Purpose: The purpose of this study was to increase the efficiency of the planning stages in the building industry. The goal was to produce valuable information that will be useful in the future development of Swedish national BIM guidelines. Method: The study has been conducted by following the principles of content analysis. “Content analysis is a research method that uses a set of procedures to make valid inferences from text”. By searching for and analysing the content of national BIM guidelines, valuable information for future development of Swedish national BIM guidelines would be produced. The BIM guidelines had to fulfil two criteria in order to qualify for the study: Be a national BIM guideline. Have a version in English. Once selected, the guidelines were analysed using 11 topics, namely BIM execution plan, Level of Development, Format standards and their application – interoperability, accountability, filing, archiving, modes of collaboration, operations and maintenance, simulations, pre-qualifications, BIM functions through project phases. These were chosen based on works by R. Sacks, Gurevich, & Shrestha and Hooper. Findings: Out of the 81 BIM guidelines listed in the BIM guides project by BuildingSMART, 10 national BIM guidelines from 10 different countries were chosen for further study. NATSPEC from Australia, Belgian guide for the construction industry, CanBIM from Canada, COBIM from Finland, HKIBIM BIM project specification from Hong Kong, New Zealand BIM handbook, Statsbygg BIM manual from Norway, Singapore BIM guide, Level 2 PAS from the UK and NBIMS from the USA. All topics have a high level of inclusion, pointing to that the topics from Hooper and Sacks are relevant on a global scale. Pre-qualifications scored the lowest, and BIM functions through project phases scored the highest. Implications: Cover all 11 topics reviewed in this study. Avoid strict protocols with excessive level of detail, but rather formulate guidelines as frameworks, thus making them user-friendly and usable. Formulate guidelines so details may easily and logically be worked out in a BIM execution plan. Make a plan to keep the documents up to date. Limitations: This study only includes national BIM guidelines with English versions available. It has solely been conducted by document analysis and does therefore not provide much information on what current users of national BIM guidelines think of the guidelines reviewed, apart from what is mentioned from Hooper’s work. The score of each guideline indicate how much information it contains, and a high score may therefore not necessarily indicate it is the most user-friendly and readable guideline. Keywords: BIM guidelines, national BIM guidelines, BIM implementation / Sammanfattning Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att öka effektiviteten i planeringsstadiet inom byggbranschen. Målet var att producera värdefull information som kommer att vara användbar vid den framtida utvecklingen av svenska nationella BIM-riktlinjer. Metod: Studien har genomförts genom att följa principerna för innehållsanalys. Innehållsanalys är en forskningsmetod som använder en rad tillvägagångssätt för att dra giltiga slutsatser från text. Genom att leta efter och analysera innehållet i nationella BIM-riktlinjer, bör värdefull information för framtida utveckling av svenska nationella BIM-riktlinjer kunna frambringas. BIM-riktlinjerna behövde uppfylla två kriterier för att kvalificera sig till studien: 1. Vara en nationell BIM-riktlinje. 2. Ha en version på engelska. Riktlinjerna som valdes ut analyserades utifrån 11 ämnen, nämligen BIM:s genomförandeplan, utvecklingsnivå (LoD), formatstandarder och deras tillämpning - driftskompatibilitet, ansvarsskyldighet, register och mapphantering, arkivering, samarbetsformer, drift och underhåll, simuleringar, förkvalifikationer, BIM-funktioner genom projektfaser. Dessa valdes utifrån verk av R. Sacks, Gurevich, & Shrestha och Hooper. Resultat: Av de 81 BIM-riktlinjerna som listades i BIM-guideprojektet av BuildingSMART valdes 10 nationella BIM-riktlinjer från 10 olika länder för vidare studier. NATSPEC från Australien, Belgian guide for the construction