Submitted by Morgana Silva (morgana_linhares@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-29T19:10:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2082907 bytes, checksum: a81c1f83d3e3d8e8f088037786dfa4c2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-29T19:10:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2082907 bytes, checksum: a81c1f83d3e3d8e8f088037786dfa4c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Since the 60s, when the migration of highly qualified individuals towards developed countries has intensified, the term brain drain has gained widespread use. Although there is a consensus in the literature on the beneficial effect of brain drain to the economy of recipient regions of manpower, skilled labor, the effects for broadcasters regions are a controversial subject. Especially in Brazil, this topic is still little explored. Thus, the main objective of this dissertation was to analyze the effects of migration of workers with higher education on productivity and the accumulation of human capital in the migrant origin cities. The dissertation was written in two trials. Chapter 1 investigated the existence of brain drain Brazilian intermunicipal and its impact on labor productivity in issuing municipalities of labor-skilled workers. To achieve the research objectives, the methodology developed by Becker Andrea Ichino (2004) was adapted, assuming non-linear returns of education on income, correction of sample selection bias and disaggregated analysis by municipality. The data used were obtained from the Demographic Census of 2010. The productivity indicators showed that, overall, there seems to be more losers than winners municipalities when assessing the productivity gap if the emigrants had remained in the departure city. By combining lost productivity indicators with the rate of graduates residents were identified municipalities where there may be brain drain with negative effects, which are predominantly located in the states of the Northeast. Already chapter 2 aimed to identify the effects of migration of brains on the accumulation of human capital in issuing municipalities of highly skilled workers. Therefore, the empirical strategy used was the same developed by Beine, Docquier e Rapoport (2008), which was based on the estimation of a conditional convergence model. Additionally, a counterfactual exercise was conducted in order to identify losses and net earnings by municipality groups, based on Demographic Census 2000 and 2010. The work has found that skilled emigration rate is related inversely to the variation in the stock of capital human, which may be related to the presence of barriers to access to education in Brazil. It was found that the small cities had higher losses in terms of human capital, especially Aliança do Tocantins, Viçosa and Damolândia. In relation to the cities listed with the largest gains were identified four capitals: Vitoria, Aracaju, Palmas and Santos. The other winners were mostly cities of São Paulo, although all small, with the exception of Santos. The results of this trial suggest that in Brazil the presence of barriers to higher education seem to block a possible investment in education stimulus from the migration of brains, especially in smaller towns. / Desde os anos 60, quando a migração de indivíduos altamente qualificados em direção aos países desenvolvidos foi intensificada, o termo “fuga de cérebros” ganhou amplo uso. Embora haja um consenso na literatura sobre o efeito benéfico do brain drain para a economia de regiões receptoras de mão-de-obra qualificada, os efeitos para as regiões emissoras são um assunto controverso. Especialmente no Brasil, esse tema ainda é pouco explorado. Assim, o objetivo principal dessa dissertação foi analisar os efeitos da migração de trabalhadores com elevada instrução sobre a produtividade e o acúmulo de capital humano nos municípios de origem do migrante. A dissertação foi escrita em 2 ensaios. O capítulo 1 investigou a existência da “fuga de cérebros” intermunicipal brasileira e seu impacto sobre a produtividade do trabalho nos municípios emissores de mão-de-obra qualificada. Para alcançar os objetivos da pesquisa, a metodologia desenvolvida por Becker Andrea Ichino (2004) foi adaptada, admitindo-se retornos nãolineares da escolaridade sobre os rendimentos, correção do viés de seleção amostral e análise desagregada por município. Os dados utilizados foram obtidos junto ao Censo Demográfico de 2010. Os indicadores de produtividade apontaram que, no geral, parece haver mais municípios perdedores do que ganhadores quando se avalia o diferencial de produtividade caso os emigrantes tivessem permanecido no município de partida. Ao se combinar indicadores de perda de produtividade com a taxa de residentes graduados foi possível identificar municípios onde pode haver “fuga de cérebros” com efeitos perversos, sendo estes predominantemente localizados nos estados da região Nordeste. Já o capítulo 2 teve como objetivo identificar os efeitos da migração de cérebros sobre a acumulação de capital humano nos municípios brasileiros emissores de trabalhadores altamente qualificados. Para tanto, a estratégia empírica utilizada foi a mesma desenvolvida por Beine, Docquier e Rapoport (2008), que baseou-se na estimação de um modelo de modelo de convergência condicionada. Adicionalmente, um exercício contrafatual foi realizado no intuito de identificar perdas e ganhos líquidos por grupos de município, com base nos Censos Demográficos de 2000 e 2010. O estudo permitiu constatar que a taxa de emigração qualificada se relaciona inversamente com a variação no estoque de capital humano, fato que pode estar relacionado à presença de barreiras no acesso à educação no Brasil. Verificou-se que os municípios de pequeno porte apresentaram maiores perdas em termos de capital humano, especialmente, Aliança do Tocantins, Viçosa e Damolândia. Já em relação aos municípios listados com maiores ganhos, foram identificadas quatro capitais: Vitória, Aracaju, Palmas e Santos. Os demais ganhadores foram em sua maioria municípios do estado de São Paulo, embora todos de pequeno porte, com exceção de Santos. Os resultados deste ensaio sugerem que no Brasil a presença de barreiras ao ensino superior parecem bloquear um possível estímulo de investimento em educação a partir da migração de cérebros, sobretudo em municípios menores.

