Abstract Purpose of research The Covid-19 was one of the catastrophic pandemics of the modern times which impacted the supply chain of businesses a lot. Textile industries were the one that got hit hard by the whole situation. During the crisis, one of the biggest exporters of textile i.e., Bangladesh was able to withstand the major impacts. This study explores what were the major decisions and strategies made by organizations to minimize these impacts. Methodology The study uses the behavioral decision theory, which is one of the qualitative research methodologies, The theory is providing us with the basic knowledge of how human reacts under certain conditions and availability of certain set of data.The behavioral decision theory becomes completely relevant because the decision was mainly affected by the fear of the pandemic. About fifteen interviews were taken from different company’s management personals, and their decision making were analyzed. Findings The major finding was that Covid-19 heavily influenced the decision making and the strategy of the managerial departments of the textile industries, which came not only in shape of exploring new destinations for imports, but also resulted salary deduction, firing of employees, and at some places improvement in overall working conditions. Where the change in behavioral decision can easily be seen. Originality The Study undertakes the Behavioral decision theory to analyze the how Bangladesh textile sector withstood the impacts of the Covid-19 and how the decisions of the management were affected by this. The study fills in the literature gap of presenting an actual on ground data, that was taken right from the source via interviews. This study would also serve as a guideline to textile companies if another pandemic or recession were to happen. / <p>The presentation was held on september 26, 2022. It was held online over zoom.</p>

In this dissertation, I propose that, post-action, people tend to be more optimistic about outcomes when their actions were based on malleable (vague) information compared to when their actions were based on unmalleable (precise) information. However, pre-action, no such difference occurs. I term this inconsistency in optimism in the pre and post-action stage, the Information Malleability Effect (IME). These actions could include the choice of a product, drawing a ball from an urn, or consumption of a food item. Prior research on ambiguity aversion has reliably documented that people are generally averse to making decisions based on malleable information. On the other hand, research on situated optimism has demonstrated that people exhibit a high level of optimism for events they consider more desirable and they distort the available information to make the desirable events seem more likely to occur. I review these two streams of literature and show that although both literatures make predictions in either the pre or the post-action stage, neither of them alone can explain the IME. I propose a theoretical framework to explain the underlying cause of the IME that combines these two streams of literature and utilizes the motivated reasoning account. Based on this framework, I posit hypotheses that are tested across a series of experiments. Experiment 1a and 1b demonstrate the IME in a between and within participant design. Experiment 2 demonstrates that interpretational flexibility of malleable information results in positive outcomes appearing more plausible and negative outcomes less plausible compared to when information is unmalleable. Experiment 3 provides support for the proposed underlying process by priming accuracy and desired goals.

