The purpose of this study is to establish the background metal concentrations of several demersal aquatic organisms in the coastal waters off Yunlin county before the development of petroleum industries camp at Tai-shi area, S. W. Taiwan. In addition to, the proper bioindicators are also investigated for future monitoring purpose. Twenty-seven species of sedimentary organisms, including 11 species of fishes, 3 species of crabs, 9 species of shrimps, 2 species of mollusca, and 2 species of cephalopods were collected in 5 seasons from September 1998 to November 1999. Metal concentrations of Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Se and Zn were analyzed in the muscles and internal organs. The results showed that metal concentrations were significantly different according to species and tissues. Muscle concentrations of As, Fe and Zn were higher in fish, shrimp and cephalopod, whereas Zn, Cu and As were in crab, and Fe and Zn in mollusca. In the internal organs, Fe concentrations were the highest metal contents of fish and mollusca, but Cu were the highest for crab and shrimp. Nevertheless, Fe and Cu concentrations were respectively the highest elemental contents in two species of cephalopods, Octopus ocellatus and Sepiotenthis lessoniana. In gonads, Zn was the highest metal concentration in both gender of fish. However, in crab, Cu and Zn were respectively the highest metal concentrations of Portunus pelagicus and Charybdis hellerii. Among the all, Ag, Co, Cd and Hg showed the lowest concentrations in the species. In most cases, the metal concentrations of internal organs were higher than those of muscles, except Ag and Hg turned out to be reverse. The mean metal concentrations found in this study were similar to those measured in uncontaminated waters worldwide, so that it represents the background values of the aquatic demersal organisms in Yin-lin waters. The metal concentrations in the editable parts of the organisms were all below the food safety standard worldwide. Among the 10 metals analyzed, only As, Se and Zn concentrations of gonad showed the gender-differences. A positive correlation between a metal concentration and the body size were found in several cases, e. g. Ag in internal organs of Neverita lineata, As in muscles of Penaeus cornutus, Hg in muscles of Sillago sihama, Penaeus cornutus, Penaeus hardwickii and Neverita didyma, and Zn in hepatopancrea of Portunus pelagicus. However, Zn in viscera of Neverita didyma revealed a negative correlation to the size. Seasonal variations of metal concentrations were also found in the internal organs of most species. The concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, Zn and As of internal organs showed a peak in both February and April, which may relate to the seasonal in put of anthropogenic pollutants in the area. Based on the metal concentrations of internal organs, the ratio of internal organ to muscle and the relative deviations, we suggest Octopus ocellatus, Portunus sanguinolentus (great for Ag, Cd, Co, Cu, Se and Zn), Penaeus cornutus (great for As and Cd), Neverita didyma(great for Co, Hg and Zn) and Arius maculatus(great for Fe, Se and Zn), which potentially concentrated high levels of metals, could be the good bioindicators in future.

Submitted by Filipe Nepomuceno (filipearn@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-12-01T13:22:05Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22190 bytes, checksum: 19e8a2b57ef43c09f4d7071d2153c97d (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_AbelhasVespasSolitárias.pdf: 8557441 bytes, checksum: 592d20da2a3487a05b33d7d7cce3a5bc (MD5) / Rejected by Gracilene Carvalho (gracilene@sisbin.ufop.br), reason: a pedido on 2015-12-01T13:25:27Z (GMT) / Submitted by Filipe Nepomuceno (filipearn@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-12-01T13:29:53Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22190 bytes, checksum: 19e8a2b57ef43c09f4d7071d2153c97d (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_ReconstruimosVirãoAbelhas.pdf: 8557441 bytes, checksum: 592d20da2a3487a05b33d7d7cce3a5bc (MD5) / Rejected by Gracilene Carvalho (gracilene@sisbin.ufop.br), reason: substituir o arquivo on 2015-12-02T14:53:29Z (GMT) / Submitted by Filipe Nepomuceno (filipearn@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-12-02T15:04:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_ResconstruirmosVirãoAbelhas.pdf: 