Diploma thesis deals with the effect of the hairstyle symmetry on the female face attractiveness. The aim of the thesis is to experimentally find out the possible relationship between the hairstyle symmetry and the attractiveness of the female face. To map out the views of attractiveness, an online questionnaire was submitted to the respondents of both sexes to evaluate female faces with a symmetrical and asymmetric hairstyles. A total of 56 images were created, which were evaluated by the respondents in terms of attractiveness on the scale of 1-10. Most respondents slightly favored the symmetrical hairstyles, only one sample of male respondents slightly favored the asymmetric hairstyles. Since the difference in symmetrical and asymmetric variations was not statistically significant in any case, it is possible to claim that the symmetry of the hairstyle does not affect the attractiveness of the female face.

This thesis concern how retailers reasons regarding where to locate their store. Previous research stipulates that retailers consider several factors that builds Retail Attractiveness when they decide their store location. The purpose of this thesis is to explore how retailers reason when it comes to where to locate their store. The study is conducted in Kristianstad, Sweden, with retailers located either in the city center, at the out-of-town shopping mall, or both. To fulfill the purpose, semi-structured interviews were held with four retailers that made different decision when C4 Shopping was established. Five interviews were conducted, lasting between 25 and 40 minutes. All interviews were held with store owners and decision-makers. A conceptual model was created from existing literature in order to analyze the results. The original model includes the factors Cluster effects, Accessibility, Atmosphere, and Place Attachment. Under the factors there are sub-factors to nuance the factors. The model ultimately leads to Retail Attractiveness. In the revised model three new factors were added: Rent, Safety, and Proximity to Workplaces. One sub-factor was also removed. It is concluded that retailers consider the factors in the revised model, rate the factors, and thereafter decide where to locate. This thesis adds insights on how retailers reason when they decide where to locate their store, and what factors they consider the as the most important. There is also a discussion on how the conceptual model can be used to measure Retail Attractiveness and explain retailers locational decisions in similar cases elsewhere.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a atratividade do sorriso entre os diferentes protocolos de tratamento da Classe II subdivisao (extracao de 1, 3 e 4 pre-molares) e verificar a influencia do tamanho do corredor bucal e corredor posterior na estetica do sorriso. A amostra consistiu de fotografias frontais do sorriso posado de 23, 25 e 20 individuos tratados com os protocolos de extracoes de 1, 3 e 4 pre-molares, respectivamente. Em cada fotografia, o corredor bucal e o corredor posterior foram medidos proporcionalmente a largura do sorriso. Por intermedio de um site na internet, as 68 fotografias foram avaliadas quanto a estetica por 46 leigos e 70 ortodontistas, utilizando-se de uma escala de 10 pontos. A atratividade do sorriso entre os 3 protocolos da Classe II subdivisao e os dois grupos de avaliadores foram comparados por meio da Analise de Variancia a dois criterios, enquanto que a influencia da idade e do genero do avaliador na avaliacao da atratividade foi verificada pela Analise de Covariancia. A influencia do tamanho do corredor bucal e do corredor posterior na atratividade do sorriso foi avaliada pelo teste de Correlação de Pearson. Para a comparacao do tamanho dos corredores bucais e corredores posteriores, entre os 3 grupos, foi aplicada a Analise de Variancia. Os resultados demonstraram que nao ha diferenca na atratividade do sorriso entre os pacientes tratados com extracoes de 1, 3 e 4 pre-molares, tanto para leigos quanto para ortodontistas, e o genero e a idade dos avaliadores nao influenciaram a avaliacao da estetica. Os tamanhos dos corredores bucais e dos posteriores nao tiveram correlacao com a atratividade do sorriso. Alem disso, os tamanhos dos corredores bucais e posteriores, entre os grupos, foram estatisticamente semelhantes. / The objective of this study was to compare smile attractiveness between different treatment protocols of Class II subdivision malocclusion (1, 3 and 4-premolar extraction protocols) and verify the esthetic influence of buccal and posterior corridors on the smile attractiveness. The sample consisted of posed smile photographs obtained from 68 subjects, divided into 3 groups according to the treatment extraction protocol. Group 1, treated with 1 premolar extraction protocol included 20 subjects. Group 2, treated with 4 premolars extraction included 25 subjects. The 23 patients in group 3 were treated with 3 premolars extraction. The buccal and posterior corridors of each picture were measured in proportion to the smile width. To rate the posed smile photographs, panels of 70 orthodontists and 46 laypeople used a 10-point scale. Smile attractiveness and differences between the 3 groups and between the 2 panels of raters were subjected to Two-way ANOVA. To determine the relationship between raters gender and age and the esthetic scores Analysis of Covariance was used. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the relationship of buccal and posterior corridors size to the esthetic score. The results showed that there were no significant differences in smile attractivenesss scores between the 3 groups and between orthodontists and laypeople. Also raters gender and age did not influence the esthetic score. The buccal and posterior corridors size did not influence the esthetic score. Besides that, buccal and posterior corridors size did not differ between the groups.

