The possibility that nocturnal migrants use sunset as an orientational cue was explored in the White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis) between 1 April and 24 April, 1981. Orientation tests were run on the roof of the biology building at Western Kentucky University when birds were assumed to be in the proper physiological condition for migration. Birds exposed to only nighttime skies, birds isolated from all visual cues, and birds exposed to both daytime and nighttime skies did not exhibit the northward directional preference appropriate for the season tested. However, White-throated Sparrows exposed only to sunset and tested in the absence of visual nighttime cues exhibited significant orientation northward. These data clearly support the concept that White-throated Sparrows can use sunset as an orientational cue.

Ground meal and 4 sizes of pelleted feeds (3/16, ¼, 3/8 and ½ inch diameters) were offered to captive Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris, Linnaeus) to determine the minimum feed size they were unable to consume in significant amounts. The ground meal, 3/8 and ½ inch diameter pellets substantially decreased feed consumption compared with 3/16 and ¼ inch diameter pellets. Additionally, ½ inch pellets were consumed substantially less than ground meal or 3/8 inch pellets. Supplemental feed was require to prevent mortality among Starlings offered only ½ inch pellets. Two pellet sizes, the 3/16 inch pellet which was readily consumed by Starlings and the 3/8 inch pellet which was less preferred by the birds, were selected for tests with free ranging Starlings. Field tests comparing consumption of these 2 pellet sizes were conducted in southcentral Kentucky during January and February 1982. Starlings consumed significantly (P<0.01) lesser amounts of 3/8 inch pellets than 3/16 inch pellets during this test. It appears that feeding both ground meal and 3/8 inch diameter pelleted feeds to livestock is effective in reducing livestock feed losses to depredating Starling, and feeding larger-sized feeds such as ½ inch diameter pellets may further reduce losses.

There is a growing market for specialty poultry production using alternative genotypes and management systems. However, producers interested in specialty poultry production face several challenges. One challenge is that little published data exists regarding the growth and production parameters for alternative genotypes like slow-growing meat strains and heritage breeds. To address this challenge, research at the University of Kentucky examined the effect of feed strategies, alternative feedstuffs, and dietary enzymes on the growth and performance of heritage breeds of chicken used for either egg- or meat-production. The first trial documented the growth and nutrient intake of pullets from three heritage breeds (Rhode Island Red, Barred Plymouth Rock, and Black Australorp) and three egg-laying strains (Red Star, Black Star, and ISA Brown) on a self-selection feeding program through nineteen weeks of age. The second trial documented the growth and nutrient intake of males from those same three heritage breeds, a slow-growing meat-type strain (Red Ranger), and males and females from a fast-growing meat-type strain (Cornish Cross). Birds used a self-selection feeding program and were grown to a common weight of 2300 grams. Carcass characteristics of these birds were evaluated in the third trial. The fourth trial evaluated the partial replacement of corn and soybean meal with alternative feedstuffs (field peas, buckwheat, and flax seed) and dietary enzymes on the performance of straight-run commercial broilers and two alternative breeds of chickens: males from a Black Sex-Link cross and straight-run Rhode Island Reds. The fifth trial examined the use of sorghum and field peas to completely replace corn and soybean meal in formulated diets for two heritage breeds (Rhode Island Red and Barred Plymouth Rock). Results of these trials showed that heritage breed pullets had similar growth parameters and nutrient intake as commercial egg-laying strains. Heritage breed cockerels grew significantly slower and exhibited poorer feed efficiency than meat-type birds, but seemed to tolerate low nutrient density diets better. Overall, the findings of these studies could help producers interested in raising slow-growing meat-type chickens and heritage breeds create accurate business plans and determine if they can profitably produce meat and/or eggs for niche markets.

