人們如何在重覆的囚犯困境賽局選擇策略是本文探討的議題，其中的賽局學習理論就是預測賽局的參與者(player)會選擇何種策略。本文使用的資料包括3個囚犯困境的實驗，各自有不同的實驗設定及配對程序，參加者都是政治大學的大學部學生，我們將使用這些資料比較不同的學習模型。除了常見的3個學習模型：增強學習模型(Reinforcement Learning model)、信念學習模型(Belief Learning model)及加權經驗吸引模型(Experience-Weighted Attraction model)，本文也提出一個延伸的增強學習模型(Extended reinforcement learning model)。接著將分析劃為Training (in-sample)及Testing (out-sample)，並比較各實驗間或模型間的結果。 　　雖然延伸增強學習模型(Extended reinforcement learning model)較原始的增強學習模型(Reinforcement learning model)多了一個參數，該模型(Extended reinforcement learning model)在Training(in-sample)及Testing(out-sample)表現多較之前的模型來得些許的好。 / How people choose strategies in a finite repeated prisoners’ dilemma game is of interest in Game Theory. The way to predict which strategies the people choose in a game is so-called game learning theory. The objective of this study is to find a proper learning model for the prisoners’ dilemma game data collected in National Cheng-Chi University. The game data consist of three experiments with different game and matching rules. Four learning models are considered, including Reinforcement learning model, Belief learning model, Experience Weighted Attraction learning model and a proposed model modified from reinforcement learning model. The data analysis was divided into 2 parts: training (in-sample) and testing (out-sample). The proposed learning model is slightly better than the original reinforcement learning model no matter when in training or testing prediction although one more parameter is added. The performances of prediction by model fitting are all better than guessing the decisions with equal chance.

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

This thesis presents a new approach for selecting a manipulator arm configuration (a pose) in an environment where the positions of the work items are not able to be fully controlled. The approach utilizes a belief formed from a priori knowledge, observations and predictive models to select manipulator poses and motions. Standard methods for manipulator control provide a fully specified Cartesian pose as the input to a robot controller which is assumed to act as an ideal Cartesian motion device. While this approach simplifies the controller and makes it more portable, it is not well suited for less-controlled environments where the work item position or orientation may not be completely observable and where a measure of the accuracy of the available observations is required. The proposed approach suggests selecting a manipulator configuration using two types of rating function. When uncertainty is high, configurations are rated by combining a belief, represented by a probability density function, and a value function in a decision theoretic manner enabling selection of the sensor??s motion based on its probabilistic contribution to information gain. When uncertainty is low the mean or mode of the environment state probability density function is utilized in task specific linear or angular distances constraints to map a configuration to a cost. The contribution of this thesis is in providing two formulations that allow joint configurations to be found using non-linear optimization algorithms. The first formulation shows how task specific linear and angular distance constraints are combined in a cost function to enable a satisfying pose to be selected. The second formulation is based on the probabilistic belief of the predicted environment state. This belief is formed by utilizing a Bayesian estimation framework to combine the a priori knowledge with the output of sensor data processing, a likelihood function over the state space, thereby handling the uncertainty associated with sensing in a less controlled environment. Forward models are used to transform the belief to a predicted state which is utilized in motion selection to provide the benefits of a feedforward control strategy. Extensive numerical analysis of the proposed approach shows that using the fed-forward belief improves tracking performance by up to 19%. It is also shown that motion selection based on the dynamically maintained belief reduces time to target detection by up to 50% compared to two other control approaches. These and other results show how the proposed approach is effectively able to utilize an uncertain environment state belief to select manipulator arm configurations.

In current discussions about contemporary forms of spirituality, consideration is given to the question, ‘what is spirituality?’ and to exploring the range of associated beliefs and practices. Common to most discussions is the acknowledgement that the term spirituality is ambiguous and does not represent any one finite quality or thing, but rather, is a wide and somewhat identifiable set of characteristics. Some commentators suggest that contemporary spirituality, characterised by its separation from institutional forms of religion, and represented by the hallmark expression “I am spiritual, but not religious”, is an increasing phenomenon in Australian society. In view of this, there are several debates about the merits of a spirituality without explicit links to religion (in particular Christian traditions) and whether a personal spirituality can hold any real depth or purpose, or whether it just perpetuates a superficial, narcissistic focus of the self. This kind of critique pays little attention as to how spirituality, and the associated beliefs and practices, are developed and applied in an everyday sense, and how this impacts on the lives of those who subscribe to their own sense of spirituality. In this thesis, I shift the focus from analysing the merits of a personalised spirituality to exploring in depth some of the lay understandings and purposes underlying contemporary forms of spiritual practice. The primary concern of my thesis is to describe this phenomena of spiritual life as experienced by eleven younger Australian women aged 18-38 years inclusive, who considered themselves ‘spiritual’ women, yet do not necessarily identify with a particular religious denomination. At its core, and as a phenomenological study, the thesis undertakes a theoretical exploration of consciousness and the apprehension and formation of belief, meaning, and identity. Held central, and alongside the phenomenological methodology, is the feminist notion that every woman is the centre of her own experience, that any interpretations and understandings of women’s spirituality, must start with the personal. The empirical stages of research therefore focus on an exploration of the women’s personal understandings, experiences, interpretations and translations of spirituality to uncover the location and application of spirituality in everyday life. A primary factor explored throughout the thesis is the intersection between emotional experiences, meaning and purpose, and notions of spirituality. It is my assertion that grief, crisis and trauma, and the more general emotional experiences arising from everyday life, can be a driving force to embark on an exploration of the spiritual; inform personal constructions of spirituality; and provide a basis for the articulation of that spirituality, with a central purpose of alleviating emotional pain. Thus, my main thesis contention is this ‘new’ form of spirituality, as experienced and practiced outside of religious institutions, was expressed by the women in this research as a conscious and pragmatic resource applied, and developed in relation to, the various events and experiences of everyday life, and in relation to the ongoing process of developing and locating a sense of self and identity.

Thesis (M. Div.)--International School of Theology, 1986. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 118-123).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Melbourne, Dept. of English, 2006. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 323-367).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2008. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 283 p. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 267-280).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Notre Dame, 2006. / Thesis directed by Michael DePaul and Alvin Plantinga for the Department of Philosophy. "April 2006." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 238-244).

Thesis (M.A.)--Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, 1991. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 127-136).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wyoming, 2008. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 17, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 32-33).