positive correlation between the innovation incentiveand the company growth. Diving deeper into the subject, no correlation was found between the numberof CE projects and the company growth. However, categorizing the companies based on their size and discipline, a positive correlation was found between the number of CE projects and the growth of big architecture companies. All the observations of positive correlation are in line with previous literature. Conclusions: Saving the planet, which is the reason that initiated the CE concept, is not the main incentive. Architects and engineers are innovative by their nature and always aim to follow trends thatallow them to think outside the box to help their business grow and have their name heard. The effect of innovation on the success of a company should be taken into consideration when developing newbusiness models and setting goals, as well as when recruiting new employees. Recommendations for future research: Future research could broaden the geographical area and try to find if there are different outcomes for other parts of the world. Additionally, an understanding of why only big architectural companies showed a correlation between their growth and their number of CE projects could be achieved by studying a larger sample and defining growth by using other factors.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the Swedish construction industry with regard to the fact that the Construction and Real Estate sector today accounts for one third of Sweden's waste and one fifth of greenhouse gas emissions. The aim was also to inform new ways of reducing these emissions through circular construction (CC) where the study focuses on examining the effects of circular construction, the meaning of CC and how to promote circular construction in the construction sector through different working methods. The aim of the study was to inform on this way of working for actors in the industry who today do not work according to the circular principles, and further provide more knowledge on the subject.  Method: The study is conducted as a qualitative case study and is mainly based on semi-structured interviews and literature studies in the form of document studies obtained from various databases. To achieve a result, various actors in the construction industry who are familiar with the subject of circular economy have been asked to participate for an interview. The interviews were used in this study as primary data as it was the experiences and perceptions of the different actors on which the study is based, the document studies were used as secondary data to find out whether there were similarities from previous studies or not.  Findings: The results showed that actors in the construction industry have a relatively common view of circular construction. For most people, the meaning is to reuse and reuse materials as widely as possible. Through recycling matrices and action plans, the development towards a more circular construction industry has begun. The results also showed effects on CC in the form of less carbon dioxide emissions and that it may be more profitable in the future to work in a circular manner. Furthermore, the results also showed effects such as ignorance of the subject, lack of cooperation and that the transition from linear to circular construction is a long and difficult process.  Implications: Conclusions that can be drawn from the study is that today it is more costly to reuse than to buy new material and that new strategies are therefore required. Likewise, the construction industry must begin to see the opportunities that exist in recycled materials that will make it possible for new types of work. Further recommendations are to investigate why more customers do not demand to work more circularly, and to carry out studies that show which materials are easier to reuse.  Limitations: The study was chosen to be limited to actors who are familiar with circular construction in order to reduce its scope, however, more actors who do not work in this way could have contributed with more perspectives on the subject. The study was delimited geographically by focusing on Sweden and Swedish companies in order to be able to produce a generalized picture of the Swedish construction industry. Afterwards it has been realized that other countries have come further in the transition from linear to circular construction.  Keywords: Design for deconstruction, linear economy, circular economy, circular construction, reuse, recycling, material waste.

