Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:17:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 parte1.pdf: 1940333 bytes, checksum: 9e6a83dd5973c6be6a24c3e086449efc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The purpose of this study is characterize several aspects that set up the scenery of the beaches Tambaú and Manaíra in the city of João Pessoa/PB, where are emphasized the natural and anthropogenic characters that have influence in coastal dynamics as a subsidy to the planning of the area. The studied beaches have an extension of approximately 3,000 meters and they are in a fully urbanized stretch between the end of the Epitácio Pessoa Avenue and the end of the Flávio Ribeiro Coutinho Avenue. These beaches are a sample of how the Paraiba coast behaves, where are observed some stretches that have erosion problems associated with natural dynamics and chaotic urban increase. The theoretical-philosophical abordage leaned on the methods of social sciences, and on the natural sciences. The methodology used in the study consisted of three stages, related between them, the bibliographic and cartographic research that provided technical/theoretical support very important to the development of the research; the stage in the field provided information and data about the mentioned location; and the laboratorial activities were essential to treat, compile and analyze all data and information collected earlier. In the first chapter of this study, there was a discussion about new trends in geomorphologic theory and a discussion about the dynamic of the coastal scenery. In the second chapter, was made a theoretical survey of the various physical elements that set up the coastal scenery of the area. In the third chapter, it was observed that since the 40s, with the opening of Epitácio Pessoa Avenue, the beaches Tambaú and Manaíra began to be occupied. However, from the 70s, a period that was built the Tambaú Hotel the disorderly urbanization process was intensified and started changing the coastal dynamic of the beaches Tambaú and Manaíra. The collected data in the field, present in the fourth chapter of this study, show a larger dynamic characterized by intense morphological variation in Manaíra beach, during the study, and Tambaú beach presented sedimentation during the analyzed period. According to the parameter of Dean, the studied beaches vary from reflective to intermediate stages (Tambaú) and intermediate (Manaíra). However, variations in the shoreline, evidenced by the overlay of aerial photographs and satellite images, pointed to a retreat of the shoreline facing the continent in Tambaú beach and an advance of coastline to the sector (4) in Manaíra beach. / Este trabalho tem como propósito fazer uma caracterização dos diversos aspectos que compõem a paisagem das praias de Tambaú e Manaíra no município de João Pessoa/PB, onde são enfatizados o caráter natural e antropogênico que influenciam na dinâmica costeira como subsídio ao planejamento da área. As praias estudadas possuem uma extensão de aproximadamente 3.000 m e localizam-se num trecho totalmente urbanizado, entre o final da Av. Epitácio Pessoa e o final da Av. Flávio Ribeiro Coutinho. Estas praias constituem uma amostra de como se comporta o litoral paraibano, onde são observados trechos que apresentam problemas erosivos associados à dinâmica natural e a ocupação urbana desordenada. A abordagem teórico-filosófica apoiou-se tanto nos métodos das ciências sociais, quanto nos das ciências naturais. Já a metodologia utilizada no trabalho foi composta de três etapas, relacionadas entre si: a pesquisa bibliográfica e cartográfica que forneceu um suporte técnico/teórico fundamental ao desenvolvimento da pesquisa; a etapa de campo, que forneceu informações e dados necessários a respeito do local em questão; e as atividades laboratoriais e de gabinete que foram fundamentais para tratar, compilar e analisar todos os dados e informações coletados anteriormente. No primeiro capítulo deste trabalho, foi feita uma discussão sobre as novas tendências na teoria geomorfológica bem como uma discussão sobre a dinâmica da paisagem costeira. No segundo capítulo, foi feito um levantamento teórico dos diversos elementos físicos que compõem a paisagem costeira da área em questão. No terceiro capítulo, observou-se que desde a década de 40, com a abertura da Av. Epitácio Pessoa, as praias de Tambaú e Manaíra começaram a ser ocupadas, no entanto, a partir da década de 70, período em que foi construído o hotel Tambaú, o processo de urbanização desordenado intensificou-se, alterando a dinâmica costeira das praias de Tambaú e Manaíra. Os dados coletados em campo, presentes no quarto capítulo deste trabalho, mostram uma maior dinâmica caracterizada por uma intensa variação morfológica durante o período estudado, na praia de Manaíra; já a praia de Tambaú, apresentou sedimentação durante todo o período analisado. Segundo o parâmetro de Dean, as praias estudadas variam dos estágios reflexivo a intermediário (Tambaú) e intermediário (Manaíra). Contudo, as variações na linha de costa, evidenciadas pela superposição de fotografias aéreas e imagens de satélite, apontaram para um recuo da linha de costa frente ao continente na praia de Tambaú e um avanço de linha de costa para o setor (4) da praia de Manaíra.