Magister Public Health - MPH / This secondary data study, framed in social constructionism theory, descibes and analyses the "pull" factors influencing migration of health professionals developing to developed countries. The literature review sets the context withing which international migration takes place and explores relevant aspects of the G8, globalisation, and the General Agreement on Trade in Services. The research demonstrates that temporary or permanent international migration occurs for employment or study purposes. It further confirms that, despite the lack of accurate data from African counties, the number of health professionals leaving the continent has increased significantly during the 1990's. / South Africa

It is a topic of discussion that finds its way into almost every setting in the South African context. Is leaving South Africa not the best option available to us? From old to young it seems many South Africans, are contemplating leaving the shores of South Africa in search of opportunity elsewhere. The purported reasons behind this exodus, or even just the thought going into the possibilities, are repetitive in the literature. Crime, affirmative action, standards of living, concerns regarding political and economic security for the future are all referred to. What is undeniable is the great loss of skills that is occurring as most of these people leaving are graduates. I wished to try and understand the experiences of some young adults who are currently contemplating, or in the process of emigrating. The focal question in this research is: “what experiences are fuelling the ‘brain drain phenomenon amongst our young adults?” The intention of this study is not in any way to find extrapolative answers, but instead to understand and describe the personal experiences of a select few. Therefore a Phenomenological approach was used in order to describe these participants’ experiences as closely as possible. The respondents were asked to write a ‘full’ response to the open ended question. This technique of data capture falls within the semi-structured interview framework, but allowed for the participants to provide a description of their experiences with the least possible opportunity for influence. It was of great importance that their descriptions be their own in order for the researcher to gain a proper understanding of their experiences. These descriptions were then analysed through thematic analysis. The themes that were identified seem to describe the ‘experienced meaning’ that the participants have formed rather than the physical experiences of such ‘reasons’ as discussed in the literature. Themes such as victimization, regret, insecurity, crime, fear, the need for freedom and job security were identified. For South Africa to turn this brain drain around it will be necessary for policy makers to take into consideration and act upon the physical experiences but also the experienced meaning that people form. Copyright / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Psychology / unrestricted

In Canada, the non-recognition of foreign credentials remains a considerable policy issue as well as a challenge for skilled immigrants. Many studies have shed light on the difficulties that foreign professionals face when seeking a placement in the Canadian job market. This thesis focused on the experiences of professional women from Morocco on the basis of the premise that every racialized group’s immigration experience deserves a space in the literature to voice their realities and inspire policy considerations. As a result, this study focused on examining the experiences of Moroccan women in the Canadian job market and the impact thereof, on their socio-economic status, and as such, health and well-being. In order to effectively capture the experiences of this particular community, a fieldwork study was conducted in the form of semi-structured individual interviews with twelve women who immigrated to Canada from Morocco with professional qualifications. Based on the participants’ accounts, I described that systemic discrimination as manifested in Othering and racialization remain major obstacles to the realization of equal access in the Canadian labour market. All in all, this research provides valuable insight into the plight of skilled immigrants in Canada and thus, offers strong policy recommendations to facilitate a more effective integration process for this group into the Canadian Job market.

