Title: PUMA branding Objective: The aim of diploma thesis is to get improvement proposal which could be used for further building of PUMA brand. The research will be carried out on two samples of respondents. The first sample will be Generation Y which is defined by Bergh (2012). A second sample of respondents are employees of the company PUMA. Methods: The entire thesis is focused and based on standardized method of the brand personality from J. L. Aaker (1997), adapted by the authors Geuens, Weijters and de Wulf (2009). Statistical functions such as: arithmetic mean, mode, skewness, kurtosis and standard deviation will be used for the interpretation of the outcomes. The results will be processed in order to intensify the development of PUMA brand. Results: Based on the research results, the brand personality of sports brand PUMA can be described by the dimension Activity. The brand personality of PUMA is active, stable and dynamic. This result was agreed by both groups of respondents, as Generation Y, and employees of the company PUMA. Keywords: branding, brand management, sports brand, corporate PUMA, marketing research

Depuis longtemps, praticiens et chercheurs en marketing reconnaissent la pertinence d’un transfert de traits de personnalité humaine aux marques. Ce transfert permet de renforcer le capital de la marque ainsi que la relation que le consommateur entretient avec celle-ci. Ainsi, posséder une personnalité claire, distinctive, désirable et durable est devenu en enjeu majeur pour les responsables de marques.Or, au regard de la littérature, il semblerait qu’une marque positionnée de manière identique dans différents pays peut malgré tout avoir différentes personnalités. Peu d’études se sont intéressées aux raisons pour lesquelles ces différences de perceptions peuvent exister. Pourtant, cette question est fondamentale dans un contexte où les marques plébiscitent l’internationalisation et la globalisation qui suppose que l’essentiel des associations d’une marque transcende les frontières géographiques et culturelles.Les recherches en psychologie de la personnalité reconnaissent une dimension culturelle dans la formation de la personnalité humaine. Toutefois, en marketing, malgré l’importance reconnue de la culture dans le développement du capital d’une marque, les chercheurs se sont peu intéressés au rôle de la culture dans le processus de création de la personnalité d’une marque. Notre recherche se propose donc de répondre aux questions suivantes : pourquoi la perception de la personnalité d’une marque varie-t-elle d’un pays à un autre ? Est-il possible d’expliquer les différences d’appréciation de la personnalité par des différences culturelles entre les pays ?Pour y répondre, nous avons mené une étude quantitative auprès d’un échantillon de 750 personnes dans trois contextes culturels différents (France, Gabon et Sénégal).Les résultats montrent que les perceptions de la personnalité d’une marque dans différents pays diffèrent et peuvent aussi s’expliquer par les différences culturelles. De plus, certaines dimensions culturelles participent plus que d’autres au développement de certaines dimensions de la personnalité de la marque. / The attribution of human personality traits to brands is well-known by both marketing practitioners and researchers. This phenomenon serves to strengthen brand equity and customer-brand relationships. Thus, the development of a clear, distinctive, desirable and durable personality for their brands has become a major issue for managers.A number of studies have shown that the same brand may be perceived differently across cultures despite identical positioning. Unfortunately, researchers have paid scant attention to the sources of those perception differences. Yet, this issue is very important as companies are engaging in a greater internationalization and globalization of their brands, which implies that the core of brand associations has to transcend geographical and cultural borders.A large number of studies in the area of personality psychology admits that human personality is largely shaped by culture. Although the usefulness of national culture in branding management is widely accepted, it appears that the role of culture in brand personality formation has not been very much investigated. Therefore, our research addresses the following questions: why do brand personality perceptions differ across countries? Is it possible to explain cross-country differences in perceptions of brand personality using cultural differences?A survey of 750 consumers was carried out in three different cultural settings (France, Gabon and Senegal). The research uses Aaker’s brand personality and Schwartz’s cultural dimensions to examine the influences of culture on brand personality.The results validate the hypothesis that differences in perceptions of brand personality can be explained by cultural differences. Moreover, the study provides evidence that some cultural traits weigh more in the formation of some brand personality dimensions than others do.