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós–Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2011. / Submitted by Cristiane Gomides (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2013-12-16T09:25:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PryscillaLombardi.pdf: 580969 bytes, checksum: 93052956b501213ab99477552cb8d616 (MD5) / Rejected by cristiane soares (krikasoares@live.com), reason: faltam dados na citação on 2013-12-18T20:04:52Z (GMT) / Submitted by Cristiane Gomides (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2014-01-13T12:08:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PryscillaLombardi.pdf: 580969 bytes, checksum: 93052956b501213ab99477552cb8d616 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by cristiane soares (krikasoares@live.com) on 2014-02-23T02:02:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PryscillaLombardi.pdf: 580969 bytes, checksum: 93052956b501213ab99477552cb8d616 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-02-23T02:02:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PryscillaLombardi.pdf: 580969 bytes, checksum: 93052956b501213ab99477552cb8d616 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Esta dissertação é composta de uma Introdução Geral, dois capítulos e Conclusões Finais. O primeiro capítulo, intitulado “Comparação da capturabilidade de duas redes de arrasto de praia em um gradiente ambiental desde a região estuarial da Lagoa dos Patos até a zona de arrebentação oceânica (Praia do Cassino), Rio Grande, RS” compara as capturas de duas redes de arrasto de praia de mesmas proporções, diferenciadas pela presença de um saco central em uma das redes, considerando suas abundâncias, riquezas, equitatividades, predominância e similaridade de espécies e a distribuição de comprimento dos indivíduos capturados. O segundo capítulo, que tem como título em português “A influência da distância de arrasto na capturabilidade de uma rede de arrasto de praia”, é apresentado de forma sucinta na língua portuguesa, e na forma completa em inglês, como anexo à dissertação. Este capítulo descreve os padrões de captura de uma rede de arrasto de praia com saco, em três diferentes distâncias de arrasto. É possível concluir que as duas redes de arrasto de praia são eficientes para estudar a estrutura de comunidades de peixes de zonas rasas ao longo de um gradiente estuarino-marinho. E recomenda-se, baseado no estudo piloto, que os arrastos são mais eficientes quando realizados em curtas distâncias. / This dissertation comprises a General Introduction, two chapters and Final Conclusions. The first chapter, entitled, “Catchability comparison of two beach seines in an environmental gradient from the estuary of Patos Lagoon to the adjacent marine surf zone (Cassino beach), Rio Grande, RS”, is entirely presented in Portuguese. This chapter compares the catches of two similar beach seines (differentiated by the presence of a central bag in one of the seines), analyzing their abundances, richness, equitability, species dominance and similarity, and specimens size distribution. The second chapter, “The influence of hauling distance in fish catchability of a bag seine net”, is briefly presented in Portuguese, and fully presented in the English as an appendix. This chapter describes the catch patterns of a beach seine bag, in three different hauling distances. It is possible to conclude that the two beach seines are efficient for studying fish community structure across an estuarine – marine gradient in shallow areas. Based on this pilot study, we recommend the use of short hauling distances.