Framgången i ett komplicerat byggprojekt bygger på välplanerad projektering som i sin tur är beroende av erfarna aktörer för att kunna vara konkurrenskraftig. Genom att utnyttja parameterstyrda modeller i bland annat repetitiva projekteringsprocesser kan även samarbetet mellan arkitekter, konstruktörer och projektörer effektiviseras. Arbetet syftar till att undersöka vikten av parameterstyrda modeller för byggbranschen tidigt i projekteringsfasen och bland annat identifiera fördelar och nackdelar genom en enkätundersökning och skapandet av en parameterstyrd bågbro i Grasshopper. Bland annat ges en introduktion i hur parameterstyrning av ett projekt skulle kunna genomföras och de möjligheter och utmaningar som följer. De frågeställningar som studien behandlar är: • I vilken utsträckning används parameterstyrning i branschen? • Vilka för- och nackdelar finns det med parameterstyrningsprocessen inom byggbranschen? • Vilka möjligheter och utmaningar medföljer parameterstyrd modellering? I dagsläget används inte parameterstyrning i stor utsträckning i Sverige. Ett fåtal aktörer nyttjar potentialen men alla ser värdet och möjligheterna. De närmsta åren kommer mer parameterstyrda modeller utvecklas av aktörer inom byggbranschen i Sverige och precis som 3D- modeller inte var standard för ett decennium sedan kommer förmodligen även parameterstyrda modeller bli allt vanligare. Nackdelarna med parameterstyrning är den initiala investeringen som krävs av företagen samt kompetensbristen och den utdragna inlärningsprocessen som medföljer. Fördelarna är många men de som primärt har identifierats är effektivisering av repetitiva arbetsuppgifter och modeller. Effektivisering av projekteringen i form av kostnadseffektivisering och anbud samt smidiga revideringar. Återanvändning av likartade projekt vilket hela tiden leder till förbättringar genom återkoppling av referensprojekt. De utmaningar som medföljer parameterstyrd modellering ställer stora krav på företag och framförallt utbildningsinstituten. Mer kompetens i form av programmering och datavetenskap bör integreras i utbildningarna för att minimera inlärningskurvan. Modelleringsverktyg som Revit, Rhinoceros och AutoCad underlättar övergången mellan traditionell modellering och parameterstyd modellering men utan grundläggande kunskaper i datavetenskap kommer de parameterstyrda modellerna vara begränsade. / A key to success in a complicated building project is the project planning itself and the people involved. To be competitive, repetitive tasks among others have to be automated with the use of parametric design. Computational design can greatly improve the collaboration between architects, designers and structural engineers. The aim of this study is to identify the use and importance of parametrized models in the Swedish construction industry by the use of survey research. This study will also develop an arch bridge with Grasshopper in Rhinoceros 6. After doing so the advantages and drawbacks of this type of modeling will be analyzed. The study revealed that the use of parametric design isn´t well established in the Swedish construction industry. Most companies that participated in this survey recognizes the possibilities and want to see a development in the area. The downside of computational design is the initial cost and lack of competence in the field. The knowledge required by the user is also a restriction for many companies, because well established scripts and stable models require an experienced and educated user. The advantages that´s primarily been identified in this study through the survey are the optimization of repetitive tasks and models as well as cost optimization in the initial planning phase. By reusing and improving scripts with each reference project each company can increase its competitiveness in their own area of expertise. This requires involvement from the educational institutes in the form of increased programming and computer sciences skills incorporated in the education of engineers. Whilst engineers with their modelling knowledge in traditional software can adapt to software´s like Grasshopper their lack of basic knowledge in computer science will restrict the complexity of the models themselves.