本研究探討真實自我、理想自我與品牌人格的一致性以及消費幻想，對於消費者品牌偏好度之影響，並將真實自我、理想自我與品牌人格的一致性分為五大構面，探討各構面對於消費者品牌偏好度之相對影響。採用Aaker (1997) 所發展出來的品牌人格量表來衡量真實自我、理想自我以及品牌人格，消費幻想的衡量則是採用黃依婷 (2006) 所發展之幻想程度的量表。 本研究選擇進行問卷調查的品牌包含象徵型及功能型兩類型，且具高知名度、不同來源國、消費者使用目的及產品價格等特質，經由與專家討論，選出台灣的宏碁 (Acer)、法國的路易威登 (LV)以及美國的星巴客 (Starbucks)，並將問卷以品牌分為三類，採隨機發放，共收集428份有效問卷，其中Acer品牌問卷有134份、Starbucks品牌問卷有143份、LV品牌問卷有151份，透過一般線性模式分析，驗證品牌人格與自我一致性以及消費幻想，對於消費者品牌偏好度之影響。 研究結果顯示，真實自我及理想自我與品牌人格的一致性、消費幻想及品牌對於消費者品牌偏好度均無影響，但是真實自我及理想自我與品牌人格的一致性與消費者品牌偏好度間的關係，會受到消費幻想及品牌的影響。對於象徵性品牌而言，消費幻想高的人並不在意品牌與自己之真實自我或是理想自我有無一致，只要品牌的象徵性意涵豐富，能夠滿足其幻想，消費者就會對品牌有較高的偏好，消費幻想低的人比較務實，所以對於象徵性品牌的偏好度較低；就功能性品牌而言，消費幻想高的人除了產品基本的功能性訴求之外，還希望品牌能夠用來表達真實自我或是理想自我，但是消費幻想低的人比較實際，較注重產品的功能面，所以比較不在意品牌是否能展現自己。若將真實自我一致性分為五個構面來看，真實領先自我一致性對於消費者品牌偏好度有影響，且此關係亦會受到消費幻想的影響，真實誠懇自我一致性與消費者品牌偏好間的關係，會受到消費幻想及品牌的影響。 對於廠商而言，若其品牌屬於象徵性品牌，應該將品牌之象徵性意涵更為突顯吸引更多消費幻想高的人，不需在意品牌人格是否與消費者之自我一致，若其品牌屬於功能性品牌，廠商對於消費幻想低的人應該著重加強品牌功能的宣傳，對於消費幻想高的人要使得品牌具有人格特質以表達消費者的自我。對於消費者而言，若能先瞭解自己消費幻想的程度，將有助於選擇適合自己的品牌。消費幻想高的人，在選購象徵性品牌時，可選擇象徵性意涵豐富的品牌，在選購功能性品牌時，建議選擇符合自己所追求人格特質的品牌；若為消費幻想低的人，不建議購買象徵性品牌，在購買功能性品牌時，要特別注意其功能的表現。 本研究將品牌人格與自我一致性分五大構面，探討其對於消費者品牌偏好的影響，確實瞭解真正影響消費者對於品牌偏好度之品牌人格與自我一致性的特質，能夠給予廠商明確的建議。在本研究之前，對於消費幻想的研究僅止於理論的發展及量表的建構，本研究將消費幻想進行品牌偏好度的實務驗證。 / The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of real-self congruity, ideal-self congruity, and consumer fantasy on consumers’ brand preferences. Furthermore, the research divided real-self congruity and ideal-self congruity into five dimensions to discuss the effects of each dimensions on consumers’ brand preferences. The American brand personality scale proposed by Jennifer Aaker in 1997 was used to measure brand personality and self congruity, while consumer fantasy was measured using the fantasy scale by Huang, Yi-Ting (2006). Brands in the research included both symbolic brands and functional brands, that are well-known, come from different countries of origin, used for different usage purposes, and carry different prices. After discussions with a professional, Acer, Louis Vuitton (LV), and Starbucks were selected. Questionnaires for each brand were developed and were distributed randomly. 428 valid questionnaires were collected, among which 134 were Acer brand questionnaires, 143 were LV questionnaires, and 151 were for Starbucks. Data was analyzed by general linear model. The results of the research are in the following. 1. There were no effects of real-self congruity or ideal-self congruity, consumer fantasy, and brands on brand preferences. 2. The relationships between real-self congruity and brand preferences or ideal-self congruity and brand preferences are affected by consumer fantasy and brands. 3. For symbolic brands, consumers with high fantasy don’t care whether the personalities of the brands are consistent with their real-self or ideal-self concepts. As long as the symbols of the brands can satisfy their fantasy, they will have high brand preferences. 4. For functional brands, consumers with high fantasy still hope that the brands can express their real-self or ideal-self concepts. In contrast, people with low fantasy are realistic so they focus a lot on the function that the brands can provide them and don’t care whether the brands can express themselves. 5. The relationship between real-leading-self congruity and brand preferences is affected by consumer fantasy. 6. The relationship between real-sincere-self congruity and brand preferences is affected by consumer fantasy and brands. Businesses whose brands are symbolic ones should emphasize the symbols of their brands to attract more consumers with high fantasy levels but don’t need to be as concerned with whether the personalities of the brands are consistent with consumers’ real-self or ideal-self concepts. On the other hand, businesses whose brands are functional brands should emphasize the great functionality of their brands to attract consumers with low fantasy and make the brands have personalities to express consumers’ real-self or ideal-self. Moreover, consumers should understand the degree of their fantasy to help them purchase suitable brands. When purchasing symbolic brands, consumers with high fantasy can select brands with rich symbols, while when purchasing functional brands, they should buy brands with personalities that fit their real-self or ideal-self. Consumers with low fantasy should buy less symbolic brands and should pay attention to the functions of the brands when purchasing functional brands. This research contributes by dividing the real-self congruity and ideal-self congruity into five dimensions and discussing the effects of each of them on brand preferences. This can lead to a better understanding of how the real personalities of brands and consumers’ self concepts affect brand preferences which will be useful to help companies form branding strategies. In addition, prior to this research, the studies about consumer fantasy were limited to the development of theories and the construction of the scale to measure consumers’ fantasy. This research connects consumer fantasy and brand preference to study the relationship between them.