15205054 bytes, checksum: 5139b7c46cdb34bab29fd55cdf98162a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gracilene Carvalho (gracilene@sisbin.ufop.br) on 2015-12-02T15:07:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_ResconstruirmosVirãoAbelhas.pdf: 15205054 bytes, checksum: 5139b7c46cdb34bab29fd55cdf98162a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-02T15:07:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_ResconstruirmosVirãoAbelhas.pdf: 15205054 bytes, checksum: 5139b7c46cdb34bab29fd55cdf98162a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / As matas ciliares compõem uma vegetação característica de margem de corpos d’água, apresentando importantes funções ecossistêmicas, impedindo o assoreamento de rios, lagos e lagoas, promovendo a estabilidade nos ambientes aquáticos, atuando como corredores ecológicos e funcionando como importantes áreas de refúgio para diversas espécies da fauna. Nesse trabalho avaliou-se o sucesso da restauração de quatro fragmentos de mata ciliar, no entorno do Reservatório da Usina Hidrelétrica de Volta Grande situada entre os estados de Minas Gerais e São Paulo comparando-as com um fragmento que passou por processo de sucessão natural. Utilizou-se como indicador a comunidade de abelhas e vespas solitárias que nidificam cavidades preexistentes. Avaliou-se a relação entre largura, período de recuperação, matriz adjacente e a estrutura da vegetação sobre a riqueza, abundância, composição e rede de interação com parasitas de ninhos. As matas ciliares restauradas apresentaram uma riqueza (s=20) e abundância (n=368) maiores em relação a vários outros levantamentos em áreas primárias. A área referência e as áreas com maior largura apresentaram uma maior riqueza de abelhas e as áreas mais novas apresentaram maior abundância de vespas. A maior quantidade de fragmentos de cerrado na matriz determinou a maior riqueza e abundância de abelhas e vespas. Quanto maior a complexidade estrutural da vegetação nos fragmentos mais diversificada é a comunidade e diferentes espécies responderam de forma diferente a essa complexidade. As abelhas e vespas solitárias que nidificam em cavidades preexistentes se mostraram excelentes preditoras de qualidade ambiental, demonstrando que o processo de restauração das matas ciliares está caminhando para o sucesso por disponibilizar ambientes para a ocupação da fauna e estar recuperando dos serviços ecossistêmicos perdidos. __________________________________________________________________________________________ / Riparian forests play an important role in the preservation of water bodies and, in maintaining biodiversity, act as refuges for many species or can be used as ecological corridors. The restoration of these environments is critical to the recovery of pollinator communities. In this work we study the role of restored riparian forest on the riverbanks of the Volta Grande Reservoir (MG and SP) in maintaining bees and wasps communities that nest in preexisting cavities so as to verify if here is difference in richness, abundance and composition throughout the seasons (dry and wet), if there is a relationship between richness and abundance of these individuals and their parasites and the degree of specialization of parasites in relation to the hosts. Were recorded 12 species of wasps, eight of bees and nine species of parasites of the orders Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera in addition to mites and fungi. The wasps Trypoxylon nitidum (Smith, 1856), Pachodynerus grandis Willink & Roig-Alsina, 1998 and the bee Centris (Heterocentris) analis (Fabricius, 1804) were the most abundant. Areas with longer time of restoration showed higher species richness. However the abundance was higher in most recent areas. The composition of bees and wasps assembly has not changed between the four seasonal periods evaluated, although it has changed between sampling areas. The richness and abundance were higher in warmer and rainy periods. The rate of bee mortality was 45.68% and 48.62% for the wasps. Richness parasites correlated positively with the richness and abundance of bees and wasps. The network of host- parasite interaction has a modular configuration with generalists and specialists. Recovered riparian forests are providing environmental conditions necessary for the maintenance of bees and wasps communities that nest in preexisting cavities.

