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The first harmful effect of caffeine on genetic material was discovered in 1948. The next thirty-three years have given way to public concern and even anxiety over chromosome damage caused by caffeine. More recently, the late 1960’s, concern has arisen over the synergistic characteristic of caffeine.Furosemide, also known as Lasix, is a diuretic and is the drug of choice in treating patients with renal disease. Very little research has been done on the harmful effects furosemide may have on genetic material.This study will investigate the mutagenic potential of caffeine and the mutagenic potential of furosemide. It will also investigate the synergistic effect of caffeine when given with furosemide. Both studies will to done with increasing noses of caffeine and with increasing doses of furosemide.Fifty-six 72-hour chromosome cultures will be set up using fourteen different blood specimens. Four cultures will be made peg- specimen. Specimens numbering one to four will be testing the mutagenic potential of caffeine. Specimens numbering five to eight will be testing the mutagenic potential of furosemide. And, Specimens nine to fourteen will be testing the synergistic effect of caffeine with furosemide.Damage will be assessed by the number of chromosome aberrations, either in the form of gaps or breaks, and the degree of pulverization.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

Nucleophilic addition reactions of cyclohexylidenemalononitrile occur mainly in the conjugate manner.When the nucleophile was the hydride anion, selective reduction of the carbon-carbon double bond only took place at low temperatures. At ambient temperature, reduction was more estensive, resulting in ah eneaminonitrile. During the alkylation of cyclohexylidenemalononitrile, reduction by alkylmagnesium bromides was favored by the presence of a S-hydrogen on the alkyl group, and by the degree of branching in the latter; arylmagnesium bromides were however, less reactive. Alkaline hydrolysis of the Grignard adducts did not take place readily. The stepwise nature of this process was clearly demonstrated by the fact that, the substrates were hydrated to varying extents, depending on the steric environment of the cyano groups.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

Benzylpenicillin was found to migrate irreversibly into human erythrocytes. No detectable amounts of penicillin bind to the erythrocyte membrane. After migration into the cell, benzylpenicillin is hydrolyzed into benzylpenicilloic acid, which can not migrate out of the cell. DNDS did not affect the appearance of benzylpenicilloic acid in the erythrocyte, therefore showing that: 1) benzylpenicillin does not hydrolyze to benzylpenicilloic acid in the incubation mixture then migrate to the cell, 2) benzylpenicillin migrates into the erythrocyte and is hydrolyzed to benzylpenicilloic acid. Benzylpenicilloic acid does not migrate into erythrocytes.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

Much emphasis has been placed on the design, operation, and construction of sanitary landfills while the proper reclamation and revegetatiun of completed. sites has often been overlooked.. Revegetation of exposed. landfill surfaces drastically reduces soil erosion, minimizes water infiltration into refuse, helps to control leachate production, and improves site appearance, thus promoting greater public acceptance of sanitary landfills.This research was designed to determine which of selected grasses used. for erosion control were best adapted to the sanitary landfill environment. The experiment was conducted on three sanitary landfills in central Indiana.Results showed that the availability of sufficient plant nutrients was critical for establishing vegetative growth. Significant variations in the performance of the individual grass species was observed.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

This thesis concerned the design and implementation of an extensible computer language for microcomputer users. The language was shown to provide a minimal set of features which can be extended toward particular applications. The interactive nature of the language was discussed, along with a description of each language feature.Also presented were implementation specifics involving the use of a technique called threaded code. Motivations for the use of extensible languages were discussed, along with suggestions for further extensions and applications.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 57406

This research determined the soil erodibility factor for Morley, Blount, and Pewamo soils in Delaware County, Indiana, using simulated rainfall mathods. Five test runs were made on each site and the runoff (water and sediment) from each site was collected. Three sites were used for the research and data were collected from five test plots on each site. The T-test was used to determine if significant differences occur between the erodibiltiy factors of the same soil series. One-way analysis of variance was used to determine if significant. differences occur between Morley, Blount, and Pewamo soils in relation to their erodibility factors.The results indicate there are no significant differences between the erodibiltiy factors of the same soil series for Blount and Pewamo soils to the .05 level of confidence. A significant difference was found within the two Morley soils, but the difference could have been due to experimental error and natural soil variation. While there is no significant difference between erodibility values for the Morley and Blount soils, there is significant difference between the Pewamo soil series and the Morley and Blount soil series.This study demonstrates that the use of the rainulator may be a valid method for deriving erodibility factors, especially on higher slopes. The rainulator, however, may not be appropriate for determining erodibility factors on flat or shallow slopes such as found with the Pewamo soil. More erodibility data need to be collected from the same soil series to determine their soil erodibility factors and to verify the effectiveness of using the rainulator for data collection on flat and shallow soils.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