The purpose of the study was to investigate how brands in the mass market use flagship stores - both from a marketing perspective and a brand perspective. We wanted to study if the brand identity affects whether a brand chooses to establish flagship stores or not. Through previous research, two different models focusing on marketing strategy and brand identity, as well as empirical material obtained from semistructured interviews, we have analyzed this. The method used was qualitative and the study was done with a cross-sectional design. The study included seven respondents, all of whom are store managers from flagship stores in Gothenburg.The results clearly show what role the brand identity has for a flagship store and what common features can be identified between the flagship stores in Gothenburg. Our study answers how flagship stores are used on the mass market, the important role of a good marketing strategy and states that a flagship store is a very useful method. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur varumärken på massmarknaden använder flaggskeppsbutiker - både ur ett marknadsföringsperspektiv och ett varumärkesperspektiv. Vi ville studera om varumärkesidentiteten påverkar huruvida ett varumärke väljer att etablera flaggskeppsbutiker. Genom tidigare forskning, två olika modeller med fokus på marknadsföringsstrategi och varumärkesidentitet samt empiriskt material inhämtat från semistrukturerade intervjuer, har vi analyserat detta. Metoden som användes var kvalitativ och studien gjordes med en tvärsnittsdesign. I studien deltog sju respondenter, varav alla är butikschefer från flaggskeppsbutiker i Göteborg.Resultaten visar tydligt vilken roll varumärkesidentiteten har för en flaggskeppsbutik och vilka gemensamma drag som kan tydas mellan de flaggskeppsbutiker som finns i Göteborg. Vår studie besvarar hur flaggskeppsbutiker används på massmarknaden, hur viktigt det är med en bra marknadsföringsstrategi, samt fastställer att en flaggskeppsbutik är en väl användbar metod för detta.

