Introdução: O balão de contrapulsação intra-aórtico (BIA) é usado em uma variedade de contextos relacionados à disfunção miocárdica. Na cirurgia cardíaca, seu papel em desfechos clínicos é motivo de debate devido a resultados conflitantes de análises retrospectivas e limitações de recentes estudos prospectivos. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a eficácia e segurança do BIA eletivo na ocorrência de um desfecho composto de complicações clínicas incluindo mortalidade em pacientes de alto risco submetidos a cirurgia cardíaca de revascularização miocárdica (RM). Métodos: Estudo clínico prospectivo e randomizado realizado no Instituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Foram incluídos 181 pacientes adultos submetidos a cirurgia cardíaca de RM no período de abril de 2014 a junho de 2016, com um ou mais dos seguintes critérios: fração de ejeção menor ou igual a 40% e/ou EuroScore maior ou igual a 6. Os pacientes foram randomizados para uso do BIA logo após a indução anestésica ou para grupo controle. Após 24 horas do procedimento, o suporte com o balão intra-aórtico era suspenso se o paciente apresentasse índice cardíaco maior ou igual a 2,2 L/min/m2 com suporte inotrópico mínimo (dobutamina menor ou igual a 5 mcg/Kg/min) ou se o paciente apresentasse efeito colateral grave relacionado ao balão. O desfecho primário foi um composto de mortalidade e complicações graves em 30 dias após a cirurgia (choque cardiogênico, necessidade de reoperação, acidente vascular cerebral, insuficiência renal aguda, infecção de ferida esternal profunda e tempo de ventilação mecânica prolongada). Resultados: Dos pacientes incluídos no estudo, 90 foram alocados para a estratégia de uso do balão intra-aórtico eletivo e 91 para a estratégia controle. O desfecho primário foi observado em 47,8% do grupo BIA e em 46,2% do grupo controle (P=0,456). Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos BIA e controle respectivamente, em relação à ocorrência de óbito em 30 dias (14,4% vs 12,1%, P=0,600), choque cardiogênico (18,0% vs 18,9%, P=0,982), reoperação (3,4% vs 4,4%, P=1,000), tempo de ventilação mecânica prolongado (5,6% vs 7,7%, P=0,696), insuficiência renal aguda (22,2% vs 14,3%, P=0,123), acidente vascular cerebral (2,2% vs 2,2%, P=0,123) ou infecção de ferida operatória profunda (7,8% vs 14,3%, P=0,249). O tempo de uso de inotrópico foi significativamente maior no grupo BIA em comparação ao grupo controle (51 horas [32-94] vs 39 horas [25-66], P=0,007). O tempo de internação em UTI foi mais prolongado no grupo BIA comparado ao grupo controle (5 dias [3-8] vs 4 dias [3-6], P=0,035). O tempo de internação hospitalar foi semelhante entre os grupos (13 dias [9-18] vs 11 dias [8-17], P=0,302). Não houve diferença em relação a incidência de complicações relacionadas ao uso do BIA entre os dois grupos. Conclusão: A estratégia de uso do balão intra-aórtico eletivo em pacientes de alto risco submetidos a cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica não reduziu o desfecho combinado de óbito e/ou complicações graves em 30 dias / Introduction: The intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) is used in a variety of clinical settings in which myocardial function is reduced. In cardiac surgery, its role on clinical outcomes is debated due to conflicting results of retrospective analysis and limitations of recent prospective studies. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of elective IABP use on outcomes in high-risk patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods: A prospective randomized controlled trial that evaluated 181 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass at the Heart Institute/University of Sao Paolo from 2014 April to 2016 June. Inclusion criteria were left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <= 40% and/or EuroSCORE>= 6. Eligible patients were randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, to IABP group (n=90) or control group (n=91). Removal of IABP catheter was accomplished after 24 hours of the procedure under the following circumstances: cardiac index >= 2.2 L/min/m2 and dobutamine infusion dose <= 5 ?g/kg/min. The catheter was immediately removed if a severe adverse event related to the procedure was detected. The primary outcome was the composite endpoint of mortality and major morbidity in 30 days after cardiac surgery (cardiogenic shock, need