Les attributs environnementaux, de plus en plus présents sur les produits de consommation, sont des attributs de croyance, renvoyant à un bien non marchand (i.e. la protection de l'environnement) et à des valeurs morales, ce qui les rend difficiles à évaluer par les consommateurs. Ce travail doctoral s'intéresse précisément à la manière dont les consommateurs utilisent un attribut environnemental (certifié ou non certifié) dans leur évaluation de produit. Cette problématique de recherche est abordée selon trois questions de recherche. La première s'intéresse à l'effet du nombre d'attributs (1 vs. 2) sur le poids associé à l'attribut environnemental. Cette question renvoie à l'étude d'un biais appelé effet d'inclusion qui est caractérisé par une insensibilité au nombre d'attributs. La deuxième question étudie le biais lié au mode d'évaluation sur le poids associé à un attribut environnemental. Les effets de deux critères du mode d'évaluation sont étudiés : le mode de réponse (monétaire vs. non monétaire) et le mode de présentation (jointe vs. séparée). La troisième prolonge l'étude du mode d'évaluation et de son effet sur le poids de l'attribut environnemental en étudiant la validité prédictive du mode d'évaluation pour estimer les préférences des consommateurs. Ces biais liés au contexte d'évaluation sont étudiés, montrés et discutés au moyen de cinq expérimentations et pour différents attributs environnementaux et stimuli. La validité prédictive du mode d'évaluation met en évidence l'intérêt d'utiliser le mode « consentement à payer ». D'un point de vue théorique, cette recherche montre l'intérêt de prendre en compte l'effet d'inclusion et le biais lié au mode d'évaluation pour des personnes intéressées par l'évaluation d'attributs environnementaux et montre également la limite potentielle à l'ajout d'un attribut environnemental sur un produit de consommation. D'un point de vue méthodologique, ce travail doctoral propose une approche permettant de comparer les poids obtenus entre les modes d'évaluation. Cette recherche suggère aux chefs de produits de prendre en compte ces caractéristiques contextuelles pour améliorer la précision de l'estimation des préférences des consommateurs pour un produit comportant un attribut environnemental. Ainsi, la valeur associée à un attribut environnemental varie lorsque cet attribut est seul sur le produit ou en présence d'un autre attribut. De même, le mode d'évaluation « consentement à payer » semble mieux prédire les préférences réelles pour un attribut environnemental que le mode d'évaluation « choix entre deux options ». / Environmental attributes are increasingly being included in consumption products. Because environmental attributes are credence attributes, they refer to a public good (i.e. environmental protection), and they reference moral values, they are difficult for consumers to assess. This doctoral research specifically focuses on how consumers use an environmental attribute (certified or uncertified) in product evaluation. This core question is addressed through three research questions. The first deals with the effect of attribute number (1 vs. 2) on the weight given to environmental attributes. This study focuses on a counterintuitive effect named the embedding effect, characterized by insensitivity to the number of environmental attributes present. The second question concerns the effect of the method of value measurement on the weight given to an environmental attribute. The effects of two criteria are studied: response mode (pricing vs. non pricing) and evaluation mode (joint vs. separate). The third and last question extends the study of evaluation measure and its effect on the weight of an environmental attribute by testing the predictive validity of the evaluation measure on consumer preferences. These research questions are investigated with five experiments that employ various environmental attributes and stimuli. From a theoretical perspective, this research shows the importance of considering the embedding effect and evaluation measurement bias for people interested in environmental attributes evaluation. It also underlines the potential limit of adding an environmental attribute to a consumption product. In terms of utility measurement, the thesis shows, counterintuitively, that willingness to pay is a better measure of environmental values than is choice. From a methodological standpoint, this doctoral thesis proposes an approach to enable attribute weight comparisons across measures. This research suggests to product managers that they need to be aware of these contextual factors when assessing and predicting consumer preferences for a product with an environmental attribute. If the environmental attribute in the finished product will be alone versus in conjunction with another environmental attribute, for example, affects attribute utility. Likewise, willingness to pay appears to be a better predictor of actual preference for environmental attribute than is choice.

The purpose of this study is to explore how IFRS 15 have influenced Swedish auditors and financial analysts’ understanding of companies’ revenue transactions. How accounting structural changes under IFRS 15 contribute to potential informational effects remains a largely unexplored topic. By applying asymmetric information theory, behavioral decision theory and the concept of uniformity versus uniqueness, this study explores potential factors that influence information intermediaries’ understandability of companies’ revenue transactions. This study uses an explorative approach consisting of 8 semi-structured interviews with Swedish auditors and financial analysts working in the telecommunication and construction industry. From a practical point of view, this study may assist the IASB and other regulators in obtaining a better understanding of information intermediaries’ ability to appropriately interpret and use financial information under IFRS 15. From a theoretical standpoint, the findings can provide areas of potential future studies in the field of accounting information research. Although the implementation of IFRS 15 has a limited quantitative accounting effect, this study finds that the implementation contributes to informational effects on financial analysts and auditors’ information environment. The findings indicate that the perceived informational effects are dependent on entities' application of the standard; intermediaries’ accounting knowledge and experience; as well as companies' transparency and manipulating incentives.

會計理論之研究應先確定會計資訊的使用者及其特性，會計人員如對決策者之決策方 法或程序未能充份瞭解，即無法確知會計資訊在決策過程中所能發揮的功能。 近年來，許多會計人員致力於個人決策行為的研究，試圖應用心理學所發展出來的行 為決策理論（Behavioral Decision Theory），提供系統化的證據，以協助對會計問 題的瞭解。 由於行為決策理論之研究尚未臻於成熟，而與之相關之會計研究亦僅限於萌芽階段， 無法取得許多實證資料做深入之研討與分析，故本文係對文獻資料之蒐集、研討、分 析之方式進行。文中首先介紹人類解決問題模式（Problem-solving Model ）、人本 資訊處理系統（Human Information Processing System ）的單元功能及其運作上的 限制，其次就以往會計學者對決策前行為（Predecisional Behavior）所作之研究予 以整理、分析，最後並對運用會計資訊改善決策品質的各種可能途逕予以探討。 全文分五章，約六、七萬字。

