In the last few decades, an increasing number of physicists specialized in soft matter, including polymers, have turned their attention to biologically relevant materials. The properties of various molecules and fibres, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and filaments of all sorts, are studied to better understand their behaviours and functions. Self-assembled biological membranes, or lipid bilayers, are also the focus of much attention as many life processes depend on these. Small lipid bilayers vesicles dubbed liposomes are also frequently used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In this thesis, work is presented on both the elastic properties of polymers and the response of lipid bilayer vesicles to extrusion in narrow-channels. These two areas of research may seem disconnected but they both concern deformed soft materials. The thesis contains four articles: the first presenting a fundamental study of the entropic elasticity of circular chains; the second, a simple universal description of the effect of sequence on the elasticity of linear polymers such as DNA; the third, a model of the symmetric thermophoretic stretch of a nano-confined polymer; the fourth, a model that predicts the final sizes of vesicles obtained by pressure extrusion. These articles are preceded by an extensive introduction that covers all of the essential concepts and theories necessary to understand the work that has been done.

Micro/nano-patterning of supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) has shown considerable potential for addressing fundamental biophysical questions about cell membrane behavior and the creation of a new generation of biosensors. Herein are presented several novel lithographic methods for the size-controlled patterning of SLBs from the microscale to the nanoscale. Using these methods, chemically distinct types of phospholipid bilayers and/or Escherichia Coli (E. Coli) membranes can be spatially addressed on a single microchip. These arrays can, in turn, be employed in the studies of multivalent ligand-receptor interactions, enzyme kinetics, SLBs size limitation, and membrane-associated species separation. The investigations performed in the Laboratory for Biological Surface Science include the following projects. Chapters II and III describe the creation of lab-on-a-chip based platforms by patterning SLBs in microfluidic devices, which were employed in high throughput binding assays for multivalent ligand-receptor interactions between cholera toxin B subunits (CTB) and ganglioside GM1. The studies on the effect of ligand density for multivalent CTB-GM1 interactions revealed that the CTB-GM1 binding weakened with increasing GM1 density. Such a result can be explained by the clustering of GM1 on the supported phospholipid membranes, which in turn inhibits the binding of CTB. Chapter IV characterizes the enzymatic activity of phosphatase tethered to SLBs in a microfluidic device. Higher turnover rate and catalytic efficiency were observed at low enzyme surface densities, ascribing to the low steric crowding hindrance and high enzyme fluidity, as well as the resulting improvement of substrate accessibility and affinity of enzyme catalytic sites. Chapter V presents sub-100 nm patterning of supported biomembranes by atomic force microscopy (AFM) based nanoshaving lithography. Stable SLBs formed by this method have a lower size limit of ~ 55 nm in width. This size limit stems from a balance between a favorable bilayer adhesion energy and an unfavorable bilayer edge energy. Finally, chapter VI demonstrates the electrophoretic separation of membrane-associated fluorophores in polymer-cushioned lipid bilayers. This electrophoretic method was applied to the separation of membrane proteins in E. Coli ghost membranes.

This dissertation focuses on the study of inverse temperature transition processes of the poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and the elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs). A novel temperature jump microfluidic system is introduced and this system shows the ability to measure the kinetics of the PNIPAM and the ELPs collapse without a heat transfer problem. The conformational change of the ELPs during the phase transition process is utilized as a nanoscale protein filter to modulate ligandreceptor binding events on supported lipid bilayers (SLBs). This research study is divided into three main parts. The first part is the development of the temperature jump microfluidics. The kinetics of PNIPAM collapse is used as a model system to show the capability of this new device to measure millisecond time scale phase transition processes. The effects of salts on the kinetics of PNIPAM collapse are also shown in this part. To our knowledge, this is the first study which shows the effects of salts on PNIPAM collapse kinetics. The second part of this research is the application of the novel temperature jump microfluidics. The hydrophobic collapse of ELPs composed of identical sequence but different chain length is investigated. By controlling the molecular weight of the ELPs, the thermodynamic contributions from intermolecular hydrophobic interactions, and intramolecular hydrophobic interactions could be calculated individually for this unique system. The third part is the application of the phase transition property of ELPs. The ELPs are conjugated on the surface of the SLBs as a nanoscale protein filter. The conformation of the ELPs can be modulated by ionic strength of the buffer solution or ambient temperature. The ELPs conjugated SLBs platform showed the ability to block IgG binding to biotin conjugated on the SLBs when the ELPs were in the extended coil state and open the access for protein to bind to biotin in compact globule conformation.

