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This study is concerned with the emergence and subsequent development of agricultural communities in south-east Spain. Using different scales of analysis and a wide range of data it focuses on regional variations in social, political and economic organization between the Early Neolithic and Argaric Bronze Age. Particular attention has been given to evaluating patterns of regional variation and the processes which underlie these patterns. A systematic survey (Chapter 4) provides much needed information about Neolithic-Bronze Age settlement in a regional context. Another important, and complimentary, part of this research is concerned with cultural development and variability at a larger scale. This second level of analysis (Chapter 5) is an examination of mortuary practices on an inter-regional scale and involves more than 2000 Copper Age and Bronze Age tombs. The conclusion (Chapter 6) is an attempt to place cultural developments in south-east Spain in a wider context. These discussions emphasize the dynamic relationship between ecological and cultural processes, and draw important distinctions between the growth of agricultural communities in the humid, as opposed to the semiarid, zones of south-east Spain. The contrast between these two zones is clearly reflected by differences in social ranking, prestige displays, economic intensification, and settlement evolution. More importantly, perhaps, the nature of ecological-cultural interaction from 6000-1000 b. c. in south-east Spain provides valuable information about the growth and variability of complex societies.

My project is a tribute to all water paths, waterways and rivers. It is an acknowledgement of their global significance, and of their mysterious and mythic presence in legend and history. The main body of the research and studio practice focuses on the Murray-Darling River System. Contained within the research there is a store of personal knowledge and memories of a complex river network. I view this research as my personal tribute. Some of the most important environmental challenges currently faced by us as a community in the twenty first century are water quality and water usage. By understanding and integrating people's needs, and ensuring that the communities in the Basin are able to engage in the process of change, a sense of identity can be fostered, so that long - term sustainability becomes a shared goal. Salinity, algal blooms, trading water property rights, and establishing a balance between the needs of the environment and the needs of the communities in the consumption of water are some of the strategies that are planned under the Murray - Darling Basin Initiative. For my exploration into the environment, ecology and poetry of water paths, I have researched and will discuss the work of a number of contemporary visual artists, and quoted from works of both writers and poets, to further illustrate aspects of a water path and landscape environment. My selection is primarily governed by artworks that specifically reference the human traces that mark or imprint on the landscape, water paths in the riverine landscape and the linked ecology. By reflecting on the broader position of water, its usage and control, it can be seen how this factor relates to the health of our ecological environment, and the most likely impact water usage and control will have in the future. Through both studio research and exegesis, I encapsulate a key part of childhood memory and significance of place, and established a sense of its importance within my integral identity. Simultaneo usly, the research explores the duality of this river environment and its atmospheric moods. I encompass the meditative qualities and beauty of this specific river environment, and include some investigation of social and ecological factors related to the presence and usage of water in the Murray - Darling Basin.