A simetria facial foi investigada como fator de atratividade em quatro experimentos. Fotos frontais em preto e branco de faces de homens e mulheres foram manipuladas por computação gráfica para gerar faces simétricas. No Exp. I as faces simétricas foram geradas a partir da reflexão das metades laterais, direita e esquerda, de cada face. Essas faces simétricas e suas respectivas faces naturais foram apresentadas a sujeitos para julgar o quão atrativa elas eram. Os resultados mostraram que faces assimétricas (naturais) foram julgadas como mais atrativas que as simétricas. No Exp. II utilizaram-se as mesmas faces simétricas e naturais do Exp. I, porém, excluindo-se os elementos externos da face por meio de uma moldura elíptica. Essas faces foram apresentadas aos pares e pediu-se para os participantes escolher a mais atrativa, além de julgar seu grau de atratividade. Os resultados mostraram que nenhuma foto simétrica foi julgada como mais atrativa que sua respectiva face natural, bem como as faces naturais foram mais escolhidas que as simétricas. A exclusão dos elementos externos das faces não contribuiu para aumentar o grau de atratividade das mesmas. No Exp. III as faces simétricas foram geradas por técnica de morphing a partir da imagem da face original e a sua respectiva imagem refletida. A apresentação e julgamentos das faces seguiram o modelo do Exp. II. Os resultados mostraram que nenhuma face simétrica obteve escore de atratividade maior que as naturais, mas com relação às escolhas, para faces masculinas houve maior número de escolhas para as faces simétricas. No Exp. IV foram utilizadas as mesmas faces simétricas e naturais do Exp. III, excluindo-se os elementos faciais externos. Os resultados indicaram maior escores de atratividade, bem como um maior número de escolhas das faces simétricas. Comparadas ao Exp. III houve um aumento nos escores de atratividade para as faces simétricas e uma diminuição dos escores para as faces naturais. Conclui-se que a simetria não deve ser considerada como um fator isolado na análise da atratividade facial; relações entre outros elementos podem contribuir para tornar uma face mais atrativa. / The facial symmetry was investigated as attractiveness factor in four experiments. Front pictures in black and white of men\'s and women?s faces were manipulated by graphic computation to create symmetrical faces. In Exp. I, the symmetrical faces were created starting from the lateral half right and left reflection, of each face. Those symmetrical faces and their respective natural faces were presented to people that had to judge how attractive they were. The results showed that asymmetrical faces (natural) were judged as more attractive than the symmetrical ones. In Exp. II, we used the same symmetrical and natural faces of Exp. I, however, being excluded face?s external elements through an elliptic frame. These faces were presented in pairs and we asked for the participants to choose the most attractive, besides judging the attractiveness degree. The results showed that no symmetrical picture was judged as more attractive than its respective natural face, as well as the natural faces were more chosen than the symmetrical ones. The exclusion of the external elements of the faces didn\'t contribute to increase the attractiveness degree of themselves. In Exp. III, the symmetrical faces were created by morphing technique starting from the original face image and its respective reflected image. The presentation and judgments of the faces followed the model of Exp. II. The results showed that no symmetrical face obtained score of larger attractiveness than the natural ones, but regarding the choices, for masculine faces there was larger number of choices for the symmetrical faces. In Exp. IV we used the same symmetrical and natural faces of Exp. III, being excluded the external facial elements. The results indicated larger attractiveness scores, as well as a larger number of choices fore the symmetrical faces. Comparing Exp. IV with Exp. III, we had an increase in the attractiveness scores for the symmetrical faces and a decrease of the scores for the natural faces. We concluded that the symmetry should not be considered as an isolated factor in the facial attractiveness analysis; the relationships among other elements can contribute to turn a more attractive face.