Os modelos clássicos de economia urbana, que tencionam descrever a estrutura espacial e de preços de residências das cidades, são, em grande parte, focados nos custos de transporte, o que acaba dando grande ênfase à distância ao local de trabalho. A acessibilidade a outras amenidades é o âmago de diversos trabalhos recentes, entre essas a distância à praia. O alto valor de lotes à beira mar nas cidades litorâneas brasileiras e a crescente demanda por lazer sugerem que a acessibilidade e a vista para a praia estão fortemente relacionadas com o preço da moradia. O modelo desenvolvido neste trabalho aspira explicar a ligação entre a demanda por recreação e o custo da moradia em cidades litorâneas. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto são discutidos diversos aspectos entre eles a acessibilidade ao local de trabalho, o número de trabalhadores de uma família e diferentes preferências entre estes. / The classical models of urban economics tend to describe the spatial structure of housing as well as their pricing in urban areas. Therefore, they focus on the cost of transportation by giving emphasis toward the distance to the working place. The accessibility of other amenities, e.g. beaches, is at the centre of various recent papers. High prices for real estate close to the seashore in coastal Brazilian cities and the rising demand for leisure time imply that reachability and a view to the beach are strongly linked with the housing price. The model that is going to be developed in this paper aims at explaining the connection between the demand for leisure and the housing prices of coastal cities. In order to achieve this goal, different topics like the accessibility to the working place, the number of working family members and their different kinds of preferences are going to be treated.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T17:47:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Viviane Correia da Silva.pdf: 3103371 bytes, checksum: 346e99d0ade7b1dc870b9385ad0b002f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-29 / The aim of this work was to evaluate the hygienic and sanitary conditions of the beaches of the São Luís municipality, using as an indicator the Enterococcus. Two distinct periods were studied: rainy and drought seasons. The samplings were performed fortnightly during the rainy season and weekly at dry season. The pH was measured at the point of the water sampling area and the laboratorial microbiologic analyses were performed by using the method of multiple tubes, as preconized by the American Public Health Association APHA (1995). The pH was found at the normal standard level, between 7 and 8, for the all examined beaches. High counts of Enterococcus, between 102 and 103 MPN/100 mL, were found to the drought season, and reaching 105 MPN/100 mL in the rainy season. It was concluded that the beaches of the Ponta da Areia and Calhau were characterized as improper for swimming at the examined periods, while the Olho d Água and Araçagi beaches were suitable. / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as condições higiênico-sanitárias das praias do município de São Luís, utilizando como indicador os Enterococcus. Avaliou-se dois períodos distintos, estação chuvosa e seca. A amostragem foi realizada quinzenalmente na estação chuvosa e semanalmente na estação seca. Aferiu-se o pH no local da coleta e no laboratório realizou-se análise microbiológica através do método dos tubos múltiplos, conforme preconiza a American Public Health Association - APHA (1995). O pH mostrou-se dentro do padrão, com índices entre 7 e 8, em todas as praias. Constataram-se altos índices de Enterococcus, da ordem de 102 a 103 NMP/100 mL no período seco, chegando a 105 no período chuvoso. Conclui-se que as praias Ponta da Areia e do Calhau caracterizaram-se impróprias para banho no período avaliado, enquanto as praias Olho d Água e Araçagi enquadraram-se como próprias.

Enterococci levels are measured to assess water safety in recreational beaches through a state surveillance program. This surveillance informs the public of beach safety, yet the sampling methodology is limited to only making an advisory posting one sample at a time. This methodology poses a challenge for managers such as: 24 hour advisory waiting period, untested days and extreme variability of enterococci levels in the environment. Therefore, there is a need to integrate adaptive management methodologies that can assist managers to proactively assess beach water safety. This study explored the utility of a historical analysis and logistic regression modeling as a method and as an advisory tool. The analysis utilized 10 years of enterococci surveillance data (7,422 samples) from 15 sub-tropical beaches in Miami-Dade County, Florida. It was determined that Miami beaches have historical low enterococci exceedance counts (3% of total data), that there are some beaches that are more propense to higher exceedance counts than others and that the wet season overall did not readily appear to affect exceedances counts. The logistic regression model utilized an exceedance/ non-exceedance dichotomy and spatial, temporal and annual variables. The model indicated that the overall range of probability of having an exceedance for the sampled beaches under each variable was less than 10%. The ability to use this model and get probability results showed that logistic regression is an accurate statistical tool that provides the historical probabilities of an exceedance on a beach and can complement a random sampling methodology. Furthermore it’s a simple and inexpensive methodology that provides the ability to categorize and recognize patterns estimating the surveillance-managed sample sites probabilities that provides foresight as to where to focus resources in order to reduce risk and facilitating beach management. Through the use of a historical analysis and a logistic regression model, it is possible to address dynamic recreational beach environments with a large-scale view and in a historically comprehensive manner, instead of only making management choices sample by sample.