Understanding the genetic basis of fitness differences has been a major goal for evolutionary biologists over the last two decades. Although there are many studies investigating how natural selection can promote local adaptation, few have succeeded to find the link between genotype and fitness of the phenotype. Polymorphic genes of the major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) are excellent candidates for such associations as they are a central component of the vertebrate immune system, playing an important role in parasite resistance, and hence can have direct effects on survival of their bearers. Although associations between Mhc and disease resistance are frequently documented, the epidemiological basis of the host-parasite interaction is often lacking and few studies have investigated the role that Mhc genes play in individual variation in fitness; thus comparatively little is known about the fitness consequences of Mhc in wild populations. Furthermore, the majority of work to date has involved testing associations between Mhc genotypes and disease. However, the mechanism by which any direct selection on the Mhc acts, depends on how genotypes map to the functional properties of Mhc molecules. The aim of this thesis was to characterize Mhc alleles in terms of their predicted functional properties and to investigate whether and how selection operates on Mhc class I functional variation using the great tit (Parus major) population at Wytham Woods as a model host species. Through a comprehensive characterization effort and the use of 454 pyrosequencing platform, I performed a detailed analysis of genetic variation at Mhc class I exon 3 and grouped alleles with similar antigen-binding affinities into supertypes to classify functionally distinct Mhc types. There was extreme complexity at the Mhc class I of the great tit both in terms of allelic diversity and gene number. A total of 862 alleles were detected from 857 individuals; the highest number yet characterized in a wild bird species. The functional alleles were clustered into 17 supertypes; there was clear evidence that functional alleles were under strong balancing selection. To understand the role of Mhc in disease resistance, I examined the linkage between Mhc supertypes, Plasmodium infection and great tit survival, and showed that certain functional variants of Mhc confer resistance to two divergent Plasmodium parasite species that are common in the environment. I further investigated the fitness consequences of functional variation at Mhc, using mark-recapture methods and long-term breeding data; and tested the hypotheses that selection: (i) maximizes Mhc diversity; (ii) optimizes Mhc diversity, or (iii) favours specific functional variants. I found that the presence of three different supertypes was associated with three different components of individual fitness: adult survival, annual recruitment probabilities and lifetime reproductive success. In contrast, there was no evidence for a selective advantage of Mhc functional diversity, either in terms of maximal or optimal supertype diversity. Finally, I explored the role that Mhc plays in female mate choice decisions and examined the reproductive fitness consequences of Mhc-dependent mating patterns. There was little evidence to suggest that functional dissimilarity at Mhc has any influence on female mate choice decisions or that dissimilarity at Mhc affects the reproductive output of the social pair. Overall, this thesis provides strong support for the suggestion that selection favours specific functional variants of Mhc, possibly as a result of supertype-specific resistance or susceptibility to parasites that exert strong selective pressures on their hosts; whereas there is no support for selection favouring maximal or optimal Mhc diversity. More importantly it demonstrates that functional variants of Mhc class I loci are an important determinant of individual fitness in natural populations.

This thesis presents two studies where natural and sexual selection have interacted to evolve sexual behaviours. The thesis uses mathematical modelling to understand how these forces have caused each behaviour to evolve. This is useful because the results allow for reflection on the potential role of sexual selection in adaptation of these species to a changing environment. The first study is of early male arrival to spring breeding grounds in migratory avian species, this is termed protandry. The study explores the main hypotheses for avian protandry and then tests the susceptibility of each hypothesis to changing environment. The second study is of convenience polyandry in species where there is conflict over mating rate. Females have multiple strategies to avoid harassive males but strategies vary in cost and success rate; she must balance her strategy use to minimise her fitness depreciation. The study identifies the main factors that cause convenience polyandry to evolve and paves the way for future studies to investigate if sexual selection over resistance strategy provides these species a future advantage in adaptation to a changing environment.

In total, 76 birds, mainly breeding females, were captured in years 2007-2009. Birds were inspected for the presence of avian influenza (AI) viruses and the AI antibodies. They were inspected as well for the presence of bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi s. l. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum and protozoan Leucocytozoon simondi in blood. The feces were examined for the oocysts and eggs of intestinal parasites. AI viruses were found in 4 cases, while over 80% of inspected birds had AI antibodies. Bacteria B. burgdorferi s. l. and A. phagocytophilum were found in 2 and 1 case respectively. Protozoan L. simondi was not found in any blood smear. The oocysts from protozoan genera Eimeria and Tyzzeria and eggs from roundworm genera Capillaria, Amidostomum and Echinuria were observed in feces. Statistical analyses were due to the small size of our data set inconclusive.