for reoperation, stroke, acute renal failure, mediastinitis and prolonged mechanical ventilation ( > 24 hours). Results: The primary outcome was observed in 47,8% in the IABP group and 46,2% in the control group (P=0,456). There were no differences in the primary outcome: 30-day mortality (14,4% vs 12,1%, P=0,600), cardiogenic shock (18,0% vs 18,9%, P=0,982), need for reoperation (3,4% vs 4,4%, P=1,000), prolonged mechanical ventilation (5,6% vs 7,7%, P=0,696), acute renal failure (22,2% vs 14,3%, P=0,123), stroke (2,2% vs 2,2%, P=0,123) or mediastinitis (7,8% vs 14,3%, P=0,249). Patients from the IABP group had a greater duration of inotrope use (51 hours [32-94] vs 39 hours [25-66], P=0,007) and longer intensive care unit length of stay (five days [3-8] vs four days [3-6], P=0,035). The length of hospital stay was similar (13 days [9-18] vs 11 days [8-17], P=0,302). There were no differences on the incidence of complications related to the IABP use in both groups. Conclusions: The elective IABP use did not reduce 30-day major complications in high-risk patients undergoing cardiac surgery

Em pacientes obesos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), o controle glicêmico pode ser observado em poucos dias após derivação gástrica em Y de Roux (DGYR), antes de ocorrer significativa perda de peso. Dentre os mecanismos propostos para explicar esse benefício metabólico, aqueles que envolvem adaptações gastrintestinais (GI) em resposta às mudanças anatômicas cirúrgicas são os mais consistentes. O presente estudo avaliou a resposta global do transcriptoma gastrintestinal à DGYR em pacientes obesos responsivos à remissão pós-operatória de DM2 e sua correlação com marcadores de homeostase glicêmica. Vinte pacientes adultas obesas com DM2 e candidatas à DGYR foram incluídas, de acordo com critérios específicos. Todas foram submetidas à técnica de DGYR, por laparotomia padronizada e acompanhadas até um ano após DGYR, para classificação dos pacientes responsivos (R) e não responsivos (NR) à remissão de DM2, de acordo com o critério da American Diabetes Association (ADA). Variáveis clínicas e bioquímicas envolvidas na homeostase glicêmica foram avaliadas no pré-operatório e, mensalmente, até 90 dias pós-operatórios. Análises transcriptômicas gastrintestinais foram desenvolvidas por técnica de microarray (Genechip 1.0 ST Array; AffymetrixTM), a partir de RNA obtido de biópsias de estômago corpo alto (ECA), estômago corpo médio (ECM), duodeno, jejuno e íleo, coletadas por enteroscopia de duplo balão (EDB), no período pré-operatório e após 90 dias da DGYR. O método não paramétrico Rank Products (RP) foi utilizado para a seleção dos genes diferencialmente expressos (DEGs). Os DEGs identificados por RP foram submetidos ao programa Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA), para a seleção de genes dentro das seguintes funções relacionadas à fisiopatologia do DM2: 1) Metabolismo dos Carboidratos; 2) Metabolismo Lipídico; 3) Metabolismo dos Aminoácidos, 4) Doenças Metabólicas e 5) Desordem do Sistema Endócrino. DEGs relacionados a essas cinco funções foram submetidos a análises de agrupamento hierárquico de Person, classificação funcional de ontologia gênica (GOslim ontology), análise de enriquecimento funcional (software DAVID, com uso de banco de dados KEGG e Biocarta) e de vias canônicas pelo software IPA. Essas análises foram feitas separadamente em pacientes R e NR. DEGs de interesse foram validados por RT-qPCR usando o sistema de ensaio Taqman® e equipamento 7500 FastTM (Life Technologies). O coeficiente de correlação de Spearman correlacionou variáveis clínicas e bioquímicas com variáveis transcriptômicas. Das 20 pacientes estudadas, 12 foram classificadas como R e 8 como NR. Nas 5 funções de interesse, o número de DEGs encontrado no grupo R foi: 99 (ECA), 26 (ECM), 62 (duodeno), 241 (jejuno) e 63 (íleo). Dentre os DEGs encontrados no duodeno, 8 apresentaram correlação positiva forte a muito forte (coeficiente de Spearman > 0,7) com alterações das concentrações sistêmicas de glicemia ou hemoglobina glicada. Destes, LDLR, MMP1, NPC1L1 e SLC2A5 foram submetidos à análise de RT-qPCR e validados pelo método. De acordo com as análises de enriquecimento funcional e vias canônicas entre grupos (R e NR), apenas a via LXR/RXR, representativa de DEGs encontrados no duodeno de pacientes R, apresentou associação com remissão do DM2. Nos demais segmentos