Spelling suggestions: "subject:"reaches"" "subject:"beaches""
141 |
Beach Morphology and its Dynamism from Remote Sensing for Coastal Management SupportCabezas Rabadán, Carlos 08 April 2021 (has links)
Tesis por compendio / [ES] Las playas son espacios costeros que desarrollan numerosas funciones ambientales. Éstas proporcionan importantes beneficios a la sociedad y a las comunidades costeras, entre las que destacan la función ecológica, el suministro de protección para los territorios costeros y el hecho de que constituyen un recurso básico de la industria turística. De forma ligada al cambio climático, así como a acciones humanas que alteran el dinamismo natural de la costa, las playas están experimentando procesos erosivos cada vez más dañinos que afectan a su integridad física y al mantenimiento de sus funciones.
La gestión de las playas en muchas ocasiones no se encuentra adaptada a las particularidades de los diferentes segmentos costeros. La toma de decisiones no se sustenta en información suficiente sobre las características, el dinamismo y el estado actual de las playas, dando lugar a soluciones cortoplacistas o ineficaces. Las características geomorfológicas son esenciales en el desarrollo de sus funciones al condicionar sus dimensiones físicas y su comportamiento frente a la acción del mar. Por ello, su caracterización de forma detallada y actualizada es necesaria para llevar a cabo acciones eficientes, permitiendo virar hacia una gestión costera más ecosistémica y sostenible.
Las técnicas de teledetección presentan una gran capacidad para la adquisición de datos de la superficie terrestre. En concreto, los satélites Sentinel-2 y Landsat (5, 7 y 8) permiten disponer de forma gratuita imágenes de resolución media con cobertura mundial y alta frecuencia de revisitado. Los algoritmos de extracción de la línea de costa desarrollados recientemente por el Grupo de Cartografia GeoAmbiental y Teledetección (CGAT - UPV) permiten definir sobre estas imágenes la posición de la línea de costa, constituyendo datos potencialmente útiles para describir la morfología de las playas y su dinamismo. Universalizar su aplicación requiere su testeo y validación en diferentes tipos de costa. Para ello, el proceso de extracción ha sido adaptado para su explotación en entornos mareales, y las líneas de costa resultantes han sido evaluadas ante diferentes condiciones oceanográficas ofreciendo una precisión cercana a los 5 m RECM (raíz del error cuadrático medio). Teniendo en cuenta las necesidades de información para la gestión existentes, a partir de estas líneas de costa se propone derivar indicadores que permitan caracterizar la geomorfología de las playas y monitorizar sus cambios. Para ello, las metodologías propuestas aseguran una gestión eficiente de grandes volúmenes de líneas de costa, siendo así capaces de caracterizar las playas cubriendo grandes territorios y periodos de tiempo. Así se derivan el ancho de playa y el tamaño de los granos de sedimento como indicadores objetivos y fácilmente comprensibles de la geomorfología de la playa. La modelización espacio-temporal del estado y los cambios de la línea de costa y de la anchura posibilita monitorizar la respuesta de las playas a temporales y a actuaciones antrópicas, permitiendo analizar los cambios ocurridos cada pocos días hasta cubrir décadas. Su cobertura espacial junto a la integración con otras bases de datos cartográficas permite caracterizar la influencia de la geomorfología de la playa en el desempeño de sus funciones, permitiendo un análisis holístico de la costa a escala regional.
Las metodologías desarrolladas en esta tesis y los indicadores derivados desde la teledetección brindan apoyo para dotar de criterios y priorizar las acciones de los gestores. Se contribuye así a llenar el espacio existente entre la disponibilidad de técnicas para obtener información remota y su aplicación en los procesos de toma de decisiones sobre la costa. / [CA] Les platges són espais costaners que desenvolupen nombroses funcions ambientals. Aquestes proporcionen importants beneficis a la societat i comunitats costaneres, entre les quals destaquen la funció ecològica, el subministrament de protecció per als territoris costaners i el fet que constitueixen un recurs bàsic de la indústria turística. De forma lligada al canvi climàtic, així com a accions humanes que alteren el dinamisme natural de la costa, les platges estan experimentant processos erosius cada vegada més nocius que afecten la seua integritat física i al manteniment de les seues funcions.