Migration is generally considered a problem or at least a negative phenomenon. However, it is considered rather positively in this thesis. I attempt to answer a question whether migration contributes to the development of the countries of origin. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the positive and the negative impacts of migration and remittances on selected countries and to evaluate measures that contribute to a maximization of the positive impacts and a minimization of the negative impacts of migration on development.The first chapter presents the theoretical concept of the impacts of migration and remittances on development. In the second chapter I examine the specific effects of migration and the third chapter summarizes the measures maximizing the positive impacts and minimizing the negative effects of migration on development in the "optimization model of the impacts of migration and remittances on development."

In this dissertation thesis is analyzed the emigration problem of qualified labor resources from chosen countries. And on behalf of the Czech Republic successful experience analyze, in migration management of qualified workers, was generated the recommendations to Georgian government for in time solving of problematic situation in country. The authors own research held in Czech Republic and in Georgia, underlined the factors influencing migration process from Georgia and brought his constructive approach in "brain drain" problem solution and in supporting process of "brain gain". But thesis alsoshows that not every successful experience could be useful for Georgian case. Given thesis is unique by his way of deep research of "brain drain" problem from Georgia and by setting order of solution priorities.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / Brain drain has been labelled as one of the greatest development challenges facing African countries as it challenges capacity building, retention of skilled workers and sustained growth. Over the past two decades, a large number of Zimbabwean academics have left the country in search of economic opportunity and further academic training. This out-movement of academics has been exacerbated by political crisis and economic crisis in the country over the same period. Although some studies have sought to explain the causes, consequences and recommended policy responses to this human capital flight, they have not been able to critically assess, from the perspective of the emigrated academics, the conditions that would make them repatriate, their willingness to return to their home country and contribute to training, research and development; or their disposition towards engaging with Zimbabwean universities.