Les interactions hôtes-parasites sont classiquement vues comme un équilibre dynamique entre seulement deux partenaires ; cependant, ce paradigme a progressivement changé ces dernières années avec la découverte de nombreux hôtes naturellement co-infectés par de multiples parasites. L'étude des co-infections s'avère particulièrement pertinente lorsque l'hôte est un vecteur de maladies, dans la mesure où les infections multiples peuvent avoir d'importantes conséquences sur la transmission d'un parasite, à la fois à des échelles écologiques et évolutives. Wolbachia pipientis est la bactérie endosymbiotique la plus commune chez les insectes, et de fait, suscite un intérêt particulier pour comprendre le rôle des co-infections sur l'issue des infections parasitaires. Afin de déterminer si l'infection naturelle par Wolbachia affecte la capacité des moustiques à transmettre la malaria, nous avons étudié une triade qui partage une histoire évolutive commune : le parasite de la malaria aviaire P. relictum SGS1, son vecteur naturel Cx. pipiens, et un ensemble de souches wPip de Wolbachia naturellement présentes chez ce moustique. Nous nous sommes tout d'abord intéressé à l'impact de différents types de wPip sur la prévalence et la diversité des parasites responsables de la malaria aviaires dans les populations naturelles de Cx. pipiens de la région de Montpellier. Puis, par l'utilisation de différentes lignées isogéniques de moustiques, infectés ou non par Wolbachia, nous avons étudiés l'impact de la présence du symbiote sur différents traits d'histoire de vie du moustique essentiels pour la transmission de Plasmodium. Nous montrons ainsi que Wolbachia profite à Cx. pipiens, mais également à Plasmodium: elle améliore plusieurs traits d'histoire de vie des moustiques, tels que leur longévité et leur fécondité, leur tolérance à l'infection par P. relictum, et facilite l'infection par ce parasite à la fois qualitativement et quantitativement (i.e. elle augmente à la fois la prévalence et l'intensité de l'infection). Bien que les mécanismes impliqués dans cette interaction tripartite restent encore inconnus, ces résultats suggèrent que Wolbachia peut avoir d'importantes implications sur la transmission de la malaria dans la nature. De plus, ces résultats suggèrent la nécessité de réévaluer l'utilisation de Wolbachia comme moyen de lutte contre les pathogènes et soulignent la nécessité de mieux comprendre les interactions multipartites. / In recent years, there has been a shift in the one host one parasite paradigm with the realization that, in the field, most hosts are co-infected with multiple parasites. Coinfections are particularly relevant when the host is a vector of diseases, because multiple infections can have drastic consequences for parasite transmission at both the ecological and evolutionary time scales. Wolbachia pipientis is the most common parasitic microorganism in insects and as such it is of special interest for understanding the role of coinfections in the outcome of parasite infections. This thesis investigates whether a natural Wolbachia infection can alter the quality of mosquitoes as vectors of malaria. To address this issue, we used a Wolbachia-mosquito-Plasmodium triad with a common evolutionary history. Our experimental system consists in the avian malaria parasite P. relictum SGS1 and its natural vector, the mosquito Cx. pipiens, which naturally harbours several wPip Wolbachia strains. First, we investigated the impact of different wPip groups on the prevalence and diversity on avian malaria in natural populations of Cx. pipiens mosquitoes in the Montpellier region. Second, using different isogenic laboratory mosquito strains harboring or not Wolbachia, we investigated the impact of the presence of Wolbachia on several mosquito and Plasmodium life history traits relevant for malaria transmission. We show that Wolbachia benefits both Cx. pipiens and Plasmodium: it enhances several mosquito life history traits, such as longevity and fecundity, increases their tolerance to P. relictum (i.e. compensates for a Plasmodium-induced mortality) and facilitates P. relictum infection both qualitatively (increases infection prevalence) and quantitatively (increases infection intensity). Although the mechanisms involved in the mosquito-Wolbachia-Plasmodium interaction remain elusive, these results suggest that Wolbachia may have important implications on the transmission of malaria in nature. This is consistent with the high prevalence and diversity of avian malaria parasites found in natural populations of Cx. pipiens. Further, these results suggest the need to reassess the use of Wolbachia as a way to fight pathogens and highlight the need to better understand parasite multipartite interactions.