Pessoas que apresentam grandes deformidades dentofaciais podem ter prejuízos sociais, pessoais e emocionais. A cirurgia ortognática é utilizada para correções dessas deformidades, que consequentemente afeta as aparências das faces dos pacientes. Este estudo teve como objetivos: 1) Avaliar amostras de faces da população de Ribeirão Preto, SP e as faces prototípicas provenientes delas, consideradas sem deformidades; 2) Analisar atratividade facial de dez pacientes submetidos a cirurgias ortognáticas nas fases pré e pós-cirúrgicas; ao relacionar suas atratividades aos parâmetros físicos alterados pela cirurgia; e também avaliar as consequências na qualidade de vida, ansiedade e auto-estima destes pacientes. As análises faciais foram frontais e obedeceram aos critérios preconizados na literatura de meios, terços e quintos faciais. A coleta de dados com os pacientes foi feita no CEDEFACE (Centro de Pesquisa e Tratamento das Deformidades Buco-Faciais). Foram obtidas fotografias nas fases pré e pós-cirúrgicas; momentos em que também foram aplicadas escalas de qualidade de vida (WHOQOL bref), de ansiedade (IDATE e Escala Analógica de Humor) e autoestima (Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg). Dois experimentos foram realizados. Um com as fotos das faces pré e pós-cirúrgicas a fim de avaliar a atratividade facial dos pacientes antes e depois das cirurgias e outro para comparar a atratividade facial dos pacientes com a atratividade de faces prototípicas relativas ao sexo e etnia correspondentes. Nesses experimentos os julgamentos de atratividade foram provenientes de uma amostra de 40 participantes leigos. Os resultados apontaram que: 1) As análises do banco de faces e protótipos apresentaram parâmetros físicos faciais diferentes daqueles apontados na literatura, principalmente na análise dos terços e quintos; 2) A cirurgia ortognática contribuiu para o aumento da atratividade dos pacientes, embora estes ainda considerados menos atrativos que as faces prototípicas. Também foram notadas melhoria na condição psicológica por meio do Whoqol bref e diminuição da ansiedade por meio da Escala Analógica de Humor. Tais resultados apontam para a importância de estudos sobre parâmetros físicos faciais relacionados à melhoria de sua estética e que a cirurgia ortognática para o tratamento de deformidades dentofaciais pode trazer benefícios estéticos e emocionais àqueles que a procuram. / People with salient dentofacial deformities can have social, personal and emotional injury. The orthognathic surgery is used to correct these deformities, and consequently, it affects the facial appearances of the patients. The general aims of this study were: 1) Evaluate samples of faces from a population of Ribeirão Preto, SP and their prototypical faces considered as without deformities; 2) Analyze the facial attractiveness of ten patients before and after being submitted to orthognathic surgery; searching the relationship between the attractiveness and physical parameters modified on the faces by the surgery; and also assessing the effects of this surgery on the quality of life, the anxiety and the self-esteem of these patients. The facial analyses were frontal and from the halves, the thirds and the fifths of the faces. The pictures of faces before and after the orthognathic surgery were from voluntary patients from CEDEFACE (Centro de Pesquisa e Tratamento das Deformidades Buco-Faciais) at Araraquara, SP. Before and after the surgery, these patients also had their quality of life (by WHOQOL bref scale), the anxiety (by IDATE and Escala Analógica de Humor) and the selfesteem (by Escala de Auto-Estima de Rosenberg) evaluated. There were two experiments. From an experiment, forty volunteers judged the attractiveness of the faces pictured before and after the surgery. From the other experiment, the volunteers compared the attractiveness of the patient faces with the attractiveness of the prototypical faces, respectively to their sex and race. The results showed that: 1) The facial analyses of the faces from population sample of Ribeirão Preto, SP, and their prototypical faces indicated physical parameters that differ from the literature, mainly for the facial analyses of the thirds and the fifths 2) The orthognathic surgery contributed to increase the facial attractiveness of the patients, although they were still considered less attractive than the prototypical faces. Improvement in psychological condition, assessed by the Whoqol bref, and anxiety decrement, assessed by the Escala Analógica de Humor, were noticed. These results pointed out the importance to study facial analyses related to the aesthetic improvement, and that the orthognathic surgery to treat dentofacial deformities can bring aesthetic and emotional benefits to the patients.