gastrintestinais, essas análises não identificaram vias representativas relacionadas com DM2, embora alguns de seus DEGs estivessem potencialmente envolvidos com marcadores da homeostase glicêmica. Em conclusão, DGYR induziu modificações transcriptômicas gastrintestinais em pacientes obesos com remissão pós-operatória de DM2 e algumas delas foram associadas com marcadores de homeostase glicêmica, principalmente por meio de alterações na via LXR no duodeno / In obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), glycemic control is observed within a few days after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), even before significant weight loss. Among the mechanisms proposed to explain this metabolic benefit, those involving gastrointestinal (GI) adaptations in response to surgical anatomical rearreagement are the most consistent. The present study evaluated the global response of the gastrointestinal transcriptome to DGYR in obese patients responsive to postoperative remission of T2DM and its correlation with markers of glycemic homeostasis. Twenty adult obese patients with T2DM diagnosis and candidates to RYGB were included, according to specific criteria. All of them were submitted to standardized laparotomy RYGB surgery and followed until one year after RYGB, for the patients classification as responsive (R) and non-responsive (NR) to T2DM remission according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria. Clinical and biochemical variables involved in glycemic homeostasis were evaluated at preoperative and monthly up to 90 postoperative days. GI transcriptomic analyzes were performed by microarray technique (Genechip 1.0 ST Array; AffymetrixTM), in RNA samples obtained from biopsies of the stomach cardia (SC), stomach fundus (SF), duodenum, jejunum and ileum, collected by double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) at pre-postoperative and 90 days after RYGB. The non-parametric Rank Products (RP) method was used for selection of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). DEGs identified by RP were submitted to the Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) program for its selection within the following functions: 1) Carbohydrate Metabolism; 2) Lipid Metabolism; 3) Amino Acids Metabolism, 4) Metabolic Diseases and 5) Endocrine System Disorder. DEGs related with these five functions were submitted to the analysis of Pearson hierarchical clustering, functional classification of gene ontology (GOslim), functional enrichment (DAVID software, using KEGG and Biocarta database), and canonical pathways (IPA). These analyzes were performed separately in R and NR groups. DEGs of interest were validated by RT-qPCR using Taqman® assays in 7500 FastTM (Life Technologies). The Spearman correlation coefficient correlated clinical and biochemical variables with DEGs. From the 20 patients studied, 12 were classified as R and 8 as NR. In the 5 functions of interest, the number of DEGs found in R group were: 99 (SC), 26 (SF), 62 (duodenum), 241 (jejunum) and 63 (ileum). Among the DEGs found in the duodenum, 8 presented a strong to a very strong positive correlation (Spearman coefficient > 0.7) with systemic concentrations of glycemia or glycated hemoglobin. Of these genes, LDLR, MMP1, NPC1L1 and SLC2A5 were subjected to RT-qPCR analysis and validated by the method. According to the functional enrichment and canonical pathways analyzes between groups (R and NR), only the LXR/RXR pathway, representative of DEGs found in the duodenum of R patients, was associated with T2DM remission. In the other GI segments, these analyzes did not identify representative pathways related to T2DM, although some of their DEGs were potentially involved with markers of glycemic homeostasis. In conclusion, RYGB induced gastrointestinal transcriptomics changes in obese patients with postoperative remission of T2DM and some of these were associated with markers of glycemic homeostasis, mainly by changes in LXR pathway in the duodenum