La gestió de les platges en moltes ocasions no es troba adaptada a les particularitats dels diferents segments costaners. La presa de decisions no es sustenta en informació suficient sobre les característiques, el dinamisme i l'estat actual de les platges, donant lloc a solucions curtterministes o ineficaces. Les característiques geomorfològiques són essencials en el desenvolupament de les seues funcions en condicionar les seues dimensions físiques i el seu comportament enfront de l'acció de la mar. Per això, la seua caracterització de manera detallada i actualitzada és necessària per a dur a terme accions eficients, permetent virar cap a una gestió costanera més ecosistèmica i sostenible.
Les tècniques de teledetecció presenten una gran capacitat per a l'adquisició de dades de la superfície terrestre. En concret, els satèl·lits Sentinel-2 i Landsat (5, 7 i 8) permeten disposar de manera gratuïta d'imatges de resolució mitjana amb cobertura mundial i alta freqüència de captura d'informació a un mateix punt. Els algorismes d'extracció de la línia de costa desenvolupats recentment pel Grup de Cartografia Geo-Ambiental i Teledetecció (CGAT - UPV) permeten definir sobre aquestes imatges la posició de la línia de costa, constituint dades potencialment útils per descriure la morfologia de les platges i el seu dinamisme. Universalitzar la seua aplicació requereix el seu testatge i validació en diferents tipus de costa. Per a això, el procés d'extracció ha sigut adaptat per a la seua explotació en entorns mareals, i les línies de costa resultants han sigut avaluades davant diferents condicions oceanogràfiques oferint una precisió pròxima als 5 m RMSE (arrel de l'error quadràtic mitjà). Tenint en compte les necessitats d'informació per a la gestió existents, a partir d'aquestes línies de costa es proposa derivar indicadors que permeten caracteritzar la geomorfologia de les platges i monitorar els seus canvis. Per a això, les metodologies proposades asseguren una gestió eficient de grans volums de línies de costa, sent així capaces de caracteritzar les platges cobrint grans territoris i períodes de temps. Així es deriven l'ample de platja i la grandària dels grans de sediment com a indicadors objectius i fàcilment comprensibles de la geomorfologia de la platja. La modelització espai-temporal de l'estat i els canvis de la línia de costa i de l'amplària possibilita monitorar la resposta de les platges a temporals i a actuacions antròpiques, permetent analitzar els canvis ocorreguts cada pocs dies fins a cobrir dècades. La seua cobertura espacial al costat de la integració amb altres bases de dades cartogràfiques permet caracteritzar la influència de la geomorfologia de la platja en l'acompliment de les seues funcions, permetent una anàlisi holística de la costa a escala regional.
Les metodologies desenvolupades en aquesta tesi i els indicadors derivats des de la teledetecció brinden suport per a dotar de criteris i prioritzar les accions dels gestors. Es contribueix així a omplir l'espai existent entre la disponibilitat de tècniques per a obtenir informació remota i la seua aplicació en els processos de presa de decisions sobre la costa. / [EN] Beaches are coastal spaces that perform numerous environmental functions. They provide important benefits to society and coastal communities, including the ecological function, the provision of protection for coastal territories, and constitute a basic resource for the tourism industry. Due to climate change and human actions that alter the natural dynamism of the coast, beaches are experiencing increasingly harmful erosive processes that affect their physical integrity and the maintenance of their ecological functions.
Beach management is often not adapted to the particularities of the different coastal segments. Decision-making is not based on sufficient information about characteristics, dynamism, and current state of beaches, resulting in short or ineffective solutions. Geomorphological characteristics are essential in the development of beach functions as they condition their physical dimensions and their behavior in response to the action of the sea. Therefore, their detailed and updated characterization is necessary to carry out efficient actions, allowing a more ecosystemic and sustainable coastal management.
Remote sensing techniques have a great capacity for acquiring data from the land surface. In particular, Sentinel-2 and Landsat (5, 7, and 8) satellites freely provide medium resolution images with global coverage and high-revisit frequency. The algorithms for extracting the water/land interface recently developed by the Geo-Environmental Cartography and Remote Sensing Group (CGAT - UPV) allow defining the position of the shoreline on these images, constituting potentially useful data to describe beach morphology and dynamics. Universalizing their application requires testing and validation at different coastal types. For this purpose, the extraction process has been adapted for exploitation in tidal environments, and the resulting shorelines have been assessed under different oceanographic conditions offering an accuracy close to 5 m RMSE (Root-Mean-Square Error). From these shorelines, and taking into account the existing information needs for management, it is proposed to derive indicators to characterize the geomorphology of the beaches and to monitor their changes. To this end, the proposed methodologies ensure the efficient management of large volumes of shorelines, being able to characterize the beaches along broad coastal segments and periods. Thus, beach width and sediment grain size are derived as objective and easily understandable indicators of the beach geomorphology. Spatial-temporal modeling of the state and changes of shoreline position and beach width makes it possible to monitor the response to storms and anthropogenic actions, allowing to analyze changes that occur every few days or over decades. The large spatial coverage together with the integration with other cartographic databases allows characterizing the influence of beach geomorphology in the performance of its functions, offering a holistic view of the coast from a regional scale.