Por aproximadamente 40 anos, o Rio Ribeira de Iguape recebeu resíduos da mineração: rejeitos das plantas de concentração mineral (enriquecidos em Cu, Cr, Pb, Ag e Zn) e escórias de uma unidade de metalurgia (enriquecidas em Cu, Zn, Cr, Fe, Pb e As), produzidos e descartados pela empresa Plumbum S/A, localizada em Adrianópolis (Paraná). Para verificar a contribuição destes resíduos na contaminação deste rio, como também identificar a possibilidade de depuração natural ou não no mesmo, definiu-se a necessidade de avaliar três compartimentos: resíduos, sedimentos e organismo biomonitor. Nas amostras de resíduos foram realizadas caracterizações físicas e químicas, nos sedimentos foram realizadas análises químicas, granulométricas e algumas amostras investigadas por MEV/EDS e no biomonitor (molusco Asiático da espécie Corbicula fluminea) foram realizadas análises químicas dos tecidos e das carapaças. Estas análises indicaram a existência de elevados teores de Pb nos resíduos da mineração, os quais ultrapassaram os valores deste metal estabelecidos na norma NBR 10.005 da ABNT. Nesta comparação, os rejeitos do concentrado da Mina do Rocha ultrapassaram em 32 vezes, os da Plumbum em 41 vezes e as escórias em 34 vezes, os limites estabelecidos por tal norma, sendo assim classificados como pertencentes à Classe I ? perigosos. Destes resíduos o mais problemático atualmente é o rejeito da Plumbum, por apresentar granulometria fina, pH mais baixo, apresentar maior teor de Pb no teste de lixiviação, além de estar depositado muito próximo de uma das margens do Rio Ribeira de Iguape. A interação destes resíduos com o sistema aquático foi verificada a partir da detecção de Pb, Zn, Cu nos sedimentos. Os sedimentos depositados em bancos de areia e os estuarinos exibiram maiores teores para Pb (média de 135,00 mg/kg para os depósitos em bancos de areia e 124,00 mg/kg para os estuarinos) e Zn (média de 112,62 mg/kg para os depositados em bancos de areia e de 133,00 mg/kg para os estuarinos). Em todos os tipos de sedimentos foi constatado que o local de coleta que exibiu teores mais elevados para os metais de estudo foi em Iporanga, secundariamente na Ilha do Caranguejo na região do Mar Pequeno, a sul de Iguape. Nos sedimentos em suspensão, as análises em MEV/EDS exibiram a presença de grãos de escória, indicando que estes ainda hoje, estão interagindo com este ambiente e sendo transportados. Esta comprovação, só foi possível, de fato, a partir das análises de tecidos e de carapaças da espécie Corbicula fluminea, os quais demonstraram estar havendo interação dos metais pesados provenientes dos resíduos com a biota deste sistema aquático. Nos tecidos deste biomonitor foram detectados em média 23,99 ?g/g de Cu, 144,21 ?g/g de Zn, 0,71 ?g/g de Cd, 2,41 ?g/g de Pb e 7,11 ?g/g de Cr. Destes metais, o mais preocupante é o Pb, ele apresenta concentrações mais elevadas que os relatados em outros estudos para este mesmo bivalve e também, ultrapassa o valor de referência da ANVISA (2,00 ?g/g) para a concentração deste metal pesado em peixes e produtos de pesca para consumo. Além dos tecidos, as carapaças deste biomonitor, também estão concentrado estes metais pesados. De modo geral, concluiu-se que o Rio Ribeira não está sofrendo processos naturais de depuração e que ainda hoje representa um problema ambiental, pois os metais estão migrando ao longo do curso da drenagem e neste processo sendo biodisponibilizados, o que pode vir a gerar transferência e acumulação na cadeia trófica. / For approximately 40 years, Ribeira de Iguape River received mining wastes (enriched in Cu, Cr, Pb, Ag and Zn) and metallurgical slags (enriched in Cu, Zn, Cr, Fe, Pb and As), produced and discharged by Plumbum S/A, a company located in Adrianópolis (Paraná). In order to verify the contribution of these residues in the river contamination and natural purification the compartments of mining residues, sediments and bioindicator organisms were evaluated. Physical and chemical characterizations were realized in the residues samples; while chemical analyses, grain size evaluation and MEV/EDS were carried out in sediments. Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) was taken as a bioindicator, through chemical analyses of its tissues and shells. The results showed high Pb levels, being classified as Class 1 ? dangerous - by ABNT, norm NBR 10,005, once the limited levels were exceeded by Rocha wastes (32x), Plumbum wastes (41x) and slags (34x). The Plumbum waste is currently the most problematic, as it is made of fine grain, lower pH, higher Pb level detected in the extraction test and is deposited very close to the draining site. The interactions of these residues with the aquatic system was verified through Pb, Zn, Cu detection in the sediments. Pb and Zn levels were, respectively, 135.00 mg/kg and 112.62 mg/kg in the sand banks deposits, and 124.00 mg/kg and 133.00 mg/kg in the estuaries deposits, with prominent metal levels in Iporanga and, secondary, in Crab Island, region of the Small Sea, south of Iguape. MEV/EDS analyses carried out in suspended sediments showed the presence of slags grains, suggesting that still nowadays they are transported and interact with the environment, once they have been detected in tissues and shells samples of Corbicula fluminea. In the tissues of this bioindicator, there were detected average levels of 23.99 ?g/g of Cu, 144.21 ?g/g of Zn, 0.71 ?g/g of Cd, 7.11 ?g/g of Cr and 2.41 ?g/g of Pb; making evident that this last value is strongly high and over the ANVISA reference (2.00 ?g/g) for fish and other consumption products. The results suggest that natural processes of Ribeira de Iguape River are not sufficient for its purification, keeping metals\' transport and bioavailability, which can accumulate in the trophic chain, representing a serious environmental problem.