industry, CanBIM från Kanada, COBIM från Finland, HKIBIM BIM project specification från Hong Kong, New Zealand BIM Handbook, Statsbygg BIM-handbok från Norge, Singapore BIM-guide, Level 2 PAS från Storbritannien och NBIMS från USA. Alla ämnen är inkluderade till hög grad och pekar på att ämnena från Hooper och Sacks är relevanta på global nivå. Förkvalifikationer fick lägst poäng, och BIM-funktioner genom projektfaser fick högst. Slutsats: Inkludera alla 11 ämnen som ses över i denna studie. Undvik strikta protokoll med överdriven detaljnivå och formulera riktlinjer som ramverk, vilket gör dem användarvänliga och användbara. Formulera riktlinjer så att detaljer enkelt och logiskt kan utarbetas i en BIM-genomförandeplan. Gör en plan för att hålla dokumenten uppdaterade. Begränsningar: Denna studie innehåller endast nationella BIM-riktlinjer med engelska versioner tillgängliga. Den har enbart genomförts med dokumentanalys och ger därför inte information om vad nuvarande användare av nationella BIM-riktlinjer tycker om de riktlinjer som granskats, förutom vad som nämns från Hooper-arbetet. Antalet poäng för varje riktlinje anger hur mycket information den innehåller, och ett högt betyg behöver därmed inte nödvändigtvis indikera att det är den mest användarvänliga och läsbara riktlinjen. Nyckelord: BIM-riktlinjer, nationella BIM-riktlinjer, BIM-implementering

O BIM está mudando profundamente as práticas tradicionais de desenvolvimento de trabalhos na área da construção civil em todo o mundo. Processos padronizados e protocolos são necessários para definição das novas responsabilidades, bem como boas práticas para que o gerenciamento e utilização dos dados resultantes do trabalho em BIM sejam feitos de forma adequada. Entre os países que desenvolveram normativas BIM, o Reino Unido lidera, junto com os EUA, em número de documentos, servindo de base para normas BIM de outros países. A mais recente norma internacional nesse tema é a ISO19650:2017 que padroniza a criação, gerenciamento e utilização das informações BIM, e serve como base desta pesquisa. A estratégia adotada nesse trabalho é a Pesquisa Construtiva que tem utilização indicada para a solução de problemas práticos nas áreas de arquitetura e engenharia. O objetivo este trabalho é disponibilizar ao mercado da construção civil nacional um documento público que pode ser utilizado como base para o gerenciamento de informações e dados BIM nas fases de contratação, projeto (design) e obra, através na análise da utilização do BIM no mercado nacional e internacional e o comparativo da norma ISO à prática do desenvolvimento do BIM no Brasil. Como resultado, foram identificados fatores que são pertinentes aos procedimentos de contratação e produção e para gerenciamento das informações e dados pertencentes à cadeia da construção de empreendimentos civis no Brasil. / Worldwide, BIM is profoundly changing the traditional working practices in the construction industry. Therefore, standardized processes and protocols are important to define the new responsibilities, as well as the best practices so that management and data use resulting from BIM work are done properly. Among the countries that have developed BIM standards, UK leads, along with the USA, in number of documents, providing the basis for BIM standards in other countries. One of the most recent BIM standards is ISO19650:2017, which standardizes the development, management and use of BIM information and it is the basis of this research. The strategy used in this work is the Constructive Research which is recommended for solution of practical problems in architecture and engineering. The objective of this work is to make available to the Brazilian construction market a public document that can be used as basis for BIM information management in the contracting, design and construction phases through the analysis of the use of BIM in national and international markets, comparing the ISO standard with the practice of BIM in Brazil. As a result, factors were identified that are pertinent to contracting and production procedures and to the information and data management belonging to the Brazilian construction lifecycle.