In der betriebswirtschaftlichen Realität werden riskante Entscheidungen meistens nach vorherigen Gewinn- oder Verlusterfahrungen getroffen und empirische Beobachtungen legen nahe, dass vorherige derartige Erfahrungen das aktuelle Risikoverhalten beeinflussen. Da dieser Umstand in den existierenden Ansätzen der normativen und deskriptiven Spieltheorie bisher jedoch nicht abgebildet wird, beschäftigt sich diese Arbeit zunächst mit der Erarbeitung der theoretischen Grundlagen für das Verhalten nach entsprechenden Erfahrungen in riskanten Entscheidungssituationen mit und ohne strategische Interaktion. Dabei wird für Einpersonenspiele das gesamte Framework der Kumulativen Prospekttheorie um einen "Aggregationsaxiom" erweitert und es werden anreizkompatible Mechanismen abgeleitet, die in zwei experimentellen Studien überprüft werden. Die Aggregationshypothese konnte dabei bestätigt werden, wenn auch die Risikowahrnehmung eher im Einklang mit normativen Ansätzen und nicht mit der Kumulativen Prospekttheorie zu stehen scheint. Für Mehrpersonenspiele wurde der klassische Ansatz um den Aggregationsaspekt, eine Auszahlungstransformation gemäß der Kumulativen Prospekttheorie und um die Annahme der Sozialen Projektion erweitert. Die Verhaltensprognosen für zwei einfache Koordinationsspiele resultieren dann insbesondere aus den beiden Verfeinerungskriterien "Risikodominanz" und "Perfektheit" der allgemeinen Gleichgewichtsauswahltheorie von Harsanyi und Selten. Die gemachten Vorhersagen konnten für die Teilnehmer (wenn auch mit überraschenden geschlechtspezifischen Unterschieden) in zwei Experimenten bestätigt werden. / In the real world, risky decisions are typically made after previous experiences, which include prior gains and losses. Although there are empirical findings suggesting an influence of such prior experiences on the subsequent behavior, normative as well as descriptive decision and game theory have not provided yet a thorough theoretical treatment of these effects. Therefore, this thesis develops first a theoretical fundament. It is based on the Cumulative Prospect Theory, which is extended by an "aggregation axiom". For single-person-games an incentive compatible mechanism to elicit true evaluations of risks is developed and finally tested in two laboratory experiments. The relevance of the aggregation axiom gets full support whereas a risk perception according to the Cumulative Prospect Theory has to be rejected. In multi-person-games the additional assumption of Social Projection has to be incooperated. Equilibrium selection according to "perfectness" and "risk dominance" are used to derive predictions, which are empirically validated in two experiments. Furthermore, gender-specific differences are observed.