Coral cover remains highest on patch reefs at the northern end of the Florida reef tract. The reasons for this trend are not well understood, but may be related to the protection from extreme variations in water quality parameters provided by the near constant presence of islands at the north extent of the Florida Keys. Three indices have been developed based on Foraminifera and sediment constituents. Two of the indices, the FORAM Index and the SEDCON Index, were developed to indicate the suitability of a reef environment for continued reef accretion. The third index, the Photic Index, is an assessment of photic stress on reefs based on incidence of bleaching in a species of Foraminifera, Amphistegina gibbosa, which is known to experience loss of algal endosymbionts similar to bleaching in corals. Patch reefs were sampled in Biscayne National Park, FL to assess sediment characteristics and foraminiferal assemblages, as well as to examine trends in the three indices. Sediments associated with a majority (59%) of reefs were coarse sands; muddy sediments were restricted to a few inner patch reefs that were isolated from the influence of Caesar's Creek, which flushes water from inside Biscayne Bay onto the open shelf. Unidentifiable grains predominated in the sediment constituents, along with calcareous algae and molluskan debris. Shells from 82 genera of Foraminifera were identified in the sediments. Quinqueloculina was the most consistently common genus. Percent mud was the single most influential measured variable on the distribution of both sediment constituents and foraminiferal assemblages. Analysis of bleaching in the foraminifer Amphistegina gibbosa revealed that photo-oxidative stress was chronic at 94% of the sites. Patterns of FORAM and SEDCON Index values and their similarity to temperature, salinity, and percent mud distributions show that Caesar's Creek is affecting the benthic community in its immediate vicinity by providing flow that limits the accumulation of mud and potentially other anthropogenic stressors. Overall this study suggests that the reefs in this area are marginal for continued reef growth. A more detailed study of water quality through Caesar's Creek should be conducted to determine exactly how it is affecting the reefs in Biscayne National Park.