Syfte: Undersöka vilka möjligheter som finns, för projekteringsledaren, att optimera tidplaneringen i projekteringsskedet och på så sätt dra större fördel av att arbeta med BIM.   Frågeställningar: Hur ser det planerade och faktiska aktivitetsflödet, eventuellt även informationsflödet, ut i några av WSP Managements redan utförda BIM-projekt? Vilka åsikter har olika roller i projekten om detta? Vilka problemområden upplever projekteringsledare att det finns i projekteringsskedet i ett BIM-projekt? Finns tendenser till flaskhalsar i vissa projekteringsfaser? Vilka tankar finns i branschen när det gäller möjligheten att tidplanera bättre i projekteringsskedet för att kunna dra större fördel av BIM? Går det att förena tidplanering av projekteringsskedet i BIM-projekt med andra redan inarbetade metoder?   Metod: Insamlandet av fakta till detta examensarbete har skett genom  en induktiv litteraturstudie samt intervjuer av kvalitativt slag.   Slutsatser: De resultat som framkommit under examensarbetets gång tyder på att optimerad tidplanering av projekteringsskedet i ett BIM-projekt gör att det går att dra större fördel av att arbeta med BIM.   Flera av de problem och flaskhalsar som nämns i intervjuerna visar att dessa kan förhindras med bättre tidplanering. Framförallt är det förarbetet, där nytta, mål och BIM-användning identifieras som framhävs som viktigt. Andra förutsättningar som nämns är högre engagemang från projekteringsledaren, att denne bör komma in i ett tidigt skede i projektet och bör samarbeta med någon som har stor kunskap och erfarenhet av BIM.   Tidplanen för projekteringsskedet i ett BIM-projekt skiljer sig från dagens tidplan på så sätt att det är informationsleveranserna som kommer styra hur de olika aktiviteterna planeras istället för de handlingar som skapas idag. Samma metoder och program som används idag kan användas för tidplanering av ett BIM-projekt. Behovet av att bryta ner projektet i mindre delar för att studera relationen mellan de olika aktiviteterna och på så sätt skapa en fungerade tidplan kvarstår. / Purpose: Explore the possibilities to optimize the scheduling in the design phase to obtain greater benefits from working with BIM.   Problems: What is the planned and actual work flow, possibly including the information flow, in some of WSP Management’s conducted BIM-projects? What are the opinions about this, from the different roles in the projects? Which problem areas are the managers of the design phase experiencing in the design phase of a BIM-project? Are there signs of bottlenecks in some of the stages? What are the thoughts in the industry regarding the possibility to improve the time scheduling of the design phase in order obtain greater benefits from working with BIM. Is it possible to use already established methods for the time scheduling of BIM-projects?   Methods: The collection of data for this thesis has been done through an inductive literature review and qualitative interviews.   Conclusions: The results from this thesis indicate that optimizing of scheduling leads to greater benefits from working with BIM.   Several of the problems and bottle necks that are mentioned in the interviews shows that they could be prevented with better time scheduling. Above all it's the initial work, where the BIM goals and Uses are identified, that are mentioned as important. Other conditions mentioned are higher commitment from the design manager, that this person should come in at an early stage in the project and collaborate with someone who has extensive knowledge and experience of BIM.   The schedule for the design phase in a BIM-project will be distinguished from today’s schedule in the way that the information delivery will control how the various activities are planned, instead of documents. The same  methods and programs that are used today can be used for the scheduling of a BIM-project. The need for a break-down structure in order to study the relationship between the various activities still exists in order to make a functioning time schedule.

When compared to other industries, the construction industry has been slow to adopt digital technologies. BIM stands for Building Information Modeling (hereon referred to as BIM) and it represents a turning point when it comes to digitalization in the AEC sector. Despite BIM’s proven potential to reduce costs and improve the efficiency of construction projects, widescale adoption, and implementation of construction projects using BIM hasn’t happened yet. This research aims to conduct an innovation analysis of adoption of BIM in Europe using innovation theories such as Rogers’s diffusion theory and Crossing the Chasm by Moore. We hope the reader will have an understanding of the various adoption barriers for BIM in Europe after reading this research paper. / Jämfört med andra branscher har byggbranschen varit långsam med att använda digital teknik. BIM står för Building Information Modeling (nedan kallad BIM) och representerar en vändpunkt när det gäller digitalisering inom AEC-sektorn. Trots BIM: s beprövade potential att minska kostnaderna och förbättra effektiviteten i byggprojekt, har vidsträckt antagande och genomförande av byggprojekt med BIM ännu inte hänt. Denna forskning syftar till att göra en innovationsanalys av antagandet av BIM i Europa med hjälp av innovationsteorier som Rogers diffusionsteori och Crossing the Chasm av Moore. Vi hoppas att läsaren kommer att ha en förståelse för de olika adoptionsbarriärerna för BIM i Europa efter att ha läst detta forskningsdokument.