Este projeto teve por objetivo investigar se existem diferenças nos julgamentos de atratividade de faces masculinizadas e feminilizadas entre mulheres durante a etapa folicular tardia e na etapa luteal (fases do ciclo menstrual) e se estas se correlacionam às alterações dos níveis hormonais. Foram incluídas 30 mulheres voluntárias, na faixa etária de 18 a 42 anos com ciclos menstruais regulares, com duração entre 24 e 33 dias, sem uso de anticoncepcional hormonal (AH). Foram utilizados para a avaliação da atratividade facial dois protótipos faciais: um de uma face feminina e outro de face masculina. De cada um desses protótipos foram confeccionadas mais quatro faces, cujos traços de duas foram masculinizados e das outras duas foram feminilizados em diferentes graus. Foram realizadas duas sessões experimentais para cada participante. A primeira sessão foi na etapa folicular tardia do ciclo menstrual e a segunda na etapa luteal do ciclo. Em cada sessão, a participante era instruída a ordenar decrescentemente as faces conforme o quão atraente cada uma lhe parecerá. Em seguida a participante classificava as faces em três grupos: Amigo, Inimigo e Amante. Posteriormente foi colhida a amostra de sangue para posteriores análises dos níveis hormonais. Ou seja, tanto na etapa folicular tardia quanto na luteal, as participantes avaliaram as imagens das faces e doaram uma amostra de sangue. As frequências foram comparadas e verificou-se que para as faces masculinas masculinizadas e a face neutra foram consideradas as mais atraentes na fase folicular tardia e na fase lútea. Na fase folicular tardia, para as faces masculinas, quanto mais masculinizadas elas forem, maior sua pontuação no grupo Amante. Na fase lútea, a face original masculina e todas as faces masculinas masculinizadas foram mais frequentemente classificadas ao grupo Amante, mas a face 50% masculinizada teve um aumento na qualificação de Inimigo. E finalmente, não foi verificada uma correlação entre os níveis hormonais e a preferência por faces mais masculinizadas ou feminilizada. Não foi evidenciada uma mudança significativa na preferência do julgamento das faces; observando-se que existe sempre uma preferência por faces mais masculinizadas para faces masculinas, e preferência por faces mais feminilizadas para faces femininas, independente das fases do ciclo menstrual. / This project aimed to investigate whether there are differences in attractiveness judgments of masculinized and feminized faces by women during the late follicular and the luteal phases (phases of the menstrual cycle) and whether these judgments correlate with hormonal level changes. Thirty women with age between 18 and 42 years old, with regular menstrual cycles lasting between 24 and 33 days, and without use of hormonal contraceptive (AH) were volunteers in this study. Stimuli were images of a female and a male prototypical faces that by computer morphing technique generated other faces with exaggeration of the gender traits by 25% and 50%. Two experimental sessions, the first in the late follicular phase and the second in the luteal phase, were conducted for each participant to judge the attractiveness of the faces, sorting them from the highest to lowest attractive. Finishing this task, the participant classified the faces into three groups: \"Friend\", \"Enemy\" or \"Lover.\" After each session in both menstrual phases blood sample of the participant was collected for further hormone level analysis. The masculinized male face and the original male face were chosen as more attractive in the follicular phase and the late luteal phase. Besides, in the late follicular phase, the more masculinized are the male faces, the higher is their score into the \"Lover\" group. In the luteal phase, also all masculinized and the original male faces were classified more frequently into the Lover group, but also the 50% masculinized male face was more frequently classified into the Enemy group. And finally, there was no correlation between hormone levels and preference for more masculinized or more feminized faces. Then, there is no evidence that hormonal levels change the face preferences. There was always a preference for masculinized faces to male faces, and preference for feminized faces for female faces, regardless of the menstrual cycle phases.