Escolhas são meios para que indivíduos e consumidores atinjam seus objetivos. São objeto de estudo em diversas disciplinas e eu me apoiei em três delas para desenvolver estas tese. Modelos normativos da economia que definem o homo economicus, modelos descritivos das teorias de decisão comportamental que forjam o homo aptabilis, capaz de fazer escolhas que permitam o atingimento de seus objetivos. E modelos econométricos de escolha discreta, que permitem o uso e teste de teorias comportamentais usando métodos flexíveis e realistas. O argumento central desta tese é que modelos econométricos devem considerar a heterogeneidade do comportamento individual em todo o processo de escolha, incluindo objetivos do consumidor, estratégias de decisão, formação de conjuntos de escolha subjetivos, além de preferência. O não reconhecimento desta complexidade nos processos de escolha produz modelos falsos, capturando a heterogeneidade no nível das preferências e induzindo organizações a tomarem decisões equivocadas. Para desenvolver este argumento, esta tese se organiza em três seções. Na primeira eu faço uma revisão da literatura com foco nos diversos níveis do processo de escolha onde a heterogeneidade se manifesta e relaciono os modelos de escolha com as teorias comportamentais de decisão. Na segunda seção é desenvolvido um estudo sobre os vieses provocados quando a heterogeneidade na formação de conjuntos subjetivos de escolha não é levada em consideração. Através de experimentos de Monte Carlo fica comprovado que os parâmetros de modelos econométricos de escolha são generalizadamente viesados, levando à estimadas equivocadas de probabilidades de escolhas das marcas e das elasticidades das probabilidades de escolha. Esses resultados são usados para motivar uma abordagem de teoria dos jogos que resulta em equilíbrio distante do ideal, do ponto de vista de resultados das empresas. Finalmente na terceira seção, é desenvolvido um modelo de escolha discreta baseado em múltiplos meta-objetivos e em diferentes processos de escolha individual. Mais um experimento de Monte Carlo comprova que o modelo é capaz de recuperar o parâmetros do processo gerador de dados. O modelo além de reconhecer a existência de diversos meta-objetivos que ativam diferentes regras comportamentais, também permite estudar a adaptação do processo de escolha individual em função de variáveis de contexto, de situação e individuais. O modelo articula modelos econométricos com teorias comportamentais de decisão e oferece suporte para a compreensão do homo aptabilis / Choices are the means for individuals and consumers to attain their goals. They are the objects of study for several disciplines and I relied on three of them to develop this thesis. Normative models from economicsdefining the homo economicus, descriptive models from behavioral decision theories that forge the homo aptabilis, able to adaptively pursue multiple goals through choices. And discrete-choice econometric models that allow the use and testing of behavioral theories using flexible and realistic methods. The central argument of this thesis is that econometric models should consider the heterogeneity of individual behavior throughout the choice process, including consumer goals, decision strategies, choice set formation, and preferences. Failure to recognize this complexity in the choice process produces false models, capturing process heterogeneity at the level of preferences, and inducing organizations to make the wrong decisions. To develop this argument, this thesis is organized into three sections. In the first one, I review the literature focusing on the different levels of the choice process where the heterogeneity manifests itself and I relate the choice models to the behavioral decision theories. In the second section, a study is developed on the biases caused when heterogeneity in the choice set formation is not accounted for. Through Monte Carlo experiments it has been proven that the parameters of econometric choice models are generally biased, leading to misleading estimates of brands choice probabilities and of attribute\'schoice elasticities. These results are used to motivate a game theoretical approach that results in far-fetched equilibrium from the point of view of business results. Finally, in the third section, a discrete choice model based on multiple meta-goals and on different individual choice processes is developed. One more Monte Carlo experiment proves that the model is capable of retrieving the parameters of the data-generating process. The model, besides recognizing the existence of several meta-objectives that activate different behavioral rules, also allows studying the adaptation of the consumer choice process as a response to context, situation, and individual variables. The model articulates econometric models with behavioral decision theories and supports the understanding of the homo aptabilis.

<p>Facing increasingly sophisticated attacks from external adversaries, interdependent systems owners have to judiciously allocate their (often limited) security budget in order to reduce their cyber risks. However, when modeling human decision-making, behavioral economics has shown that humans consistently deviate from classical models of decision-making. Most notably, prospect theory, for which Kahneman won the 2002 Nobel memorial prize in economics, argues that humans perceive gains, losses and probabilities in a skewed manner. While there is a rich literature on prospect theory in economics and psychology, most of the existing work studying the security of interdependent systems does not take into account the aforementioned biases.</p> <p><br></p> <p>In this thesis, we propose novel mathematical behavioral security game models for the study of human decision-making in interdependent systems modeled by directed attack graphs. We show that behavioral biases lead to suboptimal resource allocation patterns. We also analyze the outcomes of protecting multiple isolated assets with heterogeneous valuations via decision- and game-theoretic frameworks, including simultaneous and sequential games. We show that behavioral defenders over-invest in higher-valued assets compared to rational defenders. We then propose different learning-based techniques and adapt two different tax-based mechanisms for guiding behavioral decision-makers towards optimal security investment decisions. In particular, we show the outcomes of such learning and mechanisms on four realistic interdependent systems. In total, our research establishes rigorous frameworks to analyze the security of both large-scale interdependent systems and heterogeneous isolated assets managed by human decision makers, and provides new and important insights into security vulnerabilities that arise in such settings.  </p>