The methodologies developed in this thesis and the indicators derived from remote sensing provide support and criteria for prioritizing the actions of managers. This contributes to fill the gap between the availability of techniques to obtain remote information and its application in the coastal decision-making process. / This research integrates findings and results obtained within the framework of the contract FPU15/04501 granted to the author by the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports, which has allowed this doctoral thesis to become a reality. The research has been supported by the funds of the project RESETOCOAST, by the Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness (chapters 2 to 5), and the project MONOBESAT PID2019-111435RB-I00 by the Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (chapter 6). About my stay in Portugal, it was possible with the funds of the Erasmus+ program. The contribution of Ó. Ferreira was funded by EW-COAST (PTDC/CTA-OHR/28657/2017) and by FCT and Univ. Algarve through the grant UID/MAR/00350/2013, while S. Costas’ was funded by IF/01047/2014. The following institutions have provided free access to essential data for the development of the publications that constitute this thesis: ESA and USGS for the satellite imagery; Puertos del Estado, and the Portuguese Hydrographic Institute in collaboration with CIMA for supplying oceanographic data; Ministry MITECO and DGSCM for data regarding beach sedimentology and nourishments. / Cabezas Rabadán, C. (2021). Beach Morphology and its Dynamism from Remote Sensing for Coastal Management Support [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/165076 / Compendio
|
142 |
Des écosystèmes naturellement stressés sous menace anthropique : réponses de la faune des plages de sable macrotidales aux marées vertes / Dynamic ecosystems under anthropogenic stress : how does macrotidal sandy beach fauna respond to green tides ?Quillien, Nolwenn 20 May 2016 (has links)
Les plages de sable sont des écosystèmes dynamiques couvrant 70% des côtes mondiales. Ces systèmes abritent un cortège spécifique unique et assurent des fonctions essentielles de nourricerie, de nurserie et d’épuration des eaux. Or à proximité des côtes, la population humaine est en développement constant ce qui accroît les multiples pressions d’origine anthropique sur les écosystèmes côtiers. L’apport en excès de nutriments constitue une menace majeure qui peut se traduire par le développement d’importantes biomasses de macroalgues opportunistes (eutrophisation). La fréquence et l’intensité de ces blooms, communément formés de chlorophycées à court cycle de vie (ulves) et appelés marées vertes (MV), s'amplifient sur les côtes françaises et dans le Monde menaçant le fonctionnement de systèmes prépondérants et uniques.La plupart des études visant à déterminer les effets des MV sur la structure et le fonctionnement d’écosystèmes sédimentaires ont été conduites dans des environnements abrités, micro- ou atidaux. Cette problématique est restée presqu’inexplorée dans des écosystèmes plus dynamiques (systèmes ouverts et macrotidaux) en raison des difficultés de mise en place d’échantillonnage et de détection des effets de stress d’origine anthropique, inhérentes à la variabilité de ces systèmes. Cette thèse a donc eu pour objectif principal de combler ce manque et produire des connaissances en étudiant les réponses in situ des communautés benthiques de plages de sable fin macrotidales en présence ou non de MV. Quatre études ont été menées à différentes échelles spatio-temporelles et en considérant différents compartiments biologiques pour répondre à cette question générale.Ce travail de thèse montre qu’à l’échelle de la région Bretagne (variabilité intégrée sur 2700km de côtes et 7 ans) les communautés benthiques d’écosystèmes dynamiques sont modifiées significativement et de manière conservative par la présence de MV. Ce travail démontre aussi que les marées vertes impactent différemment la faune benthique en fonction du type d’habitat (plages semi-exposées vs. exposées), de la profondeur (mediolittoral vs. infralittoral), et du compartiment biologique (macrofaune benthique vs. juvéniles de poissons plats). Ces comparaisons ont permis d’identifier la faune benthique de médiolittoral inférieur des plages exposées comme étant le système le plus affecté par les MV. L’étude des variations à fine échelle spatio-temporelle de ce dernier montre que les caractéristiques faunistiques (uni- et multi-variées) sont modifiées le long d’un gradient de couverture d’algues vertes. Par exemple, la β-diversité décroît significativement le long de