This thesis presents the results of a combined cathodoluminescence (CL) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic study of quartz from the uranium-mineralized Athabasca Basin. CL imaging not only distinguishes detrital quartz grains from their secondary overgrowths but also is able to differentiate two generations of overgrowths in the Athabasca sandstones. Moreover, the Athabasca quartz samples are characterized by three types of bright CL: 1) haloes around U- and Th-bearing mineral inclusions, 2) patches associated with U-bearing minerals in matrices or pores and 3) continuous rims in samples with or without any visible U-bearing minerals. These three types of bright CL are all of constant widths of ~35-45 Ým, indicative of bombardments of alpha particles emitted from the 238U, 235U and 232Th decay series. CL spectral analyses show that the radiation damaged areas, relative to their undamaged hosts, are characterized by intense but broad emission bands at ~350 nm and 620-650 nm. <p>Detailed EPR measurements of the Athabasca quartz samples revealed six paramagnetic defects: one oxygen vacancy center (E1'), three silicon vacancy hole centers (O23¡V/H+(I), O23¡V/H+(II) and O23¡V/M+) and two O2¡V peroxy centers. Moreover, dissolution experiments using concentrated HF showed that that the silicon vacancy hole centers and the peroxy centers are concentrated in the radiation-damaged rims/fractures, whereas the oxygen vacancy center (E1') is evenly distributed in quartz grains. CL and EPR data of quartz samples after isochronal annealing experiments suggest that the silicon vacancy hole centers and the peroxy centers are most likely responsible for the characteristic ultraviolet CL and the red CL, respectively. <p>CL haloes in detrital quartz grains are ubiquitous in the Athabasca sandstones. CL patches are also widespread but are best developed in altered sandstones close to the unconformity or faults/fractures. Continuous CL rims, however, are more restricted in occurrences and are best developed at the high-grade Cigar Lake and McArthur River deposits, where they are restricted to lithological boundaries and faults and are pervasively developed in mineralized samples and associated alteration haloes close to the unconformity. At the Key Lake deposit, continuous rims occur only in mineralized samples close to the unconformity. Continuous CL rims are absent in basement rocks below mineralization, including those at the Cigar Lake and McArthur River deposits. The occurrence of radiation damages in Athabasca quartz have also been confirmed by detailed EPR measurements, which are significantly more sensitive than CL imaging. <p>Continuous CL rims on Athabasca quartz grains most likely record bombardments of alpha particles emitted from U-bearing mineralization fluids. Therefore, their associations with the unconformity, lithological boundaries and faults provide direct evidence for those structures being the pathways for mineralization fluids. The exclusive occurrence of continuous CL rims on detrital quartz grains and the abundance of U-bearing minerals in both generations of overgrowths suggest that U mineralization must have commenced during early diagenesis and continued during the formation of overgrowths. The absence of significant radiation damages in altered basement rocks supports the hypothesis that the basement was not a major source for uranium mineralization in the Athabasca basin. The common occurrence of CL haloes in euhedral quartz grains and CL patches associated with U-bearing minerals in faults, fractures and voids provide further (visual) evidence for late remobilization of uranium.

This thesis presents the results of a combined cathodoluminescence (CL) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic study of quartz from the uranium-mineralized Athabasca Basin. CL imaging not only distinguishes detrital quartz grains from their secondary overgrowths but also is able to differentiate two generations of overgrowths in the Athabasca sandstones. Moreover, the Athabasca quartz samples are characterized by three types of bright CL: 1) haloes around U- and Th-bearing mineral inclusions, 2) patches associated with U-bearing minerals in matrices or pores and 3) continuous rims in samples with or without any visible U-bearing minerals. These three types of bright CL are all of constant widths of ~35-45 Ým, indicative of bombardments of alpha particles emitted from the 238U, 235U and 232Th decay series. CL spectral analyses show that the radiation damaged areas, relative to their undamaged hosts, are characterized by intense but broad emission bands at ~350 nm and 620-650 nm. <p>Detailed EPR measurements of the Athabasca quartz samples revealed six paramagnetic defects: one oxygen vacancy center (E1'), three silicon vacancy hole centers (O23¡V/H+(I), O23¡V/H+(II) and O23¡V/M+) and two O2¡V peroxy centers. Moreover, dissolution experiments using concentrated HF showed that that the silicon vacancy hole centers and the peroxy centers are concentrated in the radiation-damaged rims/fractures, whereas the oxygen vacancy center (E1') is evenly distributed in quartz grains. CL and EPR data of quartz samples after isochronal annealing experiments suggest that the silicon vacancy hole centers and the peroxy centers are most likely responsible for the characteristic ultraviolet CL and the red CL, respectively. <p>CL haloes in detrital quartz grains are ubiquitous in the Athabasca sandstones. CL patches are also widespread but are best developed in altered sandstones close to the unconformity or faults/fractures. Continuous CL rims, however, are more restricted in occurrences and are best developed at the high-grade Cigar Lake and McArthur River deposits, where they are restricted to lithological boundaries and faults and are pervasively developed in mineralized samples and associated alteration haloes close to the unconformity. At the Key Lake deposit, continuous rims occur only in mineralized samples close to the unconformity. Continuous CL rims are absent in basement rocks below mineralization, including those at the Cigar Lake and McArthur River deposits. The occurrence of radiation damages in Athabasca quartz have also been confirmed by detailed EPR measurements, which are significantly more sensitive than CL imaging. <p>Continuous CL rims on Athabasca quartz grains most likely record bombardments of alpha particles emitted from U-bearing mineralization fluids. Therefore, their associations with the unconformity, lithological boundaries and faults provide direct evidence for those structures being the pathways for mineralization fluids. The exclusive occurrence of continuous CL rims on detrital quartz grains and the abundance of U-bearing minerals in both generations of overgrowths suggest that U mineralization must have commenced during early diagenesis and continued during the formation of overgrowths. The absence of significant radiation damages in altered basement rocks supports the hypothesis that the basement was not a major source for uranium mineralization in the Athabasca basin. The common occurrence of CL haloes in euhedral quartz grains and CL patches associated with U-bearing minerals in faults, fractures and voids provide further (visual) evidence for late remobilization of uranium.

