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Bakgrund: Sömnsvårigheter är vanliga hos barn och ungdomar med AST (autismspektrumtillstånd) och ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). Fysisk aktivitet kan vara en intervention som förbättrar sömnen hos denna population. Syfte: Att sammanställa aktuell forskning på fysisk aktivitet som fysioterapeutisk behandlingsform för och dess effekter på sömnsvårigheter hos barn och ungdomar med AST/ADHD.  Metod: Systematisk litteraturöversikt med databasen PubMed, med randomiserade kontrollerade studier på engelska i fulltext publicerade 2012–2023. Studierna inkluderade barn och ungdomar 2–18 år med AST/ADHD och jämförde fysisk aktivitet som behandlingsform med en kontrollgrupp utan behandling. Granskning gjordes avseende risk för snedvridning (PEDro-skalan) samt tillförlitlighet till sammanvägt resultat (GRADEstud). Resultat: Fem studier inkluderades och kvalitetsgranskades med PEDro-skalan. Tre ingick i det sammanvägda resultatet. Dessa studerade effekten av fysisk aktivitet på sömneffektivitet, sömnduration och vakentid efter insomning, och två av studierna undersökte effekten på sömnlatens. Tillförlitligheten till det sammanvägda resultatet (tre studier) bedömdes vara låg på grund av bristande samstämmighet och precision. Det sammanvägda resultatet visade signifikant förbättring hos interventionsgruppen på de flesta utfallsmått, och en av studierna visade signifikanta mellangruppsskillnader på de flesta utfallsmått. Konklusion: Det vetenskapliga underlaget för effekt av fysisk aktivitet på sömnsvårigheter hos den ovannämnda populationen är för begränsat för att dra starka slutsatser. Det kan vara en lovande behandlingsform, men mer forskning krävs för att stärka evidensen. Fysisk aktivitet som en del av fysioterapeutisk behandling skulle kunna förbättra sömnkvalitet och främja övergripande hälsa och livskvalitet hos populationen. / Background: Sleep difficulties are common in children and adolescents with ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) or ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). Physical activity may be an intervention that improves sleep in this population. Purpose: To compile current research on physical activity as a physiotherapeutic treatment for and its effects sleep difficulties in children and adolescents with ASD/ADHD. Method: Systematic literature review utilizing PubMed database, encompassing full-text randomized controlled trials in English from 2012–2023. The studies included children and adolescents aged 2–18 with ASD/ADHD, comparing physical activity treatment with a control group. The review was conducted regarding the risk of bias (PEDro-scale) and the reliability of the pooled results (GRADEstud). Results: Five studies were assessed for quality using the PEDro scale, with three contributing to the pooled results. These studies investigated various physical activities' effects on sleep, including efficiency, duration, wake time after onset, and two also looked at sleep latency. Due to inconsistency and lack of precision, the pooled results' reliability (from three studies) was low. However, they showed significant improvements in most outcome measures for the intervention group, with only one study revealing intergroup differences. Conclusion: The scientific evidence regarding the effect of physical activity on sleep difficulties in the above-mentioned population is too limited to draw strong conclusions. Physical activity shows promise as a potential treatment, though additional research is needed to strengthen the evidence. The incorporation of physical activity into physiotherapeutic treatment could enhance sleep quality and promote overall health and quality of life in this population.

Bakgrund Alla yrkesverksamma inom hälso- och sjukvården kommer med största sannolikhet någon gång i sitt yrkesutövande stöta på personer med AST och kunskap om att vårda dessa personer är därför nödvändigt för alla som arbetar inom hälso- och sjukvården. Syfte Studiens syfte är att beskriva kunskapsläget om stödjande och hindrande faktorer för personer med Autismspektrumtillstånd i mötet med hälso- och sjukvården relaterat till deras neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättning. Metod Arbetet är utfört som en strukturerad litteraturstudie med inslag av den metodologi som används vid systematiska översikter. Resultat Det återfanns tre huvudrubriker anpassningar, kommunikation och kunskap som resultatet presenterats under Slutsats Arbetet har visat att det finns ett behov av att förbättra kommunikationen mellan hälso- och sjukvården och personer med AST, öka kunskapen om AST hos hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal och att många av anpassningarna som personer med AST kan behöva för att tillgodogöra sig hälso- och sjukvård inte behöver vara så stora eller omfattande och kan vara bra även för personer som inte har AST. / Background Al healthcare workers will be most likely at some point, or another to come across people with ASD and knowledge about how to best care for people with ASD is therefore necessary for anyone that works in healthcare Aim The purpose of this study was to describe the knowledge of support and barriers to healthcare for people with autism spectrum disorder in relation to their neuropsychiatric disability Method This paper has been conducted as a structured literature review with points of the methodology that’s used in systematic reviews. Results This paper resulted in three main headlines, Accommodations, Communication and Knowledge under which the results were presented. Conclusions This paper has shown that there is a need to improve communication between healthcare and people with ASD, increase the knowledge about ASD for healthcare workers and that many of the accommodations that’s beneficial for people with ASD to better account for their healthcare doesn’t need to be extensive and the accommodations can also be beneficial for people who doesn’t have ASD.

