Inom psykologin har det länge varit intressant att studera personligheter för att förklara individers beteenden. Ett välstuderat beteendemönster är om personer är prosociala eller inte. Prosociala är generösa mot andra och icke-prosociala ser till sin egen vinning. Tidigare studier har visat att personlighetsegenskaper som Big Five och socioekonomisk status kan påverka en persons generositet och förmodligen predicera prosocialitet. Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilka personlighetsegenskaper som predicerar att en person är prosocial. Social önskvärdhet kontrolleras för att se om personer som beter sig socialt önskvärt även var prosociala. Social Value Orientation, ett ekonomiskt spel, användes i studien för att mäta om en person var prosocial. Resultatet baserades på 131 undersökningsdeltagares svar på en enkät. En multipel regressionsanalys visade att ingen prediktor förutom socioekonomisk status var relaterad till om en person var prosocial. Dock gick samtliga variabler i förutspådd riktning vilket är värt att lyfta fram.

The profession of rescuers is very stressful and requires high level of resistance against stress, connected to pro-social tendencies, which are altruism and empathy. The theoretical part is divided into five topics related to the research. These topics are: helping professions, competence of helping professions, pro-social behaviour, integrated emergency system in the Czech Republic and the last theoretical part concerns personality. The objective of this research was to identify some personality characteristics of rescuers in South Bohemian region, in consideration of pro-social behaviour. The research was carried out in rescue service in South Bohemian region and at the University of South Bohemia. Research was devised through a questionnaire that was given to 77 rescuers (12 of them were studying the subject rescuer at the University of South Bohemia).

This is a review anide about the different theoretical positions on the Big Five dimensions of personality . This article presents the similarities and dilferences among the theoretical positions following a thorough reflection on the following topics: (a) the genesis of the content and structure of the Big Five; (b) the robustness of the five dimensions; (e) a description of the research on the relationship of the Big Five with other personality constructs; (d) a di~cussion about the predictive value of the Big Five profile scores for relevant criteria; (e) the theoretical status of the Five is analyzed; (f) historical criticisms on the Big Five are discussed; (g) sorne guesses for the future of the Five are put forward; and (h) conclusions and remarks about the Five dimensions of personality are drawn and made. / Este artículo revisa las distintas posiciones teóricas sobre las cinco grandes dimensiones de la personalidad, mostrando las semejanzas y diferencias entre las posturas teóricas. Esta contribución presenta lo siguiente: (a) la génesis del contenido y la estructura de las cinco dimensiones; (b) la fortaleza de las cinco dimensiones; (e) la relación de las cinco grandes dimensiones con otros constructos de personalidad; (d) discute el valor predictivo de las puntuaciones del perfil de las cinco dimensiones para criterios pertinentes; (e) analiza el estatus teórico de las cinco dimensiones; (f) discute críticas históricas sobre las cinco grandes dimensiones y se formulan respuestas a estas críticas; (g) hace conjeturas para el futuro de las cinco grandes dimensiones; y (h) concluye con algunas conclusiones y comentarios.

In the last years the idea has resurfaced that traits can be measured in a reliable and valid and this can be useful inthe prediction of human behavior. The five-factor model appears to represent a conceptual and empirical advances in the field of personality theory. Necessary orthogonal factors (Goldberg, 1992, p. 26) to show the relationships between the descriptors of the features in English is five, and its nature can be summarized through the broad concepts of Surgency, Agreeableness, Responsibility, Emotional Stability versus neuroticism and openness to experience (John, 1990, p96) Furthermore, despite the criticisms that have been given to the model, represents a breakthrough in the field of personality assessment. This approach means a contribution to the study of personality, without being the integrative model of personality. / En los últimos años ha reaparecido la idea de que los rasgos pueden ser medidos de manera confiable y válida y esto puede ser útil enla predicción de la conducta humana. El modelo de los cinco factores parece representar un avance conceptual y empírico en el campo de la teoría de la personalidad. Los factores ortogonales necesarios (Goldberg, 1992, p. 26) para mostrar las interrelaciones entre los descriptores de los rasgos en idioma inglés es cinco, y su naturaleza puede resumirse a través de los conceptos amplios de Surgency, Agradabilidad, Responsabilidad, Estabilidad emocional versus neuroticismo y Apertura a la experiencia (John, 1990, p96 ) Asímismo, a pesar de las críticas que se han dado al modelo, representa un avance en el campo de la evaluación de la personalidad. Este enfoque significa un aporte a los estudios de la personalidad, sin ser el modelo integrativo de la persobalidad.