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2015-04-24T12:56:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Roseneide Fassina.pdf: 537429 bytes, checksum: 00aa74e3961de73e4717705373951f8a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-24T12:56:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roseneide Fassina.pdf: 537429 bytes, checksum: 00aa74e3961de73e4717705373951f8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-18 / This paper was based on the question related to the choice of the teaching profession, its attractiveness and how it is perceived amongst beginning teachers of children education. The research question takes us on the reasons why young people choose to teach. The objective is to understand the profession choices of beginning teachers and also understand the perception they have of the pedagogical work they perform. The identification of conceptions of teaching and pedagogy is another of the objectives that this study aims. A bibliographic and field research methodology was used, in which questionnaires were administered to better understand the options and conceptions of beginning teachers. Among the authors consulted for theoretical reasons can be underline the names of Contreras , Tardiff , Charlot , Selma Pimenta, Paulo Freire , Gatti , Libâneo among others that address the chosen themes of this dissertation and allowed to concluded that the teaching profession maintains some of its attractiveness, although they also highlighted the less attractive aspects of it. The choices made by beginning teachers who collaborated in the study are mostly related to the dreams and aspirations when they were children and the love for teaching. It was still possible to verify that the concepts of Pedagogy and Teaching are mingle, according to the explanations given by the respondents. Although the profession no longer seen with the same perspective, the love to teach and share knowledge and information, help in building the personality of children still remains intact . / Este trabalho teve como base a questão da escolha da profissão docente, a sua atratividade e como ela é percebida pelos professores iniciantes de educação infantil. O problema de pesquisa volta-se ao estudo das razões pelas quais os jovens escolhem ser professores. Objetiva-se compreender as escolhas de profissão dos professores iniciantes e também entender qual a percepção que eles possuem do trabalho pedagógico que desempenham. A identificação das concepções de docência e pedagogia é outro dos objetivos que este trabalho se propôs. Foi usada uma metodologia de pesquisa bibliográfica e trabalho de campo, onde se aplicaram questionários para melhor entender as opções e concepções dos professores iniciantes. Dentre os autores consultados para a fundamentação teórica salientam-se os nomes de Contreras, Tardiff, Charlot, Selma Pimenta, Paulo Freire, Gatti, Libâneo entre outros que abordam as temáticas escolhidas na elaboração desta dissertação e que permitiram concluir que a profissão docente mantém alguma da sua atratividade, embora também sejam destacados os aspectos menos atrativos da mesma. As escolhas feitas pelos professores iniciantes que colaboraram no estudo estão, na sua maioria, relacionadas com os sonhos e anseios de criança e com o gosto de ensinar. Foi ainda possível verificar que os conceitos de Pedagogia e Docência se confundem, de acordo com as explicações dadas pelos entrevistados. Embora a profissão já não seja vista os mesmos olhos, o gosto de ensinar e partilhar conhecimentos e informação, ajudar na construção da personalidade das crianças ainda se mantém intacta.