Este estudo teve como objetivo pesquisar a ocorrência e diversidade molecular de coronavírus aviários em codornas e galinhas criadas nas mesmas propriedades e determinar o papel epidemiológico das codornas na bronquite infecciosa das galinhas (BIG). Para isso, foram coletados em granjas localizadas no estado de São Paulo e Espírito Santo pools de aparelho reprodutivo, pulmões, rins, traquéia e conteúdo entérico de codornas e galinhas com histórico de manifestações clínicas compatíveis com BIG. Estas amostras foram testadas para coronavírus aviário mediante uma semi-nested RT-PCR dirigida a região não-traduzida 3 (3´UTR) e as amostras positivas foram submetidas a RT-PCR do gene codificador da proteína RNA-polimerase RNA-dependente (RdRp) e duas RT-PCR, incluindo uma tipo multiplex dirigidas a proteína de espícula S do vírus da BIG, para genotipagem. Amplicons ou fragmentos amplificados da 3\'UTR (a partir de amostras de codorna) foram clonados e sequenciados. Outras duas RT-PCR foram utilizadas para detecção de metapneumovírus aviário (aMPV) e o vírus da doença de Newcastle (NDV). Coronavírus aviários foram encontrados em todos os tipos de amostras estudadas em galinhas e codornas criadas nas mesmas propriedades, sendo que aMPV subtipo B foi encontrado em galinhas e o NDV não foi encontrado em nenhuma amostras. Todos os coronavírus aviários encontrados, foram classificados como variantes pela multiplex RT-PCR, não sendo entretanto, obtidas sequências de DNA para o gene S. Com base em sequências de DNA para os genes codificadores da proteína RdRp e da região 3´UTR pode-se demonstrar que as codornas estudadas apresentaram o coronavírus aviário identificados como próximo àqueles relacionados à bronquite infecciosa das galinhas, havendo diversidade molecular filogeográfica para os vírus de codornas. Desta forma, sugere-se que as codornas podem servir como reservatórios para coronavírus aviários onde haja criações em proximidade com outras espécies aviárias. / This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and molecular diversity of avian coronavirus in quails and laying hens, raised on the same farms and determine the role of quails in the epidemiology of avian infectious bronchitis (IB). To this end, pools of lungs, trachea, female reproductive tracts, kidneys and enteric contents were collected from quails and laying hens flocks with IB-like symptoms, co-housed in farms located in Sao Paulo and Espírito Santo states, Brazil, during 2009-2010. Chickens and quails samples were screened for IBV with an RT-PCR to the 3UTR and positive samples were submitted to RT-PCRs to the RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase gene (RdRp) and two different RT-PCRs to the spike gene, including a typing-multiplex one. Amplicons of 3UTR (from quails samples) were cloned and sequenced. Two other RT-PCRs were used to detect the avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Avian coronavirus was found in all types of samples analyzed in chickens and quails raised on the same farms, aMPV subtype B was found in chickens and the NDV was not observed in any samples. All avian coronavirus found were classified as variants by multiplex RT-PCR, however, DNA sequences for gene S were not obtained. Based on the DNA sequences for genes encoding the protein RdRp and the 3\'UTR region can be show that avian coronavirus in quails are closely related to avian infectious bronchitis virus, with a molecular phylogeographic diversity for quails viruses; thus, quails might act as reservoirs for avian coronaviroses when in close contact with other avian species.

While foraging on the Brazilian continental shelf during winter migration, sick and/or debilitated Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) found ashore are directed to rehabilitation centers along the coast. While under care, these birds may develop avian malaria, a mosquito-transmitted disease caused by protozoans of the genus Plasmodium. Hepatic hemosiderosis and necrosis have been previously described in avian malaria. We used morphometric techniques to evaluate hemosiderosis and necrosis in Perls- and reticulin-stained liver samples from 24 Magellanic penguins naturally infected by Plasmodium spp. and nine Plasmodium-negative Magellanic penguins (Plasmodium-negative group). All birds were kept under similar housing and husbandry regimens. Plasmodium lineages had been identified through blood smear morphology and/or phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial cyt-b gene. Our goal was to evaluate the significance of hepatic hemosiderosis and necrosis in Magellanic penguins infected with Plasmodium sp. and between Plasmodium lineages/species. Histological sections were analyzed under a microscope equipped with a digital system for image analysis. A high power-field of the center of each sample was captured, and eight additional images were captured 50 &micro;m from this point, at 45&deg;intervals, under the same lighting conditions. Areas of hemosiderin and reticulin fibers were semi-automatically