The purpose of the study was to explore how property management companies view of Building Information Modeling (BIM) as a working method in property management process, and to explore the companies efforts at BIM in terms of the level of detail on BIM object implementation in property management. The study includes both companies that have and do not have contributions in BIM. The exploration was aimed at two companies and their varying ways of working to inform the needs of BIM in property management. The purpose of the study was also to give a clear picture of how BIM tools should be defined in the management process. The work was used of qualitative methods to answer the questions first consisted of a literature review, interviews and case study. The case study was about BIM implementation in New Karolinska Solna. The result showed that the definition of BIM in property management companies is not clear yet. The companies have intended to use BIM, but they are not there yet, there should be a type of requirements list that works with planning and production and benefit from using BIM in the property management. According to respondents, most of the common reasons why BIM was not used were because the approach of the tool. There is no proper structure or common working method of how the tool would be applied. Many literature sources including respondents claimed that BIM seemed good and have a good potential to be the future work process. BIM leads to improved work environment, improved sustainability development, good marketing, increased quality in work, time savings, and improved project management. As a suggestion as to how BIM could be implemented, it can be described in a few steps, which is status analysis, identify the benefits of BIM, start implementing on a smaller scale, follow up continuously, improve and expand the work and last but not least Integrate information. The conclusions that can be drawn from the results and literature study were that BIM can improve the quality management of the properties, but it is important to find a reasonable level of BIM implementation as well as a suitable detail level of BIM-model.

Ce mémoire traite comme objet le BIM (Bâti immobilier modélisé), ses incidences et ses perspectives juridiques dans le droit de la construction au Québec, il consiste à présenter une discussion méthodologique relative à ce sujet. Le BIM et la disposition de l’ensemble des informations sur une maquette numérique globale pourraient éventuellement élargir les hypothèses de mise en jeu des responsabilités des intervenants ainsi que le partage des risques. Pour le savoir, nous jugeons opportun de pouvoir dresser un panorama des risques et responsabilités des participants d’un projet de la construction pour permettre de tirer les changements ainsi que les conséquences juridiques de l’arrivée de ce processus dans l’industrie de la construction. Il est donc nécessaire d’analyser le cadre juridique actuel afin de déterminer l’applicabilité du régime de responsabilité civile aux intervenants BIM, au regard du droit de la construction et des dispositions du Code civil du Québec, par la même occasion, de conclure si un changement des dispositions législatives est nécessaire ou non. Ce travail traite également les difficultés juridiques inhérentes à l’utilisation des modèles BIM, notamment les risques technologiques et les questions des droits d’auteurs des éléments de la maquette numérique. Enfin, cette recherche dresse une présentation sur les outils juridiques à déployer et offre également une approche pragmatique des pratiques contractuelles actuelles du BIM au Québec en présentant les différents documents contractuels le concernant. / This study treats as an object the BIM (Building Information Modeling), its implications and its legal perspectives in the construction law in Quebec, it consists in presenting a methodological discussion relating to this subject. BIM and the provision of all the information on a global digital model could possibly broaden the hypotheses of bringing into play the responsibilities of the parties involved as well as risks sharing issues. To find out, we believe it is appropriate to be able to draw up an overview of the risks and responsibilities of the participants in a construction project to allow us to draw the changes as well as the legal consequences of the arrival of this process in the construction industry. It is therefore necessary to analyze the current legal provisions in order to determine the applicability of the civil liability regime to BIM stakeholders, with regard to construction law and the provisions of the Civil Code of Quebec, at the same time, to conclude whether a change in the legislative provisions is necessary or not. This research also deals with the legal difficulties inherent in the use of BIM models, in particular the technological risks, data ownership and associated proprietary issues of the elements of the digital model. Finally, this paper presents the legal tools to be deployed and also offers a pragmatic approach to the current contractual practices of BIM in Quebec by presenting the various contract documents.