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This dissertation proposes a new method of studying pragmatic language use in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The existing research into pragmatic language use in ASD has predominantly used interviews and experiments in clinical environments to gather data from participants with ASD. These research methods focus heavily on comprehension, on comparing the performance of the participant with ASD to their non-autistic interlocutor. The methodology proposed in this thesis involves using observation and a naturalistic environment to gather conversational data that can be used to fill several gaps in the current research on pragmatic language use in ASD. In this study, people with ASD interacted with either non-autistic people or other people with ASD in triadic conversation sessions. These sessions were recorded, transcribed, and analysed for various pragmatic uses of language that previous research had observed were impaired, such as types of non-literal language and conversational turn taking. The pragmatic language use of three participants with ASD, representing three different levels of language ability, was analysed. The results showed that some participants used types of pragmatic language differently based on with whom they were communicating and also that some purported pragmatic impairments in ASD may not be as ‘impaired’ as they seemed based on previous research. For example, while all participants in this study used more interruptions when interacting with others with ASD compared to when interacting with non- autistic people, the rates of interruption were far less than what has been observed between non-autistic speakers (Hancock & Rubin, 2014), even though people with ASD have been described in the research literature as interrupting frequently (Ochs, Kremer-Sadlik, Sirota, & Solomon, 2004). The research presented in this dissertation has implications for future clinical research into pragmatic language impairments in any speech community and provides an additional methodology that can be used, expanding on the types of research questions that can be investigated in this area. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This thesis proposes a new method of studying pragmatic language use in people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This methodology involves using observation and the data that can be gathered using it can fill several gaps in the current research on pragmatic language use in ASD. In this study, people with ASD interacted with either non-autistic people or other people with ASD in triadic conversation sessions. These sessions were recorded, transcribed, and analysed for various aspects of pragmatic uses of language. The pragmatic language use of three participants with ASD, representing three different levels of language ability, was analysed. The results showed that some participants used types of pragmatic language differently based on with whom they were communicating and also that some purported pragmatic impairments in ASD may not be as ‘impaired’ as they seemed based on previous research.

We aimed to develop and validate a multidimensional framework for analyzing complex verbal behavior. This involved introducing and demonstrating the use of multiaxial radar charts for visualizing and quantifying the interdependence of elementary verbal operants. Next, we extended the application of radar charts to the broader field of behavior analysis, emphasizing their utility in measuring and understanding complex human behavior. Last, we apply these methodologies to practical scenarios involving children with autism spectrum disorder to assess and address verbal behavior deficits within diverse linguistic contexts. By integrating these objectives, we enhance the understanding of verbal behavior's functional interdependence and its emergent properties. We posit that a multidimensional approach, facilitated by innovative graphical and quantitative tools, provides a more comprehensive and accurate analysis of verbal behavior, leading to improved intervention strategies for individuals with language deficits. This work not only contributes to the theoretical foundations of behavior analysis but also offers practical applications for enhancing language development in diverse populations.

Personer med autismspektrumtillstånd kan uppleva olika funktionshinder. Funktionshindren kan resultera i att mänskliga rättigheter för personer med autismspektrumtillstånd inte tillgodoses som alla andra. Varje individ utvecklas och bygger sin identitet baserad på olika faktorer som har påverkat denne under livets gång. Det kan vara viktigt att förstå hur olika faktorer kan påverka upplevelsen av identitet för personer med autismspektrumtillstånd, för att sedan skapa ett inkluderande samhälle som upprätthåller mänskliga rättigheter. Syftet med litteraturöversikten är att undersöka befintlig forskning som belyser olika faktorer som kan påverka upplevelsen av identitet för vuxna personer med autismspektrumtillstånd. Denna studie utgår från en strukturerad kartläggande litteraturöversikt med inspiration av en systematisk litteraturöversikt. Alla 18 slutgiltiga studier som inkluderades i denna litteraturöversikt tematiseras enligt Braun och Clarke (2006). Fyra huvudteman identifierades: makt och balans, stigma och stereotyper, diagnosens betydelse och acceptans av diagnosen. Resultaten visar att stigma är en betydande faktor som påverkar upplevelsen av identitet för personer med autismspektrumtillstånd. Stigma påverkade upplevelsen av identitet för personer med autismspektrumtillstånd genom att denne utgjorde bland annat utanförskap, negativ självuppfattning och känsla av att vara annorlunda. Inför framtida forskning hade det varit relevant att bland annat forska om olika insatser som samhället hade kunnat tillämpa för att minska stigmatiseringen för personer med autismspektrumtillstånd. / Individuals with autism spectrum disorder can experience various disabilities. These disabilities may result in the human rights for individuals with autism spectrum disorder not being met like everyone else. Each individual develops and builds their identity based on various factors that have influenced them throughout their lives. It can be important to understand how different factors can affect the experience of identity for individuals with autism spectrum disorder, in order to create an inclusive society that upholds human rights. The purpose of this literature review is to examine existing research that highlights various factors that can affect the experiences of identity for adults with autism spectrum disorder. This study is based on a structured mapping literature review inspired by a systematic literature review. All 18 final studies included in this literature review were thematized according to Braun and Clarke (2006). Four main themes were identified: Power and Balance, Stigma and Stereotypes, Significaticance of Diagnosis and Acceptance of Diagnosis. The results show that stigma is a significant factor that affects the experiences of identity for individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Stigma impacted the experience of identity by causing, among other things, exclusion, negative self-perception and a feeling of being different. For future research, it would be relevant to investigate various interventions that society could implement to reduce the stigmatization of individuals with autism spectrum disorder.

The purpose of this study was to experiment with the possibility of using ludonarrative techniques present in games to communicate the socio-communicative impairments common in individuals diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Through extensive research, there is a pronounced lack of Autism representation in the form of diagnosed characters and their behaviors in games that there is little research made in this area. To explore this hypothetical quandary, an experiment was performed to test the effectiveness of how games may be used to convey concepts of Autism Spectrum Disorder to neurotypical individuals to enrich their understanding of the disorder and towards those who have it, through the creation and usage of a language based puzzle game prototype. The results concluded that disguising ASD symptoms and concepts as ludonarrative gameplay metaphors was effective in increasing awareness and interest towards the disorder.