A systematic study of how mudstone permeability impacts reservoir pore pressure is important to understand the regional fluid field within sedimentary basins and the control of sediment properties on subsurface pressure. I develop a 2D static model to predict reservoir overpressure from information estimated from the bounding mudstones and structural relief. This model shows that close to a dipping reservoir, the mudstone permeability is high in the up-dip location and low in the down-dip location. This characteristic mudstone permeability variation causes the depth where reservoir pressure equals mudstone pressure (equal pressure depth) to be shallower than the mid-point of the reservoir structure. Based on the 2D static model, I constructed a nomogram to determine the equal pressure depth by considering both farfield mudstone vertical effective stress and reservoir structural relief. I find the equal pressure depth becomes shallower with decreasing vertical effective stress, increasing reservoir structural relief, and increasing mudstone compressibility. Pressure predicted by the static model agrees with pressure predicted by a more complete model that simulates the evolution of the basin and is supported by field observations in the Bullwinkle Basin (Green Canyon 65, Gulf of Mexico). This study can be applied to reduce drilling risk, analyze trap integrity, and facilitate safe and efficient exploration. / text

A 3-D seismic volume, wireline logs and core data were integrated to determine the spatial distribution of porous reservoirs within the Wolfcampian-Leonardian detrital carbonate slope and basin strata in Glasscock County, Texas. A 3-D seismic amplitude volume was used to construct a seismic facies analysis of the detrital carbonate section, and generated attribute volumes helped identify detrital carbonate depositional trends, as well as establish a potential correlation between thick detrital carbonate intervals and associated amplitude response. Eight lithofacies were identified in core and were subsequently classified into three main facies: debris flow, grain flow/turbidite, and basinal shale. A facies type log was then created, which was used to supervise the creation of facies logs within other wells to ultimately use in the creation of a 3-D facies model. Cross sections through the study area show an increase in bathymetric relief beginning in Wolfcampian time and continuing through the Leonardian. Detrital carbonate deposition increases dramatically during the Leonardian, consisting of large gravity flows deposited basinward in a northwest-southeast linear trend, rapidly thinning basinward. Individual flows are discontinuous and bounded by basinal shale facies. Four seismic facies were identified within the interval of interest using a structurally smoothed attribute volume, while an RMS amplitude attribute volume provided a correlation between high RMS amplitude values and detrital carbonate thickness. A high RMS amplitude value corresponding to the debris flow facies was extracted from the RMS attribute volume in the form of a seismic geobody. Two facies models and one porosity model were generated by using upscaled values from the gamma ray, total porosity, and lithofacies logs, which were applied over areas with the densest well control. Although the facies model populated from upscaled GR values was useful in stratigraphic interpretation, it is determined that the models should be applied over areas with denser well spacing in order to provide a more accurate and geologically viable subsurface model.