Bakgrund: Spridningen av feministiska budskap och firandet av kvinnors mångfald har lett till att en ny kategori av marknadsföring har uppkommit, kallad Femvertising. Det finns en osäkerhet i hur reklam som använder sig av denna reklamform uppfattas av konsumenter, vilket gör det intressant att undersöka huruvida konsumenters attityder samt associationer kopplade till ett varumärke påverkas vid användning av Femvertising. Syfte: I detta examensarbete studeras relationen mellan Femvertising och varumärkesimage. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur unga konsumenters uppfattning av ett varumärkes image i termer av varumärkespersonlighet, varumärkesattityd och reklamattityd påverkas vid exponering för Femvertising. Vidare kommer en kartläggning av skillnader mellan unga manliga konsumenter och unga kvinnliga konsumenter att göras gällande ämnet. Metod: Studien är baserad på en kvantitativ metod med en deduktiv ansats, där datainsamlingen skett i form av ett experiment med en efterföljande enkät. För att besvara studiens frågeställningar bearbetades insamlad data i Excel och SPSS. Slutsats: Studien har identifierat att användning av Femvertising leder till att ett varumärkes image präglas av uppriktighet enligt unga konsumenter. Unga konsumenter har positiva attityder både gentemot reklamen och varumärket men uppfattningen om ett varumärkes image kan inte antas skilja sig åt mellan unga kvinnor och män vid användning av Femvertising. Unga kvinnor uppvisar en högre grad av positiva attityder både gentemot reklamen och varumärket i jämförelse med unga män men det bör understrykas att Femvertising även ger positiva effekter på varumärkesimage enligt unga män. / Background: The spreading of feminist messages and the celebration of women's diversity has led to the emergence of a new category of marketing called Femvertising. There is an uncertainty about how advertising that employs this category is perceived by consumers, making it interesting to investigate whether consumers' attitudes and associations connected with a brand are affected using Femvertising.  Purpose: In this master thesis the relation between Femvertising and Brand Image is examined. The purpose of the study is to investigate how the perception of a Brand Image in terms of Brand Personality, brand attitude and attitude towards the ad is affected by exposure to Femvertising according to young consumers. Furthermore, an identification will be made of the differences between young male and female consumers regarding the mentioned subject.  Method: The study is based on a quantitative method with a deductive approach, where the data collection took place in the form of an experiment with a subsequent survey. In order to answer the research questions, the collected data was processed in Excel and SPSS.  Conclusion: The study has identified that the use of Femvertising leads to a Brand Image characterized by sincerity by young consumers. Young consumers have positive attitudes both to the advertisement and the brand, but the perception of a Brand Image cannot be expected to differ between young women and men when using Femvertising. Young women present more positive attitudes both towards the advertisement and the brand in comparison with young men, but it should be emphasized that Femvertising also has positive effects on brand image according to young men.

Competition for talent is heating up and will probably intensify, since demographic trends make it increasingly difficult for companies to replace valued employees when they retire. In response, many companies are trying to sharpen the way they market themselves to recruits, by applying branding techniques to recruitment. For a company to exploit its brand effectively when it fishes for talent, it must think of recruits as customers, determine which corporate attributes matter most to specific types of recruits, and understand how best to reach them. This diploma thesis analyzes Belgian business graduates' aspirations in terms of first employment and their perception of our company as potential employer and brings constructive and creative recommendations on how to improve its position as employer of choice.

The diploma thesis is focused on utilization of development concepts of the brand of Air Bank for strengthening the competitiveness. Based on the theoretical knowledge and methodology according to Ko Floor, the current situation of the company is assessed. Subsequently, analyzes are made to determine the brand position on the market. Results of these analyzes set out proposals for solutions to support brand development.

Předložená diplomová práce je zaměřena na aplikaci konceptů značky sloužící k rozvoji konkurenceschopnosti produktu instituce vysokoškolského vzdělávání, konkrétně studijního oboru “Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development”. Na základě teoretických poznatků, metodiky dle Ko Floora a konceptu Brand Prismu je zhodnocena stávající situace studijního oboru. Zároveň jsou provedeny analýzy konkurentů a požadavků zákazníků, společně s analýzou odvětví k určení pozice značky studijního oboru na trhu. Na základě výsledků ze všech provedených analýz jsou následně stanoveny návrhy řešení konceptu značky na podporu rozvoje konkurenceschopnosti studijního oboru.

Předložená diplomová práce je zaměřená na použití konceptů a strategie značky sloužící k rozvoji značky Pojišťovny České Spořitelny a.s.., Vienna Insurance Group. Základem jsou teorie marketingových guru Ko Floora, Kapferera, Kellera a konceptů brand identity a brand prismu které jsou použity k analýze současného stavu branding značky. Současně jsou provedeny analýzy konkurentů a prostředí k určení pozice značky na trhu. Na základě výsledků provedených analýz jsou stanoveny návrhy řešení konceptu rozvoje značky.

博士（商学） / 甲第424号 / VI, 123p / 一橋大学