outlined, under a maximum zoom of 50%. The percentage of the area occupied by hemosiderin and reticular fibers were respectively considered the index of hepatic hemosiderosis (IHH) and index of hepatic necrosis (IHN). IHN was significantly higher in the Plasmodium-negative group in comparison with the positive group (p<0.001), however, no difference was detected between the IHH of both groups. Significant differences were not detected between IHH and INH regarding institution, age, sex, oil contamination, and Plasmodium lineages/species (p>0.05). There were also no correlation between IHH and IHN regarding the total period of stay in the rehabilitation center or period of stay in the rehabilitation center during summer (period of highest mosquito/vector density) (p>0.05). Hepatic hemosiderosis was possibly related to other causes, such as seasonal physiological changes, anthropogenic disturbance and climatic changes leading to starvation, and husbandry and iron supplementation while under care. Hepatic necrosis was significant between both groups, suggesting a possible relationship between this pathology and Plasmodium spp. (e.g., hypoxia due to mechanic obstruction of the hepatic vasculature, parasitic vasculitis leading to hepatic necrosis, or presence of gastrointestinal nematodes) or the presence of hepatic autolysis, leading to histopathologic changes similar to hepatic necrosis whaen evaluated with reticulin staining. Avian malaria is one of the most important diseases of captive penguins, and may seriously compromise the rehabilitation of Magellanic penguins. Further studies are still needed to clarify the mechanisms of these hypotheses / Durante sua migração invernal, pinguins-de-Magalhães permanecem na plataforma continental brasileira. Neste este período, animal debilitados e/ou doentes são encaminhados a centros de reabilitação ao longo da costa do Brasil. Durante a estadia nesses centros, essas aves podem desenvolver malária aviária, doença causada por protozoários do gênero Plasmodium e transmitida por mosquitos vetores. Hemossiderose e necrose hepáticas já foram descritas em casos de malária aviária. Nesse estudo foram utilizadas técnicas morfométricas para avaliar a hemossiderose e necrose em lâminas de cortes histológicos de fígado de pinguins-de-Magalhães naturalmente infectados por Plasmodium spp. e nove pinguins-de-Magalhães comprovadamente negativos para Plasmodium spp. (grupo Plasmodium-negative), utilizando as colorações de Perls e reticulina. Todos os animais utilizados nesse estudo foram mantidos sob as mesmas condições de manejo. Linhagens de Plasmodium spp. haviam sido previamente identificadas por esfregaço sanguíneo e/ou análise filogenética do gene cyt-b mitocondrial.O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a significância dos quadros de hemossiderose e necrose em pinguins-de-Magalhães infectados por Plasmodium spp. e entre as linhagens/espécies de Plasmodium spp. Fragmentos histológicos foram analisados sob microscópio equipado com um sistema digital de análise de imagens. Foi realizada captura fotográfica do centro de cada fragmento hepático, seguido por 8 capturas adicionais a 50 &micro;m do centro da lâmina, a intervalos de 45&deg;, sob as mesmas condições de luminosidade. Áreas de hemossiderose e necrose foram semi-automaticamente delineadas, sob zoom máximo de 50%. A porcentagem das áreas ocupadas pela hemossiderina e fibras reticulares foram consideradas, respectivamente, como Índice de Hemossiderose Hepática (IHH) e Índice de Necrose Hepática (IHN). O IHN do grupo Plasmodium-negative foi significativamente maior que o IHN do grupo positivo (p>0.001). Entretanto, não foi observada diferença entre o IHH dos dois grupos. Diferenças significativas também não foram observadas no IHH e IHN em relação a instituição, idade, sexo, contaminação por óleo, ou linhagem/espécie de Plasmodium (p>0,05). Não foram observadas correlações significativas entre o IHH e o IHN quanto ao período total de estadia em centro de reabilitação ou período de estadia em centro de reabilitação durante o verão (período de maior densidade do mosquito/vetor) (p>0.05). Hemossiderose hepática possivelmente foi causada por outros fatores, tais como alterações fisiológicas sazonais, ações antropogênicas e alterações climáticas levando a anorexia/caquexia e técnicas de manejo e suplementação durante a reabilitação. Necrose hepática foi significativa entre ambos os grupos, o que pode ter ocorrido devido a uma possível relação entre esta patologia e Plasmodium spp. (por ex: hipóxia causada por obstrução mecânica da vascularização hepática, vasculite parasitária ou presença de nematódeos gastrointestinais) ou à presença de autólise hepática, levando a quadro histológico semelhante à necrose quando avaliada sob coloração de reticulina. A malária aviária é uma das mais importantes afecções de cativeiro em pinguins, podendo comprometer seriamente a reabilitação de pinguins-de-Magalhães. Estudos futuros são necessários para esclarecer os mecanismos dessas hipóteses.