The objective of this study is to examine the thermo-mechanical evolution of the Yorkshire(Cleveland), Sole Pit and East Midland Basins, Southern North Sea using theoretical models of basin formation(subsidence) and basin destruction(inversion).Subsidence occurs in response to a driving tectonic force and is amplified by the input of sediments, which impart a load on the Uthosphere. The form of subsidence varies depending on the degree of crustal and sub-crustal involvement. In order to isolate this driving tectonic subsidence the loading effect of the sediments is removed by backstripping. Intrinsic to the accurate modelling of basin formation using this method are firstly, the presence of a complete sedimentary sequence representing the maximum load on the basement and secondly, a normal and representative compaction trend. Subsidence in the Yorkshire, Sole Pit and East Midland Basins was terminated in the late Cretaceous-early Tertiary by inversion. This inversion is demonstrated to have been controlled by pre-existing structures and accommodated differentially within the Yorkshire and Sole Pit Basins in the form of basement uplift and shortening. A significant proportion of the sediments was removed by this uplift. This is quantified by studying compaction trends and is used to reconstruct the basin configuration prior to inversion to facilitate modelling of basin formation. The patterns of subsidence appear to conform well to those predicted by a model of simple lithospheric stretching with a rapid initial subsidence followed by more gentle thermal and flexural subsidence. Superimposed on this background subsidence are discrete events which appear to be related to periods of active faulting or increases in regional loading(eustatic). Subsidence, like inversion, occurs differentially within the fault bounded margins of the Yorkshire and Sole Pit Basins. The relationship between faults at different crustal levels is complicated by stress partitioning by Permo-Triassic salt horizons, yet it does appear that reactivation of Carboniferous and older structures has influenced the geological evolution of these basins.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-11-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:40:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gorayeb_a_dr_rcla.pdf: 3603159 bytes, checksum: 98bc31f9585b44e693d3b2126e3bd0a6 (MD5) / A bacia hidrográfica do rio Caeté está inserida no nordeste do Pará e possui 2.195 km2 e extensão do rio principal de 149 km. O intuito principal foi o de elaborar um estudo da paisagem da bacia do Caeté e avaliar o nível de degradação ambiental. Os procedimentos foram divididos em quatro etapas: 1) levantamento bibliográfico e cartográfico, 2) trabalhos de campo, 3) análises laboratoriais da água superficial e subterrânea e 4) trabalhos de gabinete. Realizou-se: i) levantamento socioeconômico; ii) caracterização das unidades geoambientais; iii) elaboração do diagnóstico da qualidade da água; iv) avaliação das condições do lixão e v) identificação dos fatores de degradação. Foram identificadas quatro unidades: Planalto Costeiro, Planície Costeira, Planície Fluvial e Planície Estuarina. O saneamento básico é inexistente e as principais atividades estão relacionadas com a agropecuária, extrativismo vegetal e pesca artesanal e semi-industrial. Como principais problemas foram identificados o desmatamento, a prática da mineração, a potencial poluição hídrica no rio e seus afluentes e a forte tendência à contaminação pela disposição incorreta dos resíduos sólidos. Além de causar problemas ao meio, esses fatores também acarretam prejuízos diretos para as comunidades, haja vista o consumo de água de baixa qualidade e a disseminação de doenças. / The Caeté river hydrographic basin is located in the northeastern of Pará and has 2.195 km2 and extent of the main river of 149 km. The main goal of this research was preparing an integrated study of the environment context of Caeté’s river and to assess the level of environmental degradation. The analysis was based on landscape study and the procedures were divided into four stages: 1) analyses bibliographic and mapping, 2) work of field, 3) analysis of water quality and 4) work office. There were analyses related to the definition and characterization of the environmental units, socioeconomic survey, diagnosis of water quality, environmental assessment of the public dumps and identification of the factors of environmental degradation. The survey found that the environmental units inserted in the basin are the Coastal Plateau and Coastal Plain. The main economic activities are related to agriculture and extraction of plant and fishing. As main environmental problems had been identified the deforestation, the practice of mining, the potential water pollution and the strong trend to water contamination by the incorrect disposal of solid waste.