The goal of this study is to establish an accurate, simple and fast method for analysis of organotin in bio-tissues and for routine analysis of organotin in pollution control. This study also conducted the field survey investigating the accumulation status of butyltin (BT) in organisms and environments for validation of analytical method and applicability in different environmental samples. Stations had been set up from the Sih-Cao fishing port to the upstream of Luermen Stream Estuary. General water quality factors were measured in situ, and water samples, suspended particles, Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas), green mussels (Perna viridis), and rockshells (Thais clavigera and Thais rufotincta) were collected in summer (July 2003) and winter (February 2004) seasons and the concentrations of butyltins were measured. Surface sediment samples were also collected from each sampling station and the concentrations of butyltins were measured to present pollution status of butyltins in Luermen Stream Estuary. To determine butyl- and phenyl-tins in fish muscle, a method including base digestion pretreatment, followed by an ethylation-extraction procedure together with gas chromatography-flame photometric detection (GC-FPD) analysis is outlined. Parameters that affect analyte recovery were investigated and optimized. A solution of 3 % (w/v) potassium hydroxide and 1 h digestion time at 60 ¢J were chosen in the base digestion step to ensure complete solubilization of fish muscle and the decomposition of organotins was found to be negligivle. We found that the ratio of fish muscle/reaction solution volume should not exceed 0.2 g (dry weight) per 100 mL in order to avoid the matrix effect caused by the binding of hydrolyzed fish tissue with organotin ions. Ethylation of organotins were conducted at pH 6~7 with a 1 % (w/v) sodium tetraethylborate (NaBEt4) solution for 1 h. This simple and timesaving procedure could be applied to the routine analysis of organotins in other bio-tissues. The BT content of environments and organisms reflected that the tributyltin (TBT) pollution levels were higher in Sih-Cao fishing port than in Luermen Stream. The BT content of organisms reflected more detail TBT pollution status between Sih-Cao fishing port and Luermen Stream. However, the MBT pollution status in Luermen Stream was not reflected in MBT accumulation status of organisms. The ability of TBT accumulation in oysters and mussels was higher than in rockshells. Moreover, oysters had higher TBT accumulation ability than mussels at lower TBT pollution level, but following the increase of TBT pollution level, the ability of TBT accumulation in oysters had shifted to be lower than in mussels. The results also showed that in the higher TBT pollution level, the ratios of MBT and DBT over the total butyltins had changed to higher status and the bioaccumulation factors (BAF) had changed to smaller values in oysters and rockshells. In mussels, this phenomenon was not significant. However, the organisms (oyster, mussel and rockshells) revealed smaller BAF of TBT in Luermen Stream than in the Sih-Cao fishing port entrance. For oysters and mussels, the TBT contents and the composition ratios of TBT in total butyltins were both higher in winter season. All organisms (oysters, mussels and rockshells) had higher ability to accumulate TBT according to the larger BAF observed in summer season. The ability of TBT accumulation in rockshells was lower than in oysters or mussels. Moreover, the BT accumulation status was mainly composed of MBT and DBT (the metabolites of TBT ) in rockshells and TBT in oysters and mussels. That was attributed to higher metabolic rate of TBT in rockshells.

Coastal metal pollution is a major concern to the health and well-being of aquatic organisms. Bioindicator organisms such as mussels have the potential to monitor coastal metal pollution. In New Zealand, the feasibility of employing green-lipped mussels, Perna canaliculus as a bioindicator species is yet to be investigated. This thesis focuses on applying a suite of biomarkers on green-lipped mussels exposed to cadmium (Cd) to evaluate the utility of the biomarkers and investigate the utility of the mussels in assessment of metal pollution. Cd is a non-essential metal and is known to be highly toxic to many aquatic organisms. This research consisted of a laboratory study to understand the mechanistic effects of Cd toxicity in green-lipped mussels. Physiological, biochemical, immunocytotoxic and cytogenotoxic biomarker responses were measured in mussels exposed to acute (96 h; 2000 µg L⁻¹ and 4000 µg L⁻¹) and subchronic (28 d; 200 µg L⁻¹ and 2000 µg L⁻¹) Cd treatments. The 96 h LC₅₀ value for P. canaliculus was 8160 µg L⁻¹, indicating that the green-lipped mussels were relatively tolerant to Cd exposure. Results from the Cd exposures, indicated that Cd had a negative impact on physiological processes such as feeding and oxygen consumption. Cd-induced physiological impairments caused an imbalance between energy gain and energy loss in the mussels that led to negative scope for growth. Detoxification (metallothionein-like protein) and defence mechanisms (catalase) were induced in the mussels to provide protection against the toxic effects of Cd. However, the defence mechanisms were not sufficient to protect the mussels from damage due to lipid peroxidation. DNA damage was also observed in the haemocytes of mussels as a result of Cd exposure. Cellular homeostasis (alkaline phosphatase) mechanisms were also perturbed. The immunocytotoxic endpoints reflected differences in haemocyte proportions in the haemolymph of Cd-exposed mussels. Exposure to Cd also led to the formation of several nuclear aberrations in the gill cells of mussels. Overall the laboratory study highlighted toxic effects of Cd on green-lipped mussels that were dependent on the dose and/or the duration of exposure to Cd. Among the biomarkers tested, clearance rate, metallothionein-like protein induction and the formation of nuclear aberrations in mussel gill cells correlated strongly to Cd accumulation levels and reflected Cd exposure effects. The feasibility of employing green-lipped mussels as bioindicators was tested during the field study. Green-lipped mussels were collected from different coastal sites along the South Island in NZ. Metal concentrations in the sediment and in four different mussel tissues were analysed. The findings indicated a significant geographical difference in metal concentration in the environment and in the metal accumulation levels in the mussels. Overall, the field study indicated that the green-lipped mussel, Perna canaliculus has the potential to be used as a bioindicator species for assessment of coastal metal pollution levels in NZ.

Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-01-04T17:34:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) marcio_marques_silva.pdf: 2786122 bytes, checksum: 4da1fad39fb206cdf4baf5459f0e0cb3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-01-06T11:52:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) marcio_marques_silva.pdf: 2786122 bytes, checksum: 4da1fad39fb206cdf4baf5459f0e0cb3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-06T11:52:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) marcio_marques_silva.pdf: 2786122 bytes, checksum: 4da1fad39fb206cdf4baf5459f0e0cb3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento do Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / O clomazone ? um herbicida inibidor da s?ntese de carotenoides. Esse herbicida ? facilmente solubilizado e volatilizado e por consequ?ncia, pode causar danos ao ambiente. Em vista do problema, objetivou-se com esta pesquisa: avaliar a sensibilidade de esp?cies forrageiras e daninhas a res?duos atmosf?ricos do clomazone e determinar a campo o efeito do res?duo atmosf?rico do clomazone sobre a fisiologia de plantas forrageiras e daninhas. Foram realizados dois experimentos. O primeiro foi conduzido em c?maras experimentais de 500 dm? em ambiente monitorado, delineado inteiramente casualizado com 5 repeti??es. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 6x5, sendo, seis esp?cies vegetais: triticale, milho, sorgo, braquiar?o, beldroega e campim braquiaria e o segundo cinco doses de clomazone 0, 90, 180, 270 e 360 g ha-1 (equivalentes ?s concentra??es atmosf?ricas de 0,0; 0,05; 0,10; 0,15 e 0,20 mg L-1, considerado o volume). As esp?cies ficaram expostas ao herbicida no interior das c?maras por per?odo de 96 horas em atmosfera controlada. Ap?s esse intervalo, as c?maras foram abertas, procedendo-se ? primeira avalia??o, repetida aos 7 e 14 dias ap?s a abertura. Avaliou-se a intoxica??o e o teor de clorofila. Com exce??o do milho, todas as esp?cies testadas mostraram-se sens?veis ?s concentra??es residuais de clomazone na atmosfera, podendo ser utilizadas no monitoramento da qualidade do ar. O segundo experimento foi conduzido a campo. Delineado em blocos causalizados com quatro repeti??es, em esquema fatorial 6x4, sendo seis esp?cies vegetais [quatro plantas forrageiras: lab lab, sorgo, braqui?r?o e java, e duas plantas daninhas: beldroega e sida] e quatro solu??es de aplica??o do clomazone (0, 360, 720 e 1.080 g ha-1, equivalentes a 0; 0,05; 0,10 e 0,20 mg L-1, considerado o volume). As plantas forrageiras e daninhas ficaram expostas ao clomazone, em tuneis cobertos por filme de polietileno de baixa densidade (150 ?m) de volume de 12m?, por per?odo de 72 horas. Ap?s esse tempo, os t?neis foram abertos, procedendo-se ?s seguintes avalia??es: intoxica??o das plantas, fluoresc?ncia inicial, fluoresc?ncia m?xima, a raz?o entre a fluoresc?ncia vari?vel e fluoresc?ncia m?xima, quenching fotoqu?mico e quenching n?o-fotoqu?mico, taxa de transporte de el?trons e do teor de clorofila. Mesmo em concentra??es que n?o promovem efeito visual, o clomazone ? capaz de causar danos significativos na atividade fotossint?tica das esp?cies. As vari?veis fisiol?gicas, clorofila total, rendimento qu?ntico m?ximo do PSII e fluoresc?ncia inicial da clorofila podem ser utilizadas de forma eficiente no monitoramento de res?duos do clomazone na atmosfera. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016. / The herbicide Clomazone is an inhibitor of carotenoids synthesis. This herbicide is easily solubilized and volatilized, and by consequence, can cause damage to environment. Due to this problem, the objective of this study was evalue the sensibility of forage and weeds species to atmospheric wastes of Clomazone and to determinate in field the effect of atmosferic waste of Clomazone in phisiology of forage and weeds plants. Two experiments were performed. The first was conducted in 500dm? experimental chambers in a monitored environment, completely randomized design design with five repetitions. The treatments was arranged in 