Adenosine deaminase has been shown to consist of three molecular weight forms, A, B, and C. In higher mammals, the A and C forms are dominant while in lower mammals, the B and C forms are dominant. In this work, the B and C forms were isolated from the frog liver and several kinetic parameters were determined.Ammonium sulfate salt fractionation, starting at 40 percent and increased by 5 percent increments to 80 percent was used to separate the two forms. The B form adenosine deaminase was predominantly found in the 50 to 60 percent precipitate fractions while the C form was predominant in precipitate fractions containing more than 60 percent ammonium sulfate. The rechromatographed B and C forms were subjected to isoelectric focusing and thin layer electrophoresis. The B form separated into three activity bands while the C form separated into two activity bands`. Michaelis constant values were determined to be 4.61 X 10-5M and 2.00 X 10-5M for the B and C forms with adenosine as a substrate, respectively. The relative substrate specificity ratio showed that the B form was very specific for adenosine.In conclusion, the B form adenosine deaminase was found to be dominant in the frog liver. The Michaelis constant, relative substrate specificity ratio, thin layer electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing distinguished between the adenosine deaminase B and C forms. The technique of ammonium sulfate fractionation gave excellent separation between the B and C forms of adenosine deaminase.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

This study was designed to investigate the effect that three types of terminal gear and anatomical hooking location have on the mortality rate of bluegill. Worm-baited hooks, artificial flies, single-hook spinning lures, and seines were used to catch bluegill.All groups of fish were placed in aerated holding tanks and observed for 10 days. Results from this research indicate that fish angled with worms had a significantly greater (P<0.001) mortality rate than control group bluegill. However, there was no significant difference between mortalities of the control group and the mortalities of bluegill caught with flies and lures. Worm-hooked bluegill experienced significantly higher mortalities than fish angled with lures (P<0.01) and flies (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in mortalities between fly-hooked and lure-hooked fish.An examination of mortality rates based upon anatomical hooking location reveals that bluegill hooked in the esophagus, gill, tongue, and eye had a mortality rate of 100 percent.Jaw-hooked and lip-hooked bluegill had mortalities of 37.5 percent and 13 percent respectively. Fish hooked in the lip displayed a significantly lower rate of mortality than fish hooked in the esophagus (P<0.001), gill (P-0.001), tongue (P-0.001), and eye (P<0.01). In comparisons among bluegill hooked in the esophagus, gill, tongue, eye, and jaw, no significant level of probability existed.There was a significant difference (P<0.001) between the type of terminal gear and the anatomical hooking location. Worm-baited hooks were generally ingested deeper into the mouth than either artificial flies or beetle spin lures.It can be concluded from this study that worm-baited hooks are the least desirable terminal gear in catch and release programs.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

Irradiation of 1,1-dioxo-2-phenyl-4-thiazolidinone resulted in loss of S02 and formation of a carbon-carbon bond. When (2S,5R) cis-3,5-dimethyl-l,l-dioxo-2-phenyl-4thiazolidinone was photolyzed (through a Vycor filter in t-BuOH/CH3CN) (3S,4S) cis-l,3-dimethyl-4-phenyl-2-azetidinone (i.e., optically active cis a-lactam) was obtained as a major product. The synthesis of (2S,5R) cis-3,5-dimethyl1,1-dioxo-2-phenyl-4-thiazolidinone is described. The verification of optical activity was accomplished by the use of Eu(tfc)3.In addition to the earlier data, the above results have helped us to elucidate the mechanistic pathway of S02 photoextrusion to form p-lactam rings. Sensitization experiments by M. R. Johnson and his use of triplet state quencher have shown that the photoextrusion is a singletstate reaction. Johnson's trapping experiments indicated the existence of a radical intermediate. In the work of this thesis, the observation of optical activity of the cis S-lactam product ruled out a planar diradical and a butadiene-like intermediate. Thus, it can be concluded that the S02 photoextrusion process occurs via discrete radical and diradical intermediates. The diradical is probably formed by stepwise loss of S02 and is so shortlived that optical activity along with cis stereochemistry is maintained.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306