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:25:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 roberto murillo.pdf: 2004529 bytes, checksum: 922288a99b81781fd0c71c63d132dd5d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-29 / The most common etiology for congenital epiphora is the obstruction of the lacrimonasal duct. Congenital obstruction of the lacrimonasal duct (CLNDO) is the most frequent abnormality of the lacrimal sac of the child. It s incidence varies from 1.8% to 20%. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of lacrimonasal duct dilatation using balloon-catheter for treatment of CLNDO in children between two and six years old. Besides, to evaluate the anatomical findings of lower lacrimal system of children with CLNDO using multi-detectors computerized tomography dacryocystography (MD-CT-DCG) with three dimension (3D) reconstruction, before and after the balloon-catheter dilatation. This was a prospective interventional case series study, performed with children treated at the Centro de Referência em Oftalmologia (CEROF) from the Universidade Federal de Goiás, with CLNDO. The cases were selected consecutively accordingly with the demand of the service. Thirthy-eight lacrimal systems from 29 children with CLNDO were included and treated with balloon-catheter dilatation. The age varied from 24 to 64 months, with average of 38.13 ± 11.26 months. Among the 38 lacrimal systems treated, 33 had complete resolution of the signs and symptoms of epiphora (success rate of 86.84%). A radiological study from the last 18 operated lacrimal systems was performed before and five minutes after balloon-catheter dacrioplasty. The circumference of the largest portion of lacrimal system, measured before the procedure, varied from 0.64 to 2cm with an average of 1.30 ± 0.45cm. The amount of contrast prior to the procedure varied from 0.01 to 0.38cm3, with an average of 0.12 ± 0.08cm3. The amount of contrast after the procedure varied from 0.01 to 0.20cm3, with an average of 0.07 ± 0.06cm3 (p = 0.01). The multivariate logistic regression analysis ( backward" model) showed that the difference in the amount of contrast before and after the procedure (p=0,04) and the largest portion of lacrimal sac (p=0,01) were the variables determining for the success of the procedure. There were no complications with the procedure. In conclusion, the balloon-catheter dilatation was proved to be effective as the first procedure in the vast majority of children with CLNDO. The technique of MD-CT-DCG-3D provides detailed information about the anatomy of the lacrimal system, including the lacrimal flow immediately after the dilatation. The difference in the amount of contrast before and after the procedure and the largest portion of lacrimal sac were the variables determining for the success of the procedure. / A etiologia mais comum para epífora congênita é a obstrução do ducto lacrimonasal. A obstrução congênita do ducto lacrimonasal (OCDLN) é a anormalidade mais freqüente do aparelho lacrimal da criança. Sua incidência varia de 1,8% a 20%. O objetivo primário deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da técnica de dilatação do ducto lacrimonasal usando cateter-balão para tratamento da obstrução congênita do segmento inferior das vias lacrimais em crianças com idade entre dois e seis anos. Além disso, buscou-se avaliar os achados anatômicos das vias lacrimais de crianças com OCDLN por meio da dacriocistografia por tomografia computadorizada com multi-detectores (DCG-TC-MD) com reconstrução em três dimensões (3D), antes e após a dilatação com cateter-balão. Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo, intervencional do tipo série de casos. Dele participaram crianças atendidas no ambulatório do Centro de Referência em Oftalmologia (CEROF), do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Goiás, com diagnóstico de OCDLN no período de janeiro a outubro de 2008. Os casos foram selecionados consecutivamente de acordo com a demanda do serviço. Foram incluídas 38 vias lacrimais de 29 crianças com OCDLN, tratadas com a dilatação por cateter-balão como procedimento primário. O tempo de seguimento mínimo foi de um ano. A idade variou de 24 a 64 meses, com média de 38,13 ± 11,26 meses. Entre as 38 vias lacrimais tratadas, 33 apresentaram desaparecimento dos sinais e sintomas de lacrimejamento (taxa de sucesso de 86,84%). Realizou-se o estudo radiológico das últimas 18 vias lacrimais operadas, antes e cinco minutos após a dacrioplastia com cateter-balão. A circunferência da porção mais dilatada da via lacrimal, medida antes do procedimento, variou de 0,64 a 2,50cm, com média de 1,30 ± 0,45cm. O volume de contraste antes do procedimento variou de 0,01 a 0,38cm3, com média de 0,12 ± 0,08cm3. O volume de contraste depois do