La compétitivité est aujourd’hui un concept central dans le discours public. Les nations doivent être compétitives au même titre que des entreprises. Pourtant, l’utilisation incessante de la notion de compétitivité à propos de territoires n’a suscité aucun ouvrage spécifique de la part de la géographie. En dépit d’une documentation pléthorique sur ce thème (rapports officiels, rankings, débats entre économistes), l’approche géographique est restée tout à fait marginale. Il convient donc de combler ce vide en procédant à une étude spatialisée du concept de compétitivité : c’est l’objet de cette thèse de doctorat, qui s’inscrit dans les champs de la géographie économique (étude des flux de richesses, formes spatiales de la mondialisation) et de l’aménagement (politiques publiques et discours officiels liés aux territoires). Ce travail de recherche suit trois axes principaux : Quels enseignements peut-on tirer des innombrables travaux consacrés à ce thème depuis 30 ans ? L’étude critique des documents les plus importants permet de comprendre les fondements théoriques et les limites du concept de compétitivité appliqué à des nations. Une telle synthèse souligne que cette notion, souvent mal définie, est éminemment politique. Comment mesurer et cartographier la compétitivité nationale dans l’espace mondial ? Construites à partir d’indices préexistants (comme celui du Forum économique mondial) et d’outils nouveaux, les cartes démontrent la complexité d’une évaluation de la performance dans un contexte concurrentiel. La compétitivité comporte plusieurs facettes qui entraînent des représentations variées. Enfin, ce travail de recherche est une relecture critique et territorialisée des politiques de compétitivité. Il constitue un document d’aide à la décision en matière de développement, en replaçant la territorialité au coeur de la réflexion. Cette contribution originale tente de clarifier certains aspects du processus de mondialisation, dans une époque marquée par l’instabilité. / Competitiveness is now a central concept in public discourse. Nations must be competitive as well as businesses. However, constant use of the concept of competitiveness about territories has not to date elicited any specific geographical analysis. Despite a plethora of literature on this topic (official reports, rankings and debates among economists), geographical studies remain quite limited. It is therefore necessary to bridge this gap by conducting a spatial study about the concept of competitiveness : this is the subject of this thesis, which fits in the fields of economic geography (the study offlows of wealth, spatial forms of globalization) and territorial planning (public policies and official statements relating to the territories). This research follows three main lines : First, what lessons can be learned from the existing literature on this subject which has amassed over the past 30 years ? A critical study of the most important documents is thus undertaken to facilitate an understanding of the theoretical foundations and limitations of the competitiveness concept applied to nations. Such a review highlights that the notion of territorial competitiveness, often poorly defined, is highly political. Second, how can national competitiveness be measured and mapped ? Constructed from existing indexes (such as that of the World Economic Forum) and new tools, the maps demonstrate the complexity of performance evaluation in a competitive environment. Competitiveness has many facets that bring about various representations. Finally, This research is a critical and territorialised review of the competitiveness policies. It is a document intended to support development decisions and to place issues of territory at the heart of discussions. This original contribution attempts to clarify some aspects of the globalization process, in an era marked by instability.

L’attractivité des pays est aujourd’hui une composante importante de la politique économique ; elle est au centre des politiques de promotion, d’aménagement et de développement. Avec la mondialisation de l’économie où la réduction des coûts de transport et de télécommunications a anéanti les distances, les firmes désireuses de s’implanter à l’étranger font monter les enchères quant à leur sélection et choix d’implantation ; les pays se retrouvent en situation de concurrence et mettent tout en œuvre, non seulement pour attirer les investissements mais aussi pour les retenir. Les Etats deviennent ainsi les promoteurs de leurs propres territoires afin de séduire les firmes multinationales dans un contexte de surenchère puisque les projets d’investissement sont en nombre limité et que la liste des territoires candidats à leur accueil ne cesse de s’allonger.De par la signature de l’Accord d’association avec l’Union Européenne et des négociations en vue de son adhésion à l’Organisation Mondiale du Commerce (OMC), l’Algérie vise la libéralisation de son économie et son ancrage dans l’économie internationale. Dans cette libéralisation interviennent les investissements directs étrangers (IDE). L’intérêt de l’Algérie est dans les retombées tant managériales, économiques que sociales sur son économie. Pour cela, l’Algérie a prévu un certain nombre de textes et de lois régissant les fondements de sa politique d’investissement qui donne des garanties et des avantages certains aux investisseurs. Dans son processus de transition d’une économie centralisée à une économie de marché déclenché des la fin de l’année 1988, le gouvernement algérien s’est imposé une politique de réformes structurelles qui a permis de rétablir les équilibres macro-économiques, la libéralisation de l'économie, sa dotation en infrastructures modernes et la diminution du risque-pays. Ces réformes ont permis l’accroissement des flux d’IDE vers l’Algérie. Cependant, ces résultats restent en deçà du potentiel d'investissement du pays : l’Algérie n’attire pas suffisamment de firmes étrangères