An ecosytem-based spatial conservation plan for the South African sandy beaches. Sandy beaches are valuable ecosystems. They support a collection of species that is unique, comprising many endemic species, and provide a number of key ecosystem goods and services, including scenic vistas for human recreation, nesting sites for turtles and birds, and important areas for biogeochemical recycling, water filtration and purification. However, sandy beaches have not been well understood or appreciated as ecosystems, and consequently have a legacy of poor coastal management. In many instances this has lead to a "tyranny of small decisions", where multiple, seemingly insignificant management decisions and actions have resulted in complete transformation and degradation of the shoreline in several places. In addition to inappropriate management strategies, beaches are also poorly represented in conservation areas. Further, where they are recognised as being "conserved" in marine protected areas, this often is a false sense of protection because the far more sensitive dune portion of the littoral active zone is invariably not included in the reserve. In short, there is a need for a new way to approach sandy beach conservation and management that includes the system (dunes, intertidal beaches and surf zones) as a whole. On one hand, the approach should make provision for use of the abundant natural resources and opportunities associated with sandy shores in ways that are sustainable and contribute to biodiversity stewardship - through ecosystem-based management and marine spatial planning. But, on the other hand, it must simultaneously contribute to securing a sufficient amount of the key ecological attributes of beaches (habitats, biodiversity and processes) in a network of reserves, to ensure that the ecosystem, natural resources, and services all persist in perpetuity - through systematic conservation planning. The aim of this Thesis is to integrate these into a single approach, which I call ecosystem-based spatial conservation planning for sandy beaches, using the South African sandy shores as a case study. To achieve this broad aim, the Thesis is divided into three parts. Part 1 deals with establishing baseline information by quantifying spatial patterns in sandy beach habitats (Chapter 1), biodiversity, key assemblages and processes, and outstanding physical features (Chapter 2). First, mapping sandy beach habitats is a challenge given the vast, linear extent of shorelines and significant resources required to complete the project. Therefore, a novel approach was derived using statistical techniques (conditional inference trees) to identify physical features of beaches that can be observed on Google Earth (or similar) imagery, and that can provide good predictions of beach morphodynamic (habitat) types. Based on the results of this analysis, sandy beaches (and all other coastal habitat types) were mapped digitally in ArcGIS. Second, spatial patterns in sandy beach biodiversity (vertebrates, macrofauna, microflora and foredune plants) were mapped by compiling existing data on the distributions of key species that have been well studied or mapped previously (vertebrates and foredune plants), and by niche modelling (macrofauna and microflora). For the latter, data from all previous sandy-beach sampling events in South Africa were compiled from published and unpublished sources, and supplemented with additional sampling of 23 beaches along the national shoreline, targeting macrofauna and phytoplankton. Altogether, the macrofauna database comprised data from 135 sites and 186 sampling events, and the microflora (phytoplankton and microphytobenthos) database comprised data from 73 sites and 510 samples. The probabilistic distribution of each "resident" species (present at 10 or more sites) was modelled in MaxEnt version 3.3.3k, probability thresholds were determined statistically (to convert the data into predicted presence-absence), and displayed as a digital map. A composite biodiversity map was compiled, and key trends in species richness and endemism along the national shoreline were quantified. To supplement biodiversity proper, additional valued-features of sandy beaches were mapped, including: important assemblages; unique habitat features; and sites associated with key ecological processes. Part 2 considers threats to sandy beaches in the context of deriving an appropriate management strategy that seeks to provide for use of the coast, but in a way that has least overall impact to the ecosystem. A method for assessing cumulative threats to sandy beaches is adapted from an existing framework (Chapter 4). This entailed compiling a list of threats to beaches, and scoring these (out of 10) in terms of the severity of their respective impacts to beaches, and how long it would take the ecosystem to recover should the threat be removed. The scoring was based on the collective expert opinion of the scientific community working on sandy beaches, at a workshop during the VIth International Sandy Beach Symposium 2012. To standardize the scores and ensure broad applicability, a base case scenario of a pristine beach was established, and maximum theoretical scores were provided for this context. The method for integrating these scores into a spatial, cumulative threat assessment was then determined. In Chapter 5, the maximum theoretical scores (from Chapter 4) were down-scaled to suit the current threat regime to the South African sandy beaches, and the cumulative threat assessment methodology was applied. From this analysis, the most threatened beaches in South Africa, and the most important threats were highlighted. A decision-support tool for managers was derived