procedimento variou de 0,01 a 0,20cm3, com média de 0,07 ± 0,06cm3 (p=0,01). A análise de regressão logística multivariada com modelo de entrada de variáveis tipo backward mostrou que a diferença do volume de contraste antes e depois (p=0,04) e a porção mais dilatada do saco lacrimal (p=0,01) foram determinantes para o sucesso do procedimento. Não foram encontradas complicações com o procedimento. Em conclusão, a dilatação com cateter-balão mostrou-se eficaz como primeiro procedimento em crianças com OCDLN com idade entre dois e seis anos. A técnica de DCG-TC-MD-3D fornece informações detalhadas sobre a anatomia do sistema lacrimal das crianças com OCDLN, incluindo o fluxo lacrimal logo após a dilatação. A diferença do volume de contraste antes e depois do procedimento e a porção mais dilatada do saco lacrimal foram as variáveis determinantes para o sucesso do procedimento.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:16:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Erivelton Alves Bizerra.pdf: 8926443 bytes, checksum: 178bf86156f6b57ad9075f66503b1aac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Alberto Santos Dumont (1873-1932) is well known in Brazil and France for his pioneer contributions to the development of the airplane. However, before that, he also helped to develop the technique of balloon flight, obtaining important results of directed flight using motorized airships. This works analyses his contribution to this field. This dissertation presents, first, an historical account of the invention of balloons, from the early Chinese flying lights to the introduction of hot-air and hydrogen balloons in Europe, in the 18th century. Next, this work analyses the issue of balloon flight control. After the first manned flights, in 1783, there was a strong interest for this invention and there were several proposals of controlling its flight. The first attempts of flying motorised balloons, which attained a moderate success, were made in 1852, using a heavy steam machine. Other attempts were made afterwards, using several kinds of motors (including electrical ones), but they did not attain practical results. In the late 19th century, Santos Dumont began to develop airships driven by internal combustion engines (such as those used by automobiles) and obtained good results. In 1901 he was awarded the Deutsch de la Meurthe Prize, when he demonstrated the control of a motorised balloon that was able to make a flight round the Eiffel Tower. Finally, this dissertation analyses Santos Dumont s scientific and technical knowledge, as well the technical difficulties involved in the control of airships, at that time / Alberto Santos Dumont (1873-1932) é muito conhecido, no Brasil e na França, por seus trabalhos pioneiros sobre aviação, mas também desenvolveu, antes disso, a técnica de vôo em balões, obtendo importantes resultados na dirigibilidade com aparelhos dotados de motor. Este trabalho analisa sua contribuição neste campo. Esta dissertação apresenta primeiramente um histórico da invenção dos balões, desde as luzes voadoras chinesas até a introdução de balões de ar quente e de hidrogênio na Europa, no século XVIII. Em seguida, a dissertação analisa a história da dirigibilidade dos balões. Logo após os primeiros vôos tripulados, em 1783, surgiu um enorme interesse pelo invento e foram propostas formas de proporcionar-lhe dirigibilidade. As primeiras tentativas, com algum grau de sucesso, de balões dotados de motores ocorreram em 1852, utilizando uma máquina a vapor. Houve depois algumas poucas tentativas, utilizando motores de vários tipos (inclusive elétricos), mas não foram obtidos bons resultados. Nos últimos anos do século XIX, Santos Dumont iniciou o desenvolvimento de balões movidos por motores de combustão interna (como os de automóveis) e conseguiu bons resultados. Em 1901, obteve o Prêmio Deutsch de la Meurthe, demonstrando o controle de um balão motorizado que contornou a Torre Eiffel. Por fim, a dissertação analisa os conhecimentos científicos e técnicos de Santos Dumont, bem como as dificuldades técnicas que era necessário superar para conseguir controlar o vôo dos balões, na época