Denna studie syftar till att utvärdera möjligheterna med bygginformationsmodellering, BIM, inom anläggningsbranschen genom att skapa en fullständig 5D-modell som beskriver ett anläggningsprojekt. BIM är i praktiken definierat som en dynamisk modell där man använder sig av intelligenta objekt istället för linjer. För att den skapade modellen ska vara användbar vid kalkyl- och tidplanarbete ska de skapade objekten vara sammanlänkade med en mängdförteckning enligt AMA Anläggning 2013. Modellen representeras av en nybrytning av en väg med tillhörande schakt, bankfyll, vägöverbyggnader, krondikning, trumläggning samt en omkoppling av en befintlig åkerdränering. Dessa arbetsmoment medför att 23 stycken AMA Anläggning- kodsatta objekt modelleras i Auto Cad. Objekten har kontrollerats i Sketchup Pro innan import till Vico Office. I Vico Office visas de skapade objekten i en mängdlista samtidigt som en 3Dvy är tillgänglig. Objektens mängder tilldelas en mängdförteckning skapad enligt kodsystemet i AMA Anläggning. I denna process skapas en länk mellan objekten och mängförteckningen; sker någon ändring av objekten, uppdateras även mängdförteckningen. En kalkyl skapas sedan genom att mängdförteckningen tillsätts priser och resurser med kapaciteter genom manuell inmatning av data. Eftersom kalkylen innehåller resurser med kapaciteter för respektive mängd, skapas en tidplan löpande tillsammans med kalkylen. Den färdiga tidplanen möjliggör en 4D-simulering där aktiviteternas förlopp visas i en filmsekvens. Eftersom både kalkylen och tidplanen är länkad till objekten såväl som mängdförteckningen är modellen dynamisk. Ändras något i en vy, slår det igenom i alla led. Studien visar att en 5D-modellering av ett anläggningsprojekt är fullt möjlig. Problem uppstod dock vid import av modell med komplicerade geometrier från Auto Cad till Vico Office. Studien visar även att BIM-objekt bör skapas enligt en tydlig strukturell indelning. Vid modellering av anläggningsprojekt bör denna indelning följa AMA Anläggning då projektdokumenten som används under ett projekt är indelade och styrs av detta referensverk.

Healthcare in the UK is a very important sector; it provides state of the art accommodation that meets the need of patients, visitors, medical professionals and other staff. The UK Government is currently cutting costs within the different sectors of the economy, while there are raising figures in UK National Health Service (NHS) spending. These are due to a growing and ageing population, advancement in modern healthcare delivery and special needs for different facility users. There is a UK Government proposal set out that requires the delivery of ??15-20 billion in efficiency savings over the three year period from 2011 (Department of Health, 2010-2015). This study has understood that cost savings can be achieved by adopting and implementing a framework that supports refurbishment, flexibility, standardisation and Building Information Modelling (BIM). These cost savings can be achieved through Mechanical Engineering and Plumbing (MEP) clash detections using (BIM). 65% of hospital designs are centred on MEP services (interviews). The NHS needs to save cost when responding to possible future changes without compromising the quality of standard provided to the public. A change-ready healthcare facility is proposed to address the issue of change and the design of quality spaces that can enhance effectiveness and efficiency in the delivery of health and social care. A change-ready healthcare facility can be described as a facility that accommodates known or proposed future changes creating novel pathways to increase the quality and life span of facilities. There is also a large chunk of NHS estates that is underutilised EC Harris, (2013). Therefore, healthcare facilities need to respond to future changes in order to optimise their spaces. To achieve quality and cost efficiency in healthcare buildings, key considerations are refurbishment and reconfiguration, optimisation of flexibility, maximising standardisation and implementation of BIM. This research explores opportunities to save costs, time and improve quality of healthcare facilities by making emphasis on the design delivery process. Therefore, the new RIBA Plan of Work 2013 was used as a mechanism to help translate ideas into physical form and yet has been hindered by lack of development and ability to keep up with technological development such as BIM. This is the rationale for developing a framework. The RIBA Plan of Work is accepted nationally. Due to the UK BIM mandate by 2016, this research is focused on the use of BIM to support both space standardisation and space flexibility within a refurbished or new building. Space is a vital component competent in every healthcare facility. It provides the environment for healthcare services to be performed, and links one functional space to another, it