A common strategy employed to destroy harmful bacteria is to disrupt the bacterial membrane through the action of pore-forming anti-microbial peptides. The manner in which the peptides arrange themselves spatially to form a pore in the membrane, which is important for understanding both the mechanism of pore formation and pore function, is a topic of current debate. We contrast the response of a model membrane bilayer to the presence of solid, cylindrical nanoparticle insertions, when the bilayer is composed of persistent worm-like chains and when it is composed of flexible Gaussian chains. We use self-consistent field theory, with the appropriate single-chain propagator, to describe the amphiphilic star-like triblock copolymers composing the membrane and the solvent. The nanoparticle surfaces are designed to have patches that prefer either the solvent or the tail groups of the copolymers, and the nanoparticles are fixed in space. Using this model with polymers in the lamellar phase, we investigate the question of pore-formation, nanoparticle insertion and hydrophobic mismatch in lipid bilayers and the effect that chain rigidity has on these particular interactions. We find that the main effect of increased chain rigidity is that it increases the free energy scaling and the significance of the energy barriers associated with these pore-forming processes. These results demonstrate the importance of using a more realistic persistent chain when modelling pore formation. / NSERC, CFI, SHARCNET

Vesicles are simple structures, but display complex, non-linear dynamics in fluid flow. I investigate the deformation of nanometer-sized vesicles, both fully-inflated and those with excess area, as they travel in tightly confined capillaries. By varying both channel size and flow strength, I simulate vesicles as they transition from steady-state to unstable shapes, and then rupture in strong flow fields. By employing a molecular dynamics model of the vesicle, fluid, and capillary system one is able to rupture the lipid bilayer of these vesicles. This is unique in that most other numerical methods for modelling vesicles are unable to show rupture. The rupture of fully-inflated vesicles is applicable to drug delivery in which the release of the encapsulated medicine needs to be controlled. The deformation and rupture of vesicles with excess area could be applicable to red blood cells which have similar rheological properties.

In the last few decades, an increasing number of physicists specialized in soft matter, including polymers, have turned their attention to biologically relevant materials. The properties of various molecules and fibres, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and filaments of all sorts, are studied to better understand their behaviours and functions. Self-assembled biological membranes, or lipid bilayers, are also the focus of much attention as many life processes depend on these. Small lipid bilayers vesicles dubbed liposomes are also frequently used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In this thesis, work is presented on both the elastic properties of polymers and the response of lipid bilayer vesicles to extrusion in narrow-channels. These two areas of research may seem disconnected but they both concern deformed soft materials. The thesis contains four articles: the first presenting a fundamental study of the entropic elasticity of circular chains; the second, a simple universal description of the effect of sequence on the elasticity of linear polymers such as DNA; the third, a model of the symmetric thermophoretic stretch of a nano-confined polymer; the fourth, a model that predicts the final sizes of vesicles obtained by pressure extrusion. These articles are preceded by an extensive introduction that covers all of the essential concepts and theories necessary to understand the work that has been done.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 158-173).

abstract: Engineered nanoporous substrates made using materials such as silicon nitride or silica have been demonstrated to work as particle counters or as hosts for nano-lipid bilayer membrane formation. These mechanically fabricated porous structures have thicknesses of several hundred nanometers up to several micrometers to ensure mechanical stability of the membrane. However, it is desirable to have a three-dimensional structure to ensure increased mechanical stability. In this study, circular silica shells used from Coscinodiscus wailesii, a species of diatoms (unicellular marine algae) were immobilized on a silicon chip with a micrometer-sized aperture using a UV curable polyurethane adhesive. The current conducted by a single nanopore of 40 nm diameter and 50 nm length, during the translocation of a 27 nm polystyrene sphere was simulated using COMSOL multiphysics and tested experimentally. The current conducted by a single 40 nm diameter nanopore of the diatom shell during the translocation of a 27 nm polystyrene sphere was simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics (28.36 pA) and was compared to the experimental measurement (28.69 pA) and Coulter Counting theory (29.95 pA).In addition, a mobility of 1.11 x 10-8 m2s-1V-1 for the 27 nm polystyrene spheres was used to convert the simulated current from spatial dependence to time dependence. To achieve a sensing diameter of 1-2 nanometers, the diatom shells were used as substrates to perform ion-channel reconstitution experiments. The immobilized diatom shell was functionalized using silane chemistry and lipid bilayer membranes were formed. Functionalization of the diatom shell surface improves bilayer formation probability from 1 out of 10 to 10 out of 10 as monitored by impedance spectroscopy. Self-insertion of outer membrane protein OmpF of E.Coli into the lipid membranes could be confirmed using single channel recordings, indicating that nano-BLMs had formed which allow for fully functional porin activity. The results indicate that biogenic silica nanoporous substrates can be simulated using a simplified two dimensional geometry to predict the current when a nanoparticle translocates through a single aperture. With their tiered three-dimensional structure, diatom shells can be used in to form nano-lipid bilayer membranes and can be used in ion-channel reconstitution experiments similar to synthetic nanoporous membranes. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2015