<p>DESCARTES is a light-weight, balloon-borne grab sampler for stratospheric long-lived tracers developed at the University of Cambridge. 33 flights have been performed with two versions of the instrument at northern latitudes by the DESCARTES team at the Swedish Institute of Space Physics (IRF) in Kiruna during the years 1997-2000.</p><p>The general interest in long-lived stratospheric tracers is to study the general global circulation of air in the stratosphere and the exchange between the stratosphere and troposphere. In the study of chemical ozone depletion in the stratosphere, long-lived tracers serve as an important reference to distinguish between the variations in ozone of dynamical and chemical origin.</p><p>This thesis focuses on calibrations and quality assessment of the measurements made with the third version of the DESCARTES instrument based at IRF. Two different general approaches to make calibrations are discussed. Uncertainty estimations for both of these methods are made and the results are tested by laboratory methods and by comparisons to other instruments, including comparisons between two versions of DESCARTES. Analyzed and calibrated flight data for all successful flights are presented.</p><p>The basic principle of the instrument is to chemically adsorb a number of tracers (in practice only CFC-11 is measured) in an adsorption bed of Carboxen in a micro trap through which the sampled air is driven by a pump. After recovery the adsorbed species in the trap is desorbed by electrical heating of the trap and analysed by gas chromatography.</p><p>The resulting estimated mixing ratios from the instrument are directly dependent on the adsorption of the sampled species being quantitative in the traps. Laboratory experiments are described using two traps in series, where the performance of the first is tested by sampling the breakthrough by the second. A model is developed to recreate these tests in order to be able to compensate for breakthrough during flights. The model showed that the adsorption in the traps is not explained by simple chromatographic theory and the results allow us only to give an estimation of the uncertainty due to breakthrough.</p> / <p>DESCARTES är ett lätt ballongburet provtagningsinstrument för stratosfäriska spårgaser. Det är utvecklat vid universitetet i Cambridge. DESCARTES-teamet vid Institutet för rymdfysik (IRF) i Kiruna har under åren 1997-2000 genomfört 33 flygningar med två olika versioner av instrumentet från nordliga latituder.</p><p>Det generella intresset av långlivade stratosfäriska spårgaser är att studera den globala cirkulationen i stratosfären och utbytet av luft mellan stratosfären och troposfären. För studier av den kemiska ozonnedbrytningen i stratosfären spelar långlivade spårgaser en avgörande roll som referens för att skilja mellan variation i ozonkoncentrationen av kemiskt och dynamiskt ursprung.</p><p>Denna avhandling fokuserar på kalibrering och kvalitetssäkring av mätningar gjorda med den tredje versionen av DESCARTES-instrumentet hemmahörande vid IRF. Två i grunden olika kalibreringsförfaranden för instrumentet behandlas. Osäkerhetsuppskattningar är gjorda för båda dessa metoder och resultaten är prövade i laboratorietester. Dessutom jämförs resultaten från två versioner av DESCARTES och andra instrument. Analyserade data från samtliga lyckade flygningar presenteras.</p><p>Den grundläggande principen för instrumentet är att pumpa luftprover genom en fälla som innehåller en bädd av det kemiska adsorptionsmaterialet Carboxen, som adsorberar ett antal spårgaser. När instrumentet hämtats tillbaka efter en flygning gasas de adsorberade ämnena i fällan ut genom att fällan upphettas på elektrisk väg. De utgasade ämnena analyseras med gaskromatografi. I praktiken kan endast CFC-11 analyseras.</p><p>Den slutgiltiga bestämningen av blandningsförhållandet från instrumentet är direkt beroende av att adsorptionen i fällorna för de ämnen man vill undersöka är fullständig. En serie laboratorieexperiment har genomförts där två likadana fällor kopplats efter varandra. På så sätt har tillförlitligheten av den första fällan kunnat studeras genom att uppmäta hur mycket som bryter igenom till den andra fällan. En modell har utvecklats för att förstå resultatet av dessa tester och kunna kompensera för eventuella genombrott vid provtagning under flygningar. Modellen visade att adsorptionen i fällorna inte kan förklaras med enkel kromatografisk teori. Resultaten ger endast möjlighet att bedöma osäkerheten i mätningarna till följd av risken för genombrott.</p>