6x5factorial scheme, being six vegetable species: triticale, corn, sorghum, braquiar?o, beldroega e capim braquiara and the second five doses of Clomazone 0, 90, 180, 270 e 360 g ha-1 (equivalent to atmospheric concentrations of 0,0; 0,05; 0,10; 0,15 e 0,20 mg L-1, volume considered). The species were exposed to the herbicide inside the chambers for 96 hours in controled atmosphere. After this interval, the chambers were open, proceeding the first evaluation, repeated at 7 and 14 days after the opening. Was rated the intoxication and the chlorophyll contente. Excepting the corn, all tested species proved to be sensitive to Clomazone residual concentration in atmosphere, and can be used in ais quality monitoring. The second experiment was conducted in field. An experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with four repetitions, in 6x4 factorial scheme, being six vegetable species [ four forage plants :lab lab, sorghum, braquiar?o and java, and two weed plants: beldroega and sida] and four Clomazone application solutions (0, 360, 720 e 1.080 g ha-1, equivalentes a 0; 0,05; 0,10 e 0,20 mg L-1, volume considered). The forage and weeds plants were exposed to Clomazone, in tunnels covered by polyethylene film of low density (150 ?m), volume of 12m?, for 72 hours. After this time, the tunnels were open, proceeding this following evaluations: plants intoxication, initial fluorescence, maximum fluorescence, ratio of the variable fluorescence and maximum fluorescence, photochemical quenching and non-photochemical quenching, el?ctron transport rate and chlorophyll contente. Even in concentrations that don?t promote visual effect, the Clomazone is able to cause significative damage in photosynthetic activity of species. The phisiologic variables, total chlorophyll, PSII maximum quantum yield and chlorophill initial fluorescence can be used efficiently in monitoring of Clomazone wastes in atmosphere.

Por aproximadamente 40 anos, o Rio Ribeira de Iguape recebeu resíduos da mineração: rejeitos das plantas de concentração mineral (enriquecidos em Cu, Cr, Pb, Ag e Zn) e escórias de uma unidade de metalurgia (enriquecidas em Cu, Zn, Cr, Fe, Pb e As), produzidos e descartados pela empresa Plumbum S/A, localizada em Adrianópolis (Paraná). Para verificar a contribuição destes resíduos na contaminação deste rio, como também identificar a possibilidade de depuração natural ou não no mesmo, definiu-se a necessidade de avaliar três compartimentos: resíduos, sedimentos e organismo biomonitor. Nas amostras de resíduos foram realizadas caracterizações físicas e químicas, nos sedimentos foram realizadas análises químicas, granulométricas e algumas amostras investigadas por MEV/EDS e no biomonitor (molusco Asiático da espécie Corbicula fluminea) foram realizadas análises químicas dos tecidos e das carapaças. Estas análises indicaram a existência de elevados teores de Pb nos resíduos da mineração, os quais ultrapassaram os valores deste metal estabelecidos na norma NBR 10.005 da ABNT. Nesta comparação, os rejeitos do concentrado da Mina do Rocha ultrapassaram em 32 vezes, os da Plumbum em 41 vezes e as escórias em 34 vezes, os limites estabelecidos por tal norma, sendo assim classificados como pertencentes à Classe I ? perigosos. Destes resíduos o mais problemático atualmente é o rejeito da Plumbum, por apresentar granulometria fina, pH mais baixo, apresentar maior teor de Pb no teste de lixiviação, além de estar depositado muito próximo de uma das margens do Rio Ribeira de Iguape. A interação destes resíduos com o sistema aquático foi verificada a partir da detecção de Pb, Zn, Cu nos sedimentos. Os sedimentos depositados em bancos de areia e os estuarinos exibiram maiores teores para Pb (média de 135,00 mg/kg para os depósitos em bancos de areia e 124,00 mg/kg para os estuarinos) e Zn (média de 112,62 mg/kg para os depositados em bancos de areia e de 133,00 mg/kg para os estuarinos). Em todos os tipos de sedimentos foi constatado que o local de coleta que exibiu teores mais elevados para os metais de estudo foi em Iporanga, secundariamente