ce gradient. Afin d’explorer les processus pouvant expliquer ces modifications, et déterminer si ces changements ont des répercussions sur le fonctionnement de l’écosystème « plage de sable », les effets de l’accumulation d’ulves sur le réseau trophique à différent(e)s niveaux/échelles ont été mesurés. Les résultats de cette étude montrent qu’une importante biomasse d’ulves induit un changement de la structure entière du réseau trophique et une modification importante du fonctionnement trophique des plages. Les expérimentations menées au cours de cette thèse montrent que les changements observés sont induits par des effets directs (consommation de débris d’ulves) et indirects (modifications d’autres sources de nourriture) de la présence des MV.Cette thèse propose un cadre de travail visant à mieux détecter les effets de stress anthropiques sur la structure et le fonctionnement d’écosystèmes dynamiques. Dans un contexte de changement global forçant les écosystèmes à faire face à de multiples stress, cette approche pourrait se révéler particulièrement utile pour démêler, comprendre et prédire les effets de perturbations induites par les activités humaines sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes et constituer une aide à la gestion de ces environnements particuliers. / Highly dynamic systems, often considered as resilient systems, are characterised by abiotic and biotic processes under continuous and strong changes in space and time. Because of this variability, the detection of overlapping anthropogenic stress is challenging. Coastal areas harbour dynamic ecosystems in the for of open sandy beaches, which cover the vast majority of the world’s ice-free coastline. These ecosystems are currently threatened by increasing human-induced pressure, among which mass-development of opportunistic macroalgae (mainly composed of Chlorophyta, so called green tides), resulting from the eutrophication of coastal waters. The ecological impact of opportunistic macroalgal blooms (green tides, and blooms formed by other opportunistic taxa), has long been evaluated within sheltered and non-tidal ecosystems. Little is known, however, on how more dynamic ecosystems, such as open macrotidal sandy beaches, respond to such stress. This thesis assesses the effects of anthropogenic stress on the structure and the functioning of highly dynamic ecosystems using sandy beaches impacted by green tides as a study case. The thesis is based on four field studies, which analyse natural sandy sediment benthic community dynamics over several temporal (from month to multi-year) and spatial (from local to regional) scales. In this thesis, I report long-lasting responses of sandy beach benthic invertebrate communities to green tides, across thousands of kilometres and over seven years; and highlight more pronounced responses of zoobenthos living in exposed sandy beaches compared to semi-exposed sands. Within exposed sandy sediments, and across a vertical scale (from inshore to nearshore sandy habitats), I also demonstrate that the effects of the presence of algal mats on intertidal benthic invertebrate communities is more pronounced than that on subtidal benthic invertebrate assemblages, but also than on flatfish communities. Focussing on small-scale variations in the most affected faunal group (i.e. benthic invertebrates living at low shore), this thesis reveals a decrease in overall beta-diversity along a eutrophication-gradient manifested in the form of green tides, as well as the increasing importance of biological variables in explaining ecological variability of sandy beach macrobenthic assemblages along the same gradient. To illustrate the processes associated with the structural shifts observed where green tides occurred, I investigated the effects of high biomasses of opportunistic macroalgae (Ulva spp.) on the trophic structure and functioning of sandy beaches. This work reveals a progressive simplification of sandy beach food web structure and a modification of energy pathways over time, through direct and indirect effects of Ulva mats on several trophic levels. Through this thesis I demonstrate that highly dynamic systems respond differently (e.g. shift in δ13C, not in δ15N) and more subtly (e.g. no mass-mortality in benthos was found) to anthropogenic stress compared to what has been previously shown within more sheltered and non-tidal systems. Obtaining these results would not have been possible without the approach used through this work; I thus present a framework coupling field investigations with analytical approaches to describe shifts in highly variable ecosystems under human-induced stress.