from the site-specific cumulative threat-impact scores, based first on the degree of permanent habitat transformation, and second on the cumulative impact of other stressors where the impacts these stressors have could potentially be mitigated or ameliorated. Part 3 concerns conservation of beaches explicitly. It addresses how much of which valued features of beaches is required to ensure their long-term persistence, and the design of a network of beaches in South Africa that are of ecological importance and should be set aside as reserves. Conservation targets are set in Chapter 6, using species-area curves to determine a baseline percentage-area required to protect sandy beach habitats, which is modified using heuristic principles based on habitat rarity and threat status (from a recent national assessment). A fixed target was applied to all species, also modified by heuristic principles, and another fixed target was applied to key assemblages and processes.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-08-04T13:21:33Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Mallmann D L B TESE 2016.pdf: 4902461 bytes, checksum: 0aba9da90444efabdff10b58184cab86 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-04T13:21:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Mallmann D L B TESE 2016.pdf: 4902461 bytes, checksum: 0aba9da90444efabdff10b58184cab86 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-26 / O litoral central do estado de Pernambuco concentra grande parte da população do Estado, além de apresentar grande atrativo comercial e turístico. Paralelamente, a região sofre com o processo erosivo tanto estrutural (de médio e longo-termo) quanto episódico (de curto-termo), o que acarreta danos e prejuízos em termos ambientais e socioeconômicos. Neste contexto, o presente estudo foi desenvolvido no intuito de abordar a problemática da erosão costeira nos municípios de Paulista, Olinda, Recife e Jaboatão dos Guararapes, com especial atenção àquela associada à escala temporal de horas a dias, além de discutir suas causas. Adicionalmente, foi contemplado neste estudo o conceito do risco e a sua aplicação no domínio do gerenciamento costeiro. Para tanto, o estudo foi dividido em quatro capítulos centrais (Capítulos 2, 3, 4 e 5), em consonância com os seus objetivos específicos. O primeiro deles (Capítulo 2), teórico, foi dedicado à elaboração do estado-da-arte dos estudos que abordam o tema “risco” aplicado à erosão costeira nas escalas local, regional e global. Entre os resultados, observou-se que tais estudos tem se avolumado ao longo do tempo e que ainda existem indefinições no que se refere ao conceito do risco, o qual nem sempre é aplicado segundo a métrica da equação que o descreve, na qual o risco é o produto entre a incerteza associada a um evento e suas consequências. O segundo (Capítulo 3) objetivou caracterizar o processo erosivo em curso na área de estudo e sua elaboração indicou que, embora as praias nos municípios contemplados sofram frequentemente com a erosão, o mesmo não necessariamente está relacionado à retração da linha de costa. Muitas vezes, tal processo é produto da ocupação inadequada dos setores da praia, a qual não permite que o sistema se ajuste diante de qualquer oscilação nas condições hidrodinâmicas. O terceiro capítulo central da tese (Capítulo 4) trata das forçantes associadas aos eventos de alta energia, os quais promovem episódios erosivos de curto-termo na região. Corroborando estudos anteriores, os resultados apontam para a contribuição do vento, em especial da intensificação da sua componente sul, bem como da maré, na ocorrência de tais eventos. As ondas, embora contribuam, apresentam menor importância. Finalmente, o Capítulo 5 apresenta uma análise de risco à erosão episódica simples e semi-quantitativa para duas praias do litoral de Paulista, município identificado como área crítica no que se refere à erosão. A abordagem metodológica procurou ser fiel à equação que descreve o risco e fez uso de dados pretéritos e de ferramentas computacionais acessíveis. Os resultados demonstraram que, mesmo diante de cenários frequentes, as praias não apresentam a resiliência necessária para se ajustar às oscilações energéticas impostas por ondas e níveis de água, sofrendo alterações consideráveis, em especial nas áreas mais ocupadas. Como considerações finais, pode-se dizer que o conceito do risco tem amplo potencial de aplicação ao gerenciamento costeiro, em especial no que se refere ao manejo da erosão costeira e, finalmente, que a manutenção da resiliência costeira é fundamental para a redução de riscos associados a este processo por meio da atenuação das suas consequências. / The central coast of Pernambuco State concentrates much of the state's population, and present great commercial and tourist attraction. At the same time, the region suffers with coastal erosion in both time scales, structural (medium and long-term) and episodic (short-term), which causes damages in environmental and socioeconomic aspects. In this context, the present study was developed in order to aim the problem of coastal erosion in the cities of Paulista, Olinda, Recife and Jaboatão dos Guararapes, with special attention to that associated with the time scale of hours to days, besides discussing its causes. Additionally, it was considered in this study the concept of risk and its application in the field of coastal management. Therefore, the study was divided into four main chapters (Chapters 2, 3, 4 and 5), in consonance with their specific goals. The first of them (Chapter 2), theoretic, was dedicated to the development of state-of-art of studies addressing the topic "risk" applied to coastal erosion in local, regional and global