Tidigare forskning har visat att vi drar slutsatser om andra personer redan utifrån ansikten och detta påverkar oss i många skeden i livet. Till viss del har även korrektheten av dessa bedömningar undersökts i olika situationer, t.ex. foto och/eller text utifrån arbetsansökningar och sociala medier. Ingen studie har undersökt hur väl vi kan bedöma andra individers personlighet beroende på relationsperspektiv och grad av information. Vi testade därför två hypoteser gällande Facebook; 1) Närstående bedömer bättre en individs personlighet än främlingar, oavsett informationsgrad, 2) Mer information kommer ge främlingarna en mer korrekt bedömning. För att besvara hypoteserna fick 90 deltagare skatta 15 deltagares personlighet utifrån tre olika relationsperspektiv; närstående, främling utifrån profilbild eller främling utifrån Facebookprofil. Samtliga deltagare rekryterades huvudsakligen från två lärosäten och genom bekvämlighetsurval. Resultatet gav stöd för första hypotesen men inte andra hypotesen. En närstående bedömer personlighet bättre än en främling och informationsgrad påverkar inte främlingars korrekthet signifikant. Dock kunde främlingar göra en bedömning som påvisade en bättre korrelation än noll. Detta menar vi har implikationer för främst rekryterare som ofta utgår från sociala medier i sin bedömning av arbetsansökande.

Due to the growth of online shopping and services, various types of products can be recommended to an individual. After reviewing the current methods for cross-domain recommendations, we believe that there is a need to make different types of recommendations by relying on a common base, and that it is better to depend on a target customer’s information when building the base, because the customer is the one common element in all the purchases. Therefore, we suggest a recommender system (RS) that develops a personality profile for each product, and represents items by an aggregated vector of personality features of the people who have liked the items. We investigate two ways to build personality profiles for items (IPPs). The first way is called average-based IPPs, which represents each item with five attributes that reflect the average Big Five Personality values of the users who like it. The second way is named proportion-based IPPs, which consists of 15 attributes that aggregate the number of fans who have high, average and low Big Five values. The system functions like an item-based collaborative filtering recommender; that is, it recommends items similar to those the user liked. Our system demonstrates the highest recommendation quality in providing cross-domain recommendations, compared to traditional item-based collaborative filtering systems and content-based recommenders.

This study examined the relationship between several individual differences (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, creative self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation, and polychronicity) and creativity. It also examined how the organizational climate (support for creativity) moderated the relationship between the individual differences and creativity. All the individual differences except for polychronicity were positively correlated with creativity as well as support for creativity. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) found that the individual differences explained 58% of the variance in creativity and that support for creativity moderated the relationship between conscientiousness and creativity and between extraversion and creativity. Because of noticed similarity between creativity and creative self-efficacy items, a factor analysis was done which confirmed some overlap. Implications of the findings of this paper are discussed.

abstract: Previous research used the context-free Big Five model of personality traits to predict social media behaviors. The perspective implicit in this research assumes that expression of the Big Five is free of situational context. This thesis challenges this assumption to address whether people express the same Big Five on social media as offline. In two studies, this thesis addressed three issues: (1) whether there are self-reported differences in the Big Five between social media/online and offline contexts, (2) whether a five-factor structure replicates in the offline and social media context reports, and (3) whether the predictive validity of the Big Five is the same between offline and social media contexts. College students (total N = 2102) reported their offline and social media Big Five. Main findings reveal that, first, all of the Big Five have lower expressions in social media/online than offline, except for those in the lowest quartile of offline trait expressions; possible explanations include regression towards the mean or the environmental impact of social media. Second, a similar factor structure appeared with openness, extraversion, and neuroticism items being the most robust between offline and social media contexts. However, some conscientiousness and agreeableness items did not apply across offline and social media contexts. Third, the Big Five had different predictive patterns of social media behaviors depending on the context. These findings inform that future research may better serve to specify the context of Big Five expression to understand social media behavior. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Psychology 2020