The thesis brings together three independent essays on the economics of innovation. I analyse the impact of competition on firm-level innovation (chapter 1) and the impact of different types of innovation on firm performance (chapter 2) looking at the top business R&D spenders of the world. I, then, switch my focus on researchers and analyse the determinants of brain drain in Europe (chapter 3).The first chapter is co-authored by Anabela Santos (European Commission) and Michele Cincera (ULB) and aims at assessing the impact of competition on firm-level innovation. The sample is composed of the world top corporate R&D spenders listed in the EU 2017 industrial R&D Scoreboard, and the analysis covers the years spanning from 2007 to 2016. We use an industry-year indicator, the inverse of the Lerner Index, as the indicator of competition for these firms that are leading in innovation efforts in the industries they are operating at the worldwide. R&D expenditures are used as the proxy for innovation. Model is estimated using two-stage least squares, to control for potential endogeneity of the competition indicator. Results confirm the existence of an inverted-U shaped relationship between competition and innovation. Further analysis is undertaken splitting the overall firm sample into services and manufacturing sectors according to technology and knowledge intensities and into the country of headquarters. We validate the inverted-U shaped relationship between competition and innovation for the firms in medium-high- and high-tech manufacturing sectors whereas we do not observe this impact for the firms operating in medium-low- and low-tech manufacturing sectors nor in services sectors. We also find differences in innovation behaviour of firms headquartered in the EU, US, Japan and China. While the inverted-U shaped relationship is highly pronounced for the Chinese firms, we find the U shaped impact of competition on the innovation of the EU and Japanese firms.The second chapter brings together firm-level R&D spending information with patent information, and aims at investigating the impact of different types of patented inventions on firm output growth performance controlling for R&D spending and other firm financials. The firm sample is sourced from the EU 2014 Industrial R&D Scoreboard that brings together the leading private sector R&D investors of the world. The analysis covers the years from 2005 to 2010. I consider forward-looking patent value indicators of breakthrough and general innovation using 7-year citation window, and backward-looking patent value indicators of originality and radicalness in innovation activities. Firm performance is estimated through a Cobb-Douglas production function. I allow for non-linearity in the relationship between innovation strategy and firm performance, and investigate sectoral heterogeneity looking at the impact in health industries and ICT producers. Models are estimated using two-stage least squares and generalised method of moments to control for potential endogeneity of innovation indicators. The findings confirm certain non-linearities and sectoral heterogeneities in the relationships between the different types of innovation and firm performance. ICT producers are growing with breakthrough innovations, generality and novelty in innovation process supporting the general-purpose technology feature of ICT. I, however, do not find a positive impact of technological breakthroughs nor a specific trend of generality and novelty in innovation process on productivity of pharmaceutical and biotechnology firms in the sample.The third chapter is co-authored by Christophe Colassin (ULB) and Michele Cincera (ULB) and aims at analysing the determinants of brain drain in Europe where there exists unbalances and polarisation between the States in terms of attractiveness for researchers despite the common policies and practices put in place by the European Union. The information about the mobility outflows are sourced from Centre for Science and Technology Studies and concern the year 2019. In order to analyse the macroeconomic determinants of mobility of researchers, the chapter brings together information from various data sources that attribute country-level values to the potential determinants of mobility outflows. We use a gravity model framework to detect quantitatively the pull and push factors of researchers' mobility including the 28 EU Member states in the time of analysis, and 3 additional Schengen countries, Norway, Iceland and Switzerland. In addition to the cultural and geographic proximity, we find that a country’s researcher base, entrepreneurial opportunities, knowledge intensity, public R&D spending and international collaborations increase the mobility of researchers within Europe whereas non-academic placements of researchers and the perception of virtual mobility as an alternative decrease the mobility. Researchers from countries with attractive research systems, more innovative private sector and more female researchers are found to be more mobile, whereas, the ones with higher GDP growth rates are less. We find that satisfaction with the recruitment process and the salary levels are decreasing factors for the mobility outflows. Finally, while fixed-term contracts in academia are found to be a factor that decreases the attractiveness; satisfaction with recruitment process, existence of the top R&D spending enterprises in the economy, and the freedom of academic exchange and dissemination are the factors that increases the attractiveness of a country for mobility inflows. / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The purpose of the study was to construct a questionnaire to determine what factors affect emigration. The questionnaire consisted out of 51 items and was administered to 150 respondents who were South African citizens either living in South Africa or who have emigrated to another country. Factor analyses were applied to the 51 items and four factors were identified; these were social and political situation, work experience, victim of crime and job satisfaction. It was found during the ANOVA and Scheffé analysis that having a tertiary qualification will affect emigration. This information can be applied to attempt to retain educated individuals within South Africa in efforts to eliminate the so-called “brain drain”. Copyright 2010, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Chasenski, A 2010, Factors influencing emigration out of South Africa, MCom dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02222012-113950/ > C12/4/192/gm / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Human Resource Management / unrestricted

Background: Gen Z is the next generation to enter the workforce and it has become more complex to attract and retain employees. The recent trend in the job market, in which most prospective employees are from Gen Z, makes it important to investigate the demands, expectations, values, and preferences of this prospective workforce. Every generation has different workplace preferences; thus, it is important for employers to understand the differences to be able to attract them. Therefore, an enterprise must develop effective employer branding to accomplish this aim. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to find out what companies in Regional Sweden can do to attract and retain highly educated employees from Gen Z. Method: The research study was conducted using the qualitative method. The primary data was collected through ten interviews with master students and were conducted in a semi-structured manner along with secondary data. Conclusion: The results show that companies in regional Sweden can use four methods together to attract and retain highly educated employees from Gen Z. Their employer branding should promote that they value diversity, equality, and inclusiveness. They should implement hybrid working unless it harms the company's operation. Mentoring them at work by delegating responsibilities and developing their skills. Most importantly to gradually develop them within the firm and inform them about possible managerial positions.