DESCARTES is a light-weight, balloon-borne grab sampler for stratospheric long-lived tracers developed at the University of Cambridge. 33 flights have been performed with two versions of the instrument at northern latitudes by the DESCARTES team at the Swedish Institute of Space Physics (IRF) in Kiruna during the years 1997-2000. The general interest in long-lived stratospheric tracers is to study the general global circulation of air in the stratosphere and the exchange between the stratosphere and troposphere. In the study of chemical ozone depletion in the stratosphere, long-lived tracers serve as an important reference to distinguish between the variations in ozone of dynamical and chemical origin. This thesis focuses on calibrations and quality assessment of the measurements made with the third version of the DESCARTES instrument based at IRF. Two different general approaches to make calibrations are discussed. Uncertainty estimations for both of these methods are made and the results are tested by laboratory methods and by comparisons to other instruments, including comparisons between two versions of DESCARTES. Analyzed and calibrated flight data for all successful flights are presented. The basic principle of the instrument is to chemically adsorb a number of tracers (in practice only CFC-11 is measured) in an adsorption bed of Carboxen in a micro trap through which the sampled air is driven by a pump. After recovery the adsorbed species in the trap is desorbed by electrical heating of the trap and analysed by gas chromatography. The resulting estimated mixing ratios from the instrument are directly dependent on the adsorption of the sampled species being quantitative in the traps. Laboratory experiments are described using two traps in series, where the performance of the first is tested by sampling the breakthrough by the second. A model is developed to recreate these tests in order to be able to compensate for breakthrough during flights. The model showed that the adsorption in the traps is not explained by simple chromatographic theory and the results allow us only to give an estimation of the uncertainty due to breakthrough. / DESCARTES är ett lätt ballongburet provtagningsinstrument för stratosfäriska spårgaser. Det är utvecklat vid universitetet i Cambridge. DESCARTES-teamet vid Institutet för rymdfysik (IRF) i Kiruna har under åren 1997-2000 genomfört 33 flygningar med två olika versioner av instrumentet från nordliga latituder. Det generella intresset av långlivade stratosfäriska spårgaser är att studera den globala cirkulationen i stratosfären och utbytet av luft mellan stratosfären och troposfären. För studier av den kemiska ozonnedbrytningen i stratosfären spelar långlivade spårgaser en avgörande roll som referens för att skilja mellan variation i ozonkoncentrationen av kemiskt och dynamiskt ursprung. Denna avhandling fokuserar på kalibrering och kvalitetssäkring av mätningar gjorda med den tredje versionen av DESCARTES-instrumentet hemmahörande vid IRF. Två i grunden olika kalibreringsförfaranden för instrumentet behandlas. Osäkerhetsuppskattningar är gjorda för båda dessa metoder och resultaten är prövade i laboratorietester. Dessutom jämförs resultaten från två versioner av DESCARTES och andra instrument. Analyserade data från samtliga lyckade flygningar presenteras. Den grundläggande principen för instrumentet är att pumpa luftprover genom en fälla som innehåller en bädd av det kemiska adsorptionsmaterialet Carboxen, som adsorberar ett antal spårgaser. När instrumentet hämtats tillbaka efter en flygning gasas de adsorberade ämnena i fällan ut genom att fällan upphettas på elektrisk väg. De utgasade ämnena analyseras med gaskromatografi. I praktiken kan endast CFC-11 analyseras. Den slutgiltiga bestämningen av blandningsförhållandet från instrumentet är direkt beroende av att adsorptionen i fällorna för de ämnen man vill undersöka är fullständig. En serie laboratorieexperiment har genomförts där två likadana fällor kopplats efter varandra. På så sätt har tillförlitligheten av den första fällan kunnat studeras genom att uppmäta hur mycket som bryter igenom till den andra fällan. En modell har utvecklats för att förstå resultatet av dessa tester och kunna kompensera för eventuella genombrott vid provtagning under flygningar. Modellen visade att adsorptionen i fällorna inte kan förklaras med enkel kromatografisk teori. Resultaten ger endast möjlighet att bedöma osäkerheten i mätningarna till följd av risken för genombrott.