Syfte: VR förbättrar kommunikationen mellan aktörer men merarbete krävs för att skapa VR-modeller. Övriga begräsningar generella för BIM är juridisk osäkerhet, bristande kompetens bland personal samt ändrat arbetsflöde. Särskilt små företag behöver mer forskning för att använda BIM applikationer som VR. Målet är att visa ett förslag, på ett attraktivt sätt, hur mindre arkitektföretag kan använda VR-modeller och presentationer i tidiga skeden under slutkundsmöten. Detta baserat på arkitektföretagets önskemål och resurser. Metod: Kvalitativa metoder fallstudie och intervjuer har använts för att nå målet. Först utfördes intervjuer med BIM-ansvarig och projektörer. Fallstudien bygger på att en befintlig 3D-modell bearbetades till VR-modell och testades i en workshop. Deltagarna i workshopen var projektörer och slutkunder. För att sammanfatta workshopen intervjuades deltagarna. Resultat: Att skapa en VR-modell och hålla möte med slutkund var uppskattat av projektörer och slutkunder. Den resurs som främst behövdes var tid för att skapa modellen samt inlärning av nytt arbetssätt. HMD i kombination med datorskärm anses vara en god presentationsteknik. Främst material var svår att presentera genom VR och begränsat till ett mindre arkitektföretags resurser. Slutkunderna uppfattade att VR-modellen endast var en guide. Konsekvenser: Mindre arkitektföretag kan använda VR vid slutkundsmöte. Det behövs avsättas tid för att modellera VR samt inlärning av nytt arbetssätt. HMD i kombination med datorskärm bör användas för VR-presentation. För att förtydliga att VR endast användas som guide kan leveransmedelande användas. Begränsningar: Studien inriktar sig på ett företags synvinkel. Ett företag ingår i studien. / Purpose: VR improves communication between stakeholders but extra work is a demand to create a VR-model. Additional limitations general for BIM is legal uncertainty, lack of competence among employees and changed workflow. Especially smaller companies need more research if they are going to use BIM application as VR. The goal is to show a suggestion, in an attractive way, how smaller architectural firms can use VR-models and presentation in early stage of the project during end customer meetings. This based on the firms desire and resources. Method: Qualitative method case studies and interviews is used to achieve the goal. First interviews are conducted with BIM-manger and designers. The case studies are based on an existing 3D-model processed to a VR-model and tested in a workshop. The participants in the workshop are designers and end customers. The participants in the workshop are interviewed to sum up the workshop. Findings: To create a VR-model and to hold end clients meeting with help of VR was appreciate by planers and end clients. Time for creating and learn new working strategy was the recurs that the company was in lack of. HMD in combination with computer screen was considered a good presentation. Material was hardest to present through VR restricted to a smaller architect firm. The end clients’ perceived that VR only was a guide. Implications: A smaller architect firm can use VR when holding an end client meeting. Time need to be assigned to create VR-models and learn new working strategy is. HMD in combination with computer screen is to prefer to when presenting VR. To clarify that VR is a guide a delivering message can be used. Limitations: The study focuses on a firm’s point of view. One firm is included in the study.

Världen idag står inför klimatförändringar och värmeböljor förväntas bli allt vanligare, långvarigare och intensivare. Byggnader är framför allt utformade för att bevara värme under kallare perioder och de flesta byggnader saknar möjlighet till aktiv kylning. Byggnader som klarar dagens energikrav behöver både vädring och solskydd för att inte uppnå hälsofarliga temperaturer under en värmebölja.  Under värmeböljor drabbas byggnader och människor i tätorter hårdare av värme än de ute på landsbygden eftersom värmen lagras i byggnader och solinstrålningen blir mer intensiv. Att utsättas för höga temperaturerna har en negativ effekt på människors hälsa och kan i värsta fall leda till dödlighet. Samtidigt ökar befolkningen inom tätorter och fler bostäder behöver byggas. Ökad bebyggelse kan leda till fler hårdytor och mindre grönska vilket i sin tur kan leda till ännu högre temperaturer i tätorter. Grön infrastruktur i tätorter kan bidra till temperatursänkning och är ett sätt att minska på konsekvenser från värmeböljor. Eftersom byggnader som klarar dagens energikrav behöver hjälpmedel för att inte uppnå höga inomhustemperaturer är det intressant att undersöka hur ett äldre flerbostadshus påverkas under samma omständigheter.  Syftet med studien är att bidra till ökad kunskap om hur det termiska inomhusklimatet i en äldre byggnad kan påverkas av en värmebölja, och hur grön infrastruktur på och runt byggnaden kan påverka det. Målet med studien är att besvara följande forskningsfrågor.  •       Hur kan en värmebölja påverka det termiska inomhusklimatet i ett tidstypiskt flerbostadshus från 1950-talet? •       Hur kan grön infrastruktur påverka det termiska inomhusklimatet i byggnaden?   Studien är en simuleringsstudie där datorprogrammet IDA ICE har använts för att skapa en modell av ett tidstypiskt flerbostadshus byggd på 50-talet. Simuleringar utfördes för att se hur inomhustemperaturen påverkas av en värmebölja. Den klimatdata som använts är från år 2018 i Göteborg där en värmebölja inträffade med utomhustemperaturer upp emot 35°C. Simuleringar för ett antal olika scenarion genomfördes för att undersöka om det var värmeböljan som påverkade det termiska inomhusklimatet eller om det var andra faktorer såsom, installationer eller brukarbeteenden. Grön infrastruktur i form av träd adderades sedan till scenarierna och simulerade inomhustemperaturer för scenarier med och utan träd jämfördes. Studiens resultat visade att värmeböljor bidrar till höga temperaturer i ett tidstypiskt flerbostadshus från 50-talet trots hjälpmedel som vädring. Den operativa inomhustemperaturen översteg Folkhälsmyndighetens rekommendationer vilket betyder att andra hjälpmedel måste installeras för att byggnaden inte ska uppnå höga temperaturer. Grön infrastruktur i form av tätare träd kunde sänka inomhustemperaturen med 3°C. Tätare träd sänkte inomhustemperaturen som max 2°C mer än glesare träd. Det visar att olika typer av gröna infrastruktur ger olika resultatet på inomhustemperaturen.  Studiens resultat pekar på behovet av att i fortsatta studier undersöka fler typer av grön infrastruktur, använda andra datorprogram eller undersöka andra parametrar som kan påverka inomhusklimatet. / The world is facing climate change and heat waves are expected to become more common, longer lasting and more intense. Buildings are primarily designed to retain heat during colder periods and most buildings do not have the option of active cooling. Buildings that meet today's energy requirements need both ventilation and sun protection in order to not reach unhealthy temperatures during a heat wave. Buildings and people in urban areas are hit harder by heat than those in rural areas during a heat wave because the heat is stored in buildings and the solar radiation becomes more intense. Exposure to high temperatures has a negative effect on human health and can, in worst case, lead to mortality. The population in urban areas are increasing and more homes need to be built. Increased buildings can lead to more hard surfaces and less greenery, which in turn can lead to even higher temperatures in urban areas. Green infrastructure in urban areas can contribute to lowering the temperature and is a way of reducing the consequences of heat waves. Since buildings that meet today's energy requirements need aid to not achieve high indoor temperatures, it is interesting to investigate how an older apartment building is affected under the same circumstances. The purpose of the study is to contribute to increased knowledge about how the thermal indoor climate in an older building can be affected by a heat wave, and how green infrastructure on and around the building can affect it. The aim of the study is to answer the following research questions. ·      How can a heat wave affect the thermal indoor climate in a typical apartment building from the 1950s? ·      How can green infrastructure affect the indoor thermal climate in the building? The study is a simulation study where the computer program IDA ICE has been used to create a model of a typical apartment building built in the 50s. Simulations were performed to see how the indoor temperature is affected by a heat wave. The climate data used is from 2018 in Gothenburg, where a heat wave occurred with outdoor temperatures up to 35 degrees. Simulations for several different scenarios were performed to investigate whether it was the heat wave that affected the thermal indoor climate or whether it was other factors such as, installations or user behaviors. Green infrastructure in the form of trees were then added to the scenarios and the simulated indoor temperatures for the scenarios with and without trees were compared. The results of the study showed that heat waves contribute to very high temperatures in a standard apartment building from the 50s, despite aids such as ventilation. The operating indoor temperature exceeded the Swedish Public Health Agency's recommendations, which means that other aids must be installed for the building to not reach high temperatures. Green infrastructure in the form of denser trees could lower the indoor temperature with 3°C. Denser trees lowered the indoor temperature by a maximum of 2°C more than sparser trees. It shows that different types of green infrastructure give different results on the indoor temperature. The results of the study show that further studies can investigate more types of green infrastructure, using other computer programs or investigating other parameters that can affect the indoor climate.