This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and molecular diversity of coronavirus in quail and laying hens raised on the same farms and quail only farms, to determine the role of quail as reservoir for avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). To this end, two investigations were carried out, one in the São Paulo state, Southeastern Brazil, in 2013, when some farmers started quail vaccination with Massachusetts IBV serotype after surveillance carried out in 2009-2010 and the other in two regions of Northern Italy, in 2015. In the Brazilian study, samples were collected as pools of tracheas, lungs, reproductive tract, kidneys and enteric contents from quail (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) and laying hens showing IB-like symptoms, while, in the Italian study, samples were collected as pools of tracheal and cloacal swabs and intestine/enteric content from European quail (Coturnix coturnix), showing enteric disorders. All samples were tested by a nested RT-PCR targeted to the 3\'UTR of the Gammacoronavirus genus. Positive samples were submitted to RT-PCR to the RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase gene (RdRp) and two different RT-PCRs to the spike gene, including a typing-multiplex one. Two other RT-PCRs were used to detect the avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Avian coronavirus was found in all types of samples analyzed in quail and chickens from both type of creations, aMPV subtype B was found in chickens (Brasil) and the NDV was not observed in any samples. Based on the DNA sequences for the RdRp gene, Brazilian and Italian quail strains clustered within either Gammacoronavirus or Deltacoronavirus genus, while, for one Brazilian sample, it was detected co-infection with the two genuses. Phylogeny based on partial S1 subunit sequences showed that the gammacoronaviruses detected in the Brazilian and Italian quail belong to the Brazil type and 793/B, respectively. These results suggest that quail are susceptible to Gamma and Deltacoronavirus and that quail avian coronavirus share spike genes identical to chicken infectious bronchitis virus (IBV); thus, quail might act as reservoirs for avian coronaviruses. Also, Massachusetts vaccination was not efficient to control IBV in Brazilian quail. / Este estudo teve como objetivo pesquisar a ocorrência e diversidade molecular de coronavírus em codornas e galinhas criadas nas mesmas propriedades e em codornas criadas em propriedades isoladas, para determinar o papel das codornas como reservatório para o vírus da bronquite infecciosa das galinhas (IBV). Para isso, duas pesquisas foram realizadas, uma em 2013, no estado de São Paulo, Sudeste do Brasil, onde algumas granjas iniciaram a vacinação em codornas contra o IBV com o sorotipo Massachusetts, após um estudo realizado em 2009-2010; e a outra, em 2015, em duas regiões do Norte da Itália. No estudo brasileiro, foram coletados pools de aparelho reprodutor, pulmões, rins, traqueia e conteúdo entérico de codornas (Coturnix coturnix japonica() e galinhas com histórico de manifestações clínicas compatíveis com a Bronquite Infecciosa das galinhas (BIG). Por outro lado, no estudo italiano, as amostras foram coletadas em forma de pools de swabs traqueais e cloacais e intestino/conteúdo entérico de codornas (Coturnix coturnix) com sinais entéricos. Estas amostras foram testadas para os coronavírus aviário (Gammacoronavirus) mediante uma semi-nested RT-PCR dirigida a região não-traduzida 3 (3´UTR). As amostras positivas foram submetidas a RT-PCR do gene codificador da proteína RNA-polimerase RNA-dependente (RdRp) e duas RT-PCRs, incluindo uma multiplex dirigidas a proteína de espícula (S) do vírus da BIG, para genotipagem. Além disso, a detecção de metapneumovírus aviário (aMPV) e o vírus da doença de Newcastle (NDV) também foi realizada por meio de RT-PCRs. Coronavírus aviários foram encontrados em todos os tipos de amostras estudadas em codornas e galinhas de todos os tipos de criações, aMPV subtipo B foi encontrado em galinhas (Brasil) e o NDV não foi encontrado em nenhuma amostras. Com base nas sequências de DNA para o gene codificador da proteína RdRp, as amostras brasileiras e italianas foram agrupadas no gênero Gamma ou Deltacoronavirus, enquanto que, em uma amostra brasileira, foi detectada coinfecção pelos dois gêneros. A filogenia com base nas sequências parciais da subunidade S1da proteína de espícula, evidenciou que os Gammacoronavirus detectados nas codornas brasileiras e italianas pertencem ao genótipo Brasil e 793/B, respectivamente. Estes resultados sugerem que as codornas são suscetíveis aos coronavírus do gênero Gamma e Delta e os coronavírus aviários das codornas compartilham genes de espícula idênticos aos do IBV. Desta forma, sugere-se que as codornas podem servir como reservatórios para coronavírus aviários e que a vacinação com o sorotipo Massachusetts não foi eficiente no controle de IBV nas codornas brasileiras.