can be designed for multifunctional usage. Healthcare spaces are complex entities due to the range of services and technology they support and the number, variety and quality of requirement combined with a rapidly changing environment. Flexibility enables a facility to easily respond to changes, while the introduction of standardisation supports staff performance by reducing the reliance on memory which will reduce human error. But the main question that emerges from current literature is how healthcare designers and planners manage healthcare spaces that cannot easily be standardised due to the constraints of existing structures, diversity in patient and staff needs? With analysis of different flexibility frameworks in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry, there is a need to improve the existing frameworks. Therefore, a framework for designing a change-ready healthcare facility was developed through a sequence of data analysis starting with literature, preliminary data, questionnaire survey and interviews. Three frameworks for designing a change-ready facility were revised, organised and merged to produce a state of the art framework. Three frameworks were revised as different research methods were required. The successful framework can guide the design process of embedding different flexible design options for a defined project brief to save costs and improve design efficiency. The framework was validated with some of the top 100 architectural practices in the UK, NHS Estates, facility managers and the RIBA through an interview process. Further research and development arising from this research focuses on the process of applying BIM to record or identify key decisions taken for each of the different design options generated from a single brief to inform the designers, clients or other stakeholders involved while collaborating. Findings of this research are described in five peer-reviewed papers. The only certainty in healthcare is change Gressel and Hilands, (2008).

BIM has been a trend in recent years when it comes to design and construction of new buildings. However, there has been less talk about what happens to BIM models after the construction phase. This issue has been raised at the Forsmark construction documentation department. This thesis aims to look at how the information in a BIM model can be transferred to facility management and GIS systems and thus add value, even after the construction phase. Questions raises how such an exchange might look like and whether it is reliable. How should a claim be brought to planners for such an exchange to work. This thesis tested some of the most common methods for this kind of exchange of information from BIM models to facility management and GIS. It was formats like IFC, Fi2xml and a database connectivity that was analyzed by a computer simulation of a model provided by Forsmark. The model consisted of an existing office building at Forsmark, modeled in Autodesk Revit. The results indicate that the formats tested require a precise plotting of the models. The loss of information that came to light in the simulation could be attributed to failure modeling in Revit. Even such things as naming of areas must be consistent. To achieve more efficient naming process, test where carried out to deal with parameters outside the Revit environment. However, it did not work optimally. Support for some parameters was lost and the information that was built up in the database was too extensive.

Byggnadsinformationsmodellering (BIM) är det informationshanteringssystem som de flesta konsultföretag och beställare strävar att implementera. Många har redan tillämpat BIM-metodiken som en del av byggprocessen. Eftersom tekniken går framåt tvingar detta också individen att utvecklas. Svårigheter uppstår när tekniken går framåt utan att den implementeras på rätt sätt av branschen. Problem finns i överföringen av information mellan olika parter. Ett av dessa problem är vid mängdavtagningar och kalkyler. Ett företag som ligger i framkant i utvecklingen och gärna vill effektivisera processen är Sweco Architects i Uppsala. De vill med hjälp av detta examensarbete undersöka beställarens krav och önskemål gällande kalkylering och mängdavtagning. Examensarbetets syfte är att med hjälp av en intervjustudie visa vad beställaren tycker behöver förändras och förbättras inom kalkylering och mängavtagningar från projektören. Målet med arbetet blir att med hjälp av intervjustudien ta fram en metodik till projektören som följer beställarens kravställning. Metodiken riktas in mot programvaran Autodesk Revit. Slutsatsen av arbetet är att en tydligare dialog mellan beställare och projektör behövs för att kunna förbättra mängdavtagningarna, men även en bättre arbetsmetodik för litterering. För att säkerställa detta bör en branschstandard upprättas men tills dess måste kravställningen bli tydligare.