Femfaktormodellen är en personlighetsteori som används för att beskriva och utvärdera människors personligheter. Denna studie utgick från Femfaktormodellen och undersökte sambandet mellan personlighetsdrag och kostval, vilka könsskillnader som fanns avseende personlighetsdrag och kostval samt vilka de främsta självrapporterade anledningarna till att avstå eller minska köttkonsumtion var. Deltagarna (N=274) var universitetsstudenter över 18 år gamla vid ett svenskt universitet. Deltagarna rekryterades via Internet och besvarade en digital enkät. Resultaten av bivariat korrelationsanalys samt variansanalyser visade att personlighetsdraget ”Öppenhet” korrelerar med kostval och att det finns könsskillnader i en människas kostval beroende på grad av personlighetsdragen ”Känslomässig instabilitet” och ”Vänlighet”. Resultaten visade även att de främsta självrapporterade anledningarna att avstå eller minska köttkonsumtion beror på kön, kostval samt grad av ”Känslomässig instabilitet”. Sammanfattningsvis har denna studie bidragit med ny kunskap beträffande sambandet mellan personlighetsdrag och kostval. / Big-Five personality is a personality theory that is used to describe and evaluate people's personalities. This study was based on the Big-Five personality theory and examined the relationship between personality traits and food choices, what gender differences that existed regarding personality traits and food choices and which the primary self-reported reasons to abstain or decrease meat consumption were. The participants (N=274) were university students over 18 years old at a Swedish university. The participants were recruited through Internet and answered a digital survey. The results from bivariate correlational analysis and analysis of variance showed that the personality trait ”Openness” correlates with food choices and that there are gender differences in a person's food choice depending on the level of the personality traits ”Neuroticism” and ”Agreeableness”. The results also showed that the primary self-reported reasons to abstain or decrease meat consumption depends on gender, food choices and level of ”Neuroticism”. In summary this study has contributed new knowledge regarding the relationship between personality traits and food choices.

Cognitive adaptability has been conceptualised as the ability to effectively and appropriately change decision policies (i.e. to learn) given feedback (inputs) from the environmental context in which cognitive processing is embedded. Based on a large sample of 2650 established entrepreneurs in South Africa, this study attempts to determine how entrepreneurs cognitively adapt to unpredictable entrepreneurial environments. Multidimensional constructs representing cognitive adaptability and the Big Five personality traits were operationalised and empirically investigated. It was hypothesised that the Big Five personality trait dimensions of openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion and agreeableness are positively related to the cognitive adaptability dimensions of goal orientation, metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive experience, and metacognitive choice and monitoring. Neuroticism was hypthesised to be negatively related to the cognitive adaptability dimensions of goal orientation, metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive experience, metacognitive choice and monitoring. Hypotheses were tested using structured equation modelling and correlational and regression analysis. Results provide support for subcomponents of the Big Five personality traits. Intellectual interest (openness to experience), goal striving (conscientiousness), activity (extraversion), prosocial orientation (agreeableness) were found to be positively related to cognitive adaptability. They were found to be negatively related to prior metacognitive knowledge. Self-reproach (neuroticism) was found to be negatively related to cognitive adaptability. It was found to be positively related to prior metacognitive knowledge. This research builds on and extends existing literature on cognitive adaptability in an entrepreneurial context by bringing together two streams of literature from psychology metacognition and personality traits. The implications of the process for dynamic, adaptable thinking are important in an emerging context such as that found in South Africa. The results of this study will inform the practice of policy makers who are trying to encourage start-up entrepreneurs to think about thinking in unpredictable entrepreneurial environments. In terms of methodology, the use of a sample of established entrepreneurs is desirable for this type of research since metacognition is better studied in entrepreneurs who are involved in a series of activities. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Business Management / PhD / Unrestricted