comparativement aux pays voisins. Bien que l'Algérie ait enregistré des résultats positifs dans certains secteurs tels que les hydrocarbures, les télécommunications, la sidérurgie et la pharmacie ; les réformes introduites depuis les années 90 se sont révélées insuffisantes. Et la politique de promotion et d’attraction des IDE menée n’a pas réalisé les objectifs escomptés. De même, les recettes des exportations d’hydrocarbures n’ont pas permis de créer un tissu industriel compétitif et de permettre à l’investissement productif de jouer un rôle plus important dans l’économie du pays. L’essentiel de l’effort productif privé est orienté vers l’économie spéculative au détriment d’une économie productive. Les IDE que l’ouverture de l’économie algérienne et son important potentiel devaient attirer, demeurent faibles. Pourtant, le dispositif juridique mis en place en Algérie donne des avantages et des garanties certains aux investisseurs étrangers. / The attractiveness of the country is now an important component of economic policy; it is the center of political promotion, planning and development. With the globalization of the economy where cost reduction of transport and telecommunications annihilated distance, firms wishing to establish themselves abroad are upping the ante on their selection and choice of location , the country found in competition and make every effort not only to attract investment but also to retain them. And states become promoters of their own territories to attract multinational firms in the context of escalation as investment projects are limited and that the list of candidates to their home territories continues to grow. By the signing of the Association Agreement with the European Union and negotiations for its accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO ), Algeria aims to liberalize its economy and its roots in the international economy. Involved in the liberalization of foreign direct investment (FDI). The interest of Algeria in both managerial benefits, economic and social impact on its economy. To do this, Algeria has provided a number of texts and laws governing foundations of its investment policy that guarantees and advantages to investors.It is around the elements of the problem mentioned above that will focus our research in attempting to answer the following key questions : What determines the choice of multinational firms in the location of their investment, in other words what are the ex ante determinants of FDI ? What are the main instruments of economic and financial policy or the means used by governments to encourage and attract foreign investment ? What are the effects of these policies on FDI flows ?What about Algeria and its policy of promoting investment ? What are the effects of this policy, including the legal framework set up on FDI in Algeria? This device is sufficient to attract foreign investors?In its transition from a centralized to a market economy triggered the end of the 1988 economy , the Algerian government has imposed a policy of structural reforms that helped restore macroeconomic balances , liberalization economy, its modern infrastructure and staffing reduction of country risk . These reforms have increased FDI flows to Algeria. However, these results remain below the investment potential of the country: Algeria does not attract enough foreign firms compared to neighboring countries. Although Algeria has recorded positive results in certain sectors such as hydrocarbons , telecommunications, steel and pharmacy reforms introduced since the 90s have proved insufficient . And policy promotion and attraction of FDI led has not achieved the desired objectives. Similarly, revenues from hydrocarbon exports have failed to create a competitive industrial structure and allow for productive investment to play a more important role in the economy. Most of the private productive effort is directed toward the speculative economy at the expense of a productive economy . FDI that the opening of the Algerian economy and its great potential would attract, remain weak. However, the legal framework set up in Algeria provides some benefits and guarantees to foreign investors.

During the past decades, the establishment of external shopping centers have been increasing, causing debates on how they affect the viability and vitality of city centers. Instead of studying them as individual actors that are in competition with each other, it is interesting to examine them as components that together make cities complete trading destinations.  The purpose of this thesis is to study the coexistence and collaboration between different retail agglomerations. Retail agglomeration attributes are implemented to distinguish existing strengths and weaknesses for each trading venue, in order to identify where they complement each other. The research method is qualitative with an abductive approach. Six semi-structured interviews were conducted with respondents who represent different associations.  The findings of the research revealed that city centers and external shopping establishments are able to coexist if they complement each other through their individual offerings and experiences. Different retail agglomerations attract contrasting customer groups, allowing them to coexist. Collaboration between retail agglomerations can be implemented in several ways and can enhance the attractiveness of cities as trading destinations. The collaboration can occur by implementing shared marketing, shuttle bus services or collective events.  This research is limited to only investigating one medium sized city and three retail agglomeration formats. Furthermore, the choice of participants did not include consumers and store owners, which could have provided additional perspectives. The findings contribute to the study field by highlighting how retail agglomerations can coexist and collaborate and can be useful for other medium sized cities.