During my final examination project, I have been working with a design process to develop a new set of candle lanterns for the company Sagaform AB. This company has a large and significant role on the Swedish interior design and retail market. The assignment was developed when the company stated that they would like to supplement and expand its existing range of products.  The research and surveys I have done have helped me to create eight different concepts and one of them ready to compete with the existing candle lanterns on the market.  The result of my concept proposal expected to be included in Sagaform’s 2013 spring catalogue. During the project I have developed 3D-rendered images, a physical model, and a solid foundation for making prototypes.  The Balloon has an attractive design language that fits both every day and more festive events. Designed to encourage the user to a happier, more well-being and relaxing lifestyle. The balloon is available in two sizes and in different bright colors that are adapted to tea and block candles, to be safely used indoors and outdoors. / Jag har under mitt examensprojekt arbetat med en designprocess för att utveckla en ny serie ljuslyktor åt Sagaform AB. Företaget har en stor och betydelsefull roll på den svenska inrednings- och detaljhandeln. Uppdraget togs fram när företaget gav mig i uppgift att komplettera och bredda deras befintliga utbud av produkter. Den information jag tagit del av genom mina skrivbordsundersökningar, analyser och enkäter har hjälpt mig att skapa åtta olika koncept varav en av dessa som utvecklats full ut och idag är redo att tävla mot existerande produkter på den konkurrenshårda marknaden. Resultatet blev ett koncept som är planerat att vara med i Sagaforms sortiment under våren 2013. Under projektets gång så har jag tagit fram CAD/3D-renderade bilder, en fysisk modell samt ett gott underlag för att tillverka prototyper. Ljuslyktan Ballongen har ett tilltalande formspråk som passar både till vardagen och festligare arrangemang. Designad för att uppmuntra användaren till en lyckligare, mer välbefinnande och avkopplande livsstil. Ballongen finns i två storlekar och i olika klara färger som är anpassade efter värme- och blockljus för att säkert kunna användas inom- och utomhus. / 2012;50

This thesis presents a 3D semi-automatic segmentation technique for extracting the lumen surface of the Carotid arteries including the bifurcation from 3D and 4D ultrasound examinations. Ultrasound images are inherently noisy. Therefore, to aid the inspection of the acquired data an adaptive edge preserving filtering technique is used to reduce the general high noise level. The segmentation process starts with edge detection with a recursive and separable 3D Monga-Deriche-Canny operator. To reduce the computation time needed for the segmentation process, a seeded region growing technique is used to make an initial model of the artery. The final segmentation is based on the inflatable balloon model, which deforms the initial model to fit the ultrasound data. The balloon model is implemented with the finite element method. The segmentation technique produces 3D models that are intended as pre-planning tools for surgeons. The results from a healthy person are satisfactory and the results from a patient with stenosis seem rather promising. A novel 4D model of wall motion of the Carotid vessels has also been obtained. From this model, 3D compliance measures can easily be obtained.

<p>This thesis presents a 3D semi-automatic segmentation technique for extracting the lumen surface of the Carotid arteries including the bifurcation from 3D and 4D ultrasound examinations. </p><p>Ultrasound images are inherently noisy. Therefore, to aid the inspection of the acquired data an adaptive edge preserving filtering technique is used to reduce the general high noise level. The segmentation process starts with edge detection with a recursive and separable 3D Monga-Deriche-Canny operator. To reduce the computation time needed for the segmentation process, a seeded region growing technique is used to make an initial model of the artery. The final segmentation is based on the inflatable balloon model, which deforms the initial model to fit the ultrasound data. The balloon model is implemented with the finite element method. </p><p>The segmentation technique produces 3D models that are intended as pre-planning tools for surgeons. The results from a healthy person are satisfactory and the results from a patient with stenosis seem rather promising. A novel 4D model of wall motion of the Carotid vessels has also been obtained. From this model, 3D compliance measures can easily be obtained.</p>

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