scales. Among the results, it was observed that such studies has been increasing over time and that there are indeterminations as regards the risk concept, which is not always applied according to the metric of equation that describes it, in which risk is the product of the uncertainty associated with an event and its consequences. The second (Chapter 3) aimed to characterize the erosion process in progress in the study area and its development indicated that although the beaches in the covered municipalities often suffer from erosion, it is not necessarily related to the shoreline retreat. Often, such a process is a product of inadequate occupation of the beach areas, which does not allow the system to fit on any fluctuation in hydrodynamic conditions. The third central chapter of the thesis (Chapter 4) deals with the forcings associated with high-energy events, which promote erosion episodes of short-term in the region. Corroborating previous studies, the results point to the wind contribution, particularly to the intensification of its southern component as well as the tide, as most responsible for the occurrence of such events. The waves, although contributing, present lower importance. Finally, Chapter 5 presents a risk analysis to short-term erosion that was conducted by a simple and semi-quantitative method and applied to two beaches located in Paulista, municipality identified as a critical area with regard to erosion. The methodological approach sought to be faithful to the equation that describes the risk and uses past data and accessible computational tools. The results showed that, even face to frequent scenarios, the beaches do not present the resilience necessary to adjust its shape to the energy oscillations caused by waves and water levels, undergoing considerable changes, especially in the urban areas. As final considerations, it can be said that the risk concept has broad potential application to coastal management, especially with regard to the management of coastal erosion and finally that the maintenance of coastal resilience is key to reducing risk associated with this process through the mitigation of their consequences.

The 42-kilometer beach in Harrison County, Mississippi necessitates continual re-nourishment projects to ensure its survival due to constant erosion events. The stability that the root structures of vegetated beaches provide have been shown to be a countermeasure to these erosion events. It has also been shown that the public will utilize landscapes that they find to be attractive. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to ascertain whether beach users find vegetated beaches more attractive than un-vegetated beaches. In several Harrison County communities, beach users were surveyed through the use of a Visual Preference Survey and an accompanying questionnaire to determine their opinions on the design of the beach, its design elements, and the purpose of those elements. Results were mixed, however it was determined that beach users found beaches vegetated with multiple types of florae to be more attractive than non-vegetated beaches.

Historical. General descriptions of intertidal zonation have been published by many workers for almost all littoral areas, both marine and lacustrine (Doty, 1957; Glynn, 1965; Hedgpeth, 1957; Lewis, 1964; Pennak, 1951). The fact that animal species of the sandy shore are few in number eliminates many complex interspecific reactions, while great numbers of individuals make population studies feasible. In addition to certain general works (Dahl, 1952; Pirrie et al., 1932; Yonge, 1950) a number of papers have discussed causative factors or mechanisms for animal zonation.

<p> This report is the only detailed study concerning the fresh water cobble beaches of the Georgian Bay Islands. It includes extensive studies on the morphological characteristics, especially the platform development and profile configuration, and the sedimentary provenance of the cobbles. </p> <p> It was found that the platform configuration (step topography) acts as a substrate control for the cobble beaches. The presence of two cobble generations, angular and well-rounded, indicate that t he shore platform is the source for these cobble beaches. </p> <p> The roundness values of these cobble generations depends on t heir mode of transport. Evidence indicates that longshore movement of cobbles increases their roundness values, but their angular shape i s indicative of their lack of transport. </p> <p> Very little proof was found within this study to correlate relict cobble beaches with any specific stage of the Lake Huron Basin, although it was possible to generalize and state that the relict cobble beaches were generated by high-energy wave events during the transition from the Algoma stage to Lake Huron. </p> <p> Clast analysis determines the relationship between the length of the wave fetch and its related energy environment. It was found that high-energy coastal environments have oblate cobbles with a high roundness and low sphericity. In each case, the samples were associated with a large fetch. Those cobbles of a low-energy coastal environment have a high sphericity, low roundness, and are associated with smaller fetches. </p> <p> The steepness of the beach profile results from the increase in wave height, generated by an increase in shallowness. It also depends upon the volume of backwash. The backwash is reduced by the increased percolation rates through the cobbles, thus reducing the combing down effect of the backwash. </p> <p> This study also provides a discussion on the minor morphological features such as sinkholes and imbrication. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)