A associação lipídio/citocromo c é importante e deve ser estudada, pois repercute na atividade peroxidática da proteína abordada e pode contribuir para o processo apoptótico, ou morte programada da célula, e também desempenha um papel significativo na cadeia respiratória. A natureza e a especificidade da interação do citocromo c com bicamadas lipídicas têm sido bastante investigadas ultimamente, mas informações detalhadas e precisas sobre tais assuntos ainda não existem. É aceito que ocorre primeiramente uma interação eletrostática entre a proteína citocromo c e as membranas fosfolipídicas. Em seguida, há uma interação hidrofóbica. Entretanto, ainda não é bem compreendido o papel da cadeia fosfolipídica. A associação do citocromo c com membranas lipídicas induz mudanças no estado de spin do átomo de ferro. A interação entre as vesículas carregadas e o citocromo c induz mudanças estruturais na proteína, as quais são refletidas no seu centro ativo, ou grupo heme. As mudanças do campo cristalino no sítio do ferro hemínico de forte para fraco são acompanhadas por mudanças do estado de spin de baixo para alto, respectivamente. Neste trabalho, estuda-se sistematicamente a natureza da interação entre o citocromo c e a cadeia fosfolipídica. As mudanças estruturais no grupo heme foram correlacionadas com a natureza do lipídio, ou seja, com a carga da cabeça e com o tamanho e o tipo da cadeia fosfolipídica. Foram utilizados treze lipídios diferentes, naturais e sintetizados, com cabeças polares negativas e neutras e com cadeias carbônicas saturadas e insaturadas de diferentes comprimentos. Para tal investigação, utilizamos as técnicas: Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica (RPE) Onda Contínua (CW) e Pulsada (PW) e Dicroísmo Circular Magnético (MCD). As técnicas enunciadas avaliam as mudanças de estado de spin e a simetria do citocromo c nos seus estados férrico e ferroso. A interação lipoprotéica lipídio/citocromo c foi avaliada com lipídios diferentes, inclusive com o lipossomo PCPECL, que mimetiza a membrana interna da mitocôndria nos eucariontes. A partir dos resultados experimentais, sugerimos um modelo para esse tipo de associação. / This association lipid/cytochrome c is interesting to study in order to understand the peroxidase activity of this protein, that plays an important role in the respiratory chain and in the apoptosis process or the programmed cell death. The nature and specificity of the interaction of cytochrome c with lipid bilayers have been major goals in recent studies, but detailed information on that issue is not yet widely available. In this regard, it is generally accepted that the electrostatic interaction is an important factor in the association of cytochrome c with phospholipid membranes, followed by a hydrophobic interaction. However, the role played by the phospholipid chain is not well understood. The association of cytochrome c with negative membranes induces a change in the heme iron spin state. The interaction between the charged vesicles and cytochrome c leads to structural changes in the active central or heme group. The changing of the crystalline field of the heme iron from strong to weak is accompanied by spin states changes from low to high spin, respectively. These facts concerned us to investigate more systematically the nature of the interaction between cytochrome c and the phospholipid chains. The lipid-induced effects in the heme iron crystalline field are correlated to the nature of the charged head group and to the size and type of the phospholipid chain. Thirteen different lipids, nature and synthetic, were used, with negative and neutra1 polar head group and saturated and unsaturated acyl chains with different length. This work investigates the change of heme iron spin state and symmetry of ferric cytochrome c using Continuous Wave (CW) and pulsed (PW) Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) and Magnetic Circular Dichroism (MCD) techniques. These techniques analyze the spin state change and the symmetry of the iron cytochrome c in its ferric and ferrous states. The effect of the different lipids were analyzed, including PCPECL membrane that mimetics the inner mitocondrial membrane in eukaryotes.

In the last few decades, an increasing number of physicists specialized in soft matter, including polymers, have turned their attention to biologically relevant materials. The properties of various molecules and fibres, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and filaments of all sorts, are studied to better understand their behaviours and functions. Self-assembled biological membranes, or lipid bilayers, are also the focus of much attention as many life processes depend on these. Small lipid bilayers vesicles dubbed liposomes are also frequently used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In this thesis, work is presented on both the elastic properties of polymers and the response of lipid bilayer vesicles to extrusion in narrow-channels. These two areas of research may seem disconnected but they both concern deformed soft materials. The thesis contains four articles: the first presenting a fundamental study of the entropic elasticity of circular chains; the second, a simple universal description of the effect of sequence on the elasticity of linear polymers such as DNA; the third, a model of the symmetric thermophoretic stretch of a nano-confined polymer; the fourth, a model that predicts the final sizes of vesicles obtained by pressure extrusion. These articles are preceded by an extensive introduction that covers all of the essential concepts and theories necessary to understand the work that has been done.