|
143 |
Qualidade sanitária de água e areia de praias da Baía de Guanabara / Sanitary quality of water and sand beaches of the Bay of GuanabaraRego, Jane da Costa Valentim January 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:36:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Previous issue date: 2010 / A Baía de Guanabara, por sua beleza é um dos mais conhecidos símbolos da cidade do Rio de Janeiro no exterior. É um ecossistema extremamente produtivo, apesar da grande quantidade e diversidade de poluentes lançados diariamente em suas águas. Isso compromete a saúde de quem a freqüenta e, como também a sustentabilidade econômica. Portanto é de suma importância o monitoramento da qualidade das praias para a saúde pública, sendo que a mesma sofre influência de poluentes vindos das águas e do continente. O presente estudo propôs-se a avaliar a qualidade sanitária de areia e água de quatro praias da Baía de Guanabara, duas situadas na Ilha de Governador e duas, na Ilha de Paquetá, nas quatro estações do ano. A metodologia utilizada foi a técnica de membrana filtrante, expressando os resultados em unidade formadora de colônia por grama e por mL por meio de análises colimétricas, na avaliação de Escherichia coli, coliformes totais e micológica, pela ocorrência de fungos filamentosos e de leveduras nas matrizes areia e água, os quais foram isolados, identificados e armazenados em coleções de cultura para futuras pesquisas biotecnológicas. Foi proposto um novo padrão para análise bacteriológica de areia, tendo como base o estudo de revisão epidemiológica, em que se associam doenças gastrointestinais com risco à saúde visto que a nova Resolução n° 468/10 da SMAC é menos restritiva do que a anterior, n° 081/00. Como também para avaliação de fungos em areia e água. A praia da Bica apresentou na areia seca no inverno a maior concentração de Escherichia coli em relação às outras praias analisadas, com níveis 800 vezes acima do limite permitido na legislação, assim como para análise de fungos filamentosos e de leveduras, encontrando maior ocorrência na mesma estação e matriz, com a prevalência do fenótipo Negra com borda branca, que teve 70 por cento de identificação para o gênero Aspergillus com (31/44) dos 88 identificados, mais freqüentes entre os 226 gêneros encontrados pertencentes à coleção. No teste paramétrico de correlação de Pearson entre o fenótipoacima e Escherichia coli foi observada correlação positiva ao nível de 1 por cento. Havendo duplo risco de contrair infecção por meio de areia de praia na classificação não recomendada, principalmente por crianças, ou indivíduos imunocomprometidos. Foi também observado que a contaminação da areia não está relacionada com a da água. E que as estações verão e outono foram as de maior concentração de E. coli em água. / Baía de Guanabara, for its beauty, is one of the most notorious symbols of Rio de Janeiro city abroad; it is an extremely productive ecosystem, in spite of the great amount and diversity of pollutants daily thrown on its waters, endangering the health of those people who attend it, as well as the economical sustainability. Nowadays it is a matter of concern for the public and environmental authorities due to the Olympic Games in 2016. The present study intended to evaluate the sanitary quality of sand and water in four beaches of Baía de Guanabara, two of them located on Ilha do Governador, and two of them located on Ilha de Paquetá, which due to their location represent the whole ecosystem of Baía de
Guanabara, with four field duties in the four seasons of the year. The methodology used for
the study was the membrane filter technique, showing the results in UFC/g and UFC/mL through coliform bacteria analyses, in the E. coli, total coliforms and mycologic evaluation, through the occurrence of filamentous fungi and yeast species in the sand and water sources, which were isolated, identified and are kept in culture collection for future biotechnological researches. A new pattern was proposed for bacteriological analyses of sand, based on the study of epidemiologic review, which associates gastrointestinal diseases to risk to health due to the new Resolution N °468/10 l to be less restrictive than the transitory one N °081/00. Bica beach obtained in the first field duty, during the winter, the largest concentration of E. coli in relation to the other studied beaches, with 800 times above the limits allowed in the legislation, as well as for analysis of filamentous fungi and yeast species, presenting larger occurrence in the same season and source, with prevalence of the Black phenotype with white border (NBB) belonging to the gender Aspergillus with (31/44) 70% among the identified genders, out of the 226 ones belonging to the collection
of the 3 most presented phenotypes. In Pearson`s parametric test of correlation between NBB and E. coli it was observed positive correlation at a level of 1%., having double risk of contracting infection through beach sand in the non recommended classification, mainly for children, or individuals exempt of immunity. It was also observed that the contamination of the sand is not related with the one of the water. And that the summer and autumn seasons were the ones with larger concentration of E. coli, initial period of the secondary treatment in Alegria sewer treatment station in Caju district.
|
Page generated in 0.0579 seconds