na Ilha do Caranguejo na região do Mar Pequeno, a sul de Iguape. Nos sedimentos em suspensão, as análises em MEV/EDS exibiram a presença de grãos de escória, indicando que estes ainda hoje, estão interagindo com este ambiente e sendo transportados. Esta comprovação, só foi possível, de fato, a partir das análises de tecidos e de carapaças da espécie Corbicula fluminea, os quais demonstraram estar havendo interação dos metais pesados provenientes dos resíduos com a biota deste sistema aquático. Nos tecidos deste biomonitor foram detectados em média 23,99 ?g/g de Cu, 144,21 ?g/g de Zn, 0,71 ?g/g de Cd, 2,41 ?g/g de Pb e 7,11 ?g/g de Cr. Destes metais, o mais preocupante é o Pb, ele apresenta concentrações mais elevadas que os relatados em outros estudos para este mesmo bivalve e também, ultrapassa o valor de referência da ANVISA (2,00 ?g/g) para a concentração deste metal pesado em peixes e produtos de pesca para consumo. Além dos tecidos, as carapaças deste biomonitor, também estão concentrado estes metais pesados. De modo geral, concluiu-se que o Rio Ribeira não está sofrendo processos naturais de depuração e que ainda hoje representa um problema ambiental, pois os metais estão migrando ao longo do curso da drenagem e neste processo sendo biodisponibilizados, o que pode vir a gerar transferência e acumulação na cadeia trófica. / For approximately 40 years, Ribeira de Iguape River received mining wastes (enriched in Cu, Cr, Pb, Ag and Zn) and metallurgical slags (enriched in Cu, Zn, Cr, Fe, Pb and As), produced and discharged by Plumbum S/A, a company located in Adrianópolis (Paraná). In order to verify the contribution of these residues in the river contamination and natural purification the compartments of mining residues, sediments and bioindicator organisms were evaluated. Physical and chemical characterizations were realized in the residues samples; while chemical analyses, grain size evaluation and MEV/EDS were carried out in sediments. Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) was taken as a bioindicator, through chemical analyses of its tissues and shells. The results showed high Pb levels, being classified as Class 1 ? dangerous - by ABNT, norm NBR 10,005, once the limited levels were exceeded by Rocha wastes (32x), Plumbum wastes (41x) and slags (34x). The Plumbum waste is currently the most problematic, as it is made of fine grain, lower pH, higher Pb level detected in the extraction test and is deposited very close to the draining site. The interactions of these residues with the aquatic system was verified through Pb, Zn, Cu detection in the sediments. Pb and Zn levels were, respectively, 135.00 mg/kg and 112.62 mg/kg in the sand banks deposits, and 124.00 mg/kg and 133.00 mg/kg in the estuaries deposits, with prominent metal levels in Iporanga and, secondary, in Crab Island, region of the Small Sea, south of Iguape. MEV/EDS analyses carried out in suspended sediments showed the presence of slags grains, suggesting that still nowadays they are transported and interact with the environment, once they have been detected in tissues and shells samples of Corbicula fluminea. In the tissues of this bioindicator, there were detected average levels of 23.99 ?g/g of Cu, 144.21 ?g/g of Zn, 0.71 ?g/g of Cd, 7.11 ?g/g of Cr and 2.41 ?g/g of Pb; making evident that this last value is strongly high and over the ANVISA reference (2.00 ?g/g) for fish and other consumption products. The results suggest that natural processes of Ribeira de Iguape River are not sufficient for its purification, keeping metals\' transport and bioavailability, which can accumulate in the trophic chain, representing a serious environmental problem.

Submitted by Victor Hugo Sant Ana Bomfim null (victorhugorex@hotmail.com) on 2018-03-29T14:26:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disssertação de Mestrado - Bomfim, Victor Hugo Santana.pdf: 1752737 bytes, checksum: 3590d7ae4906fc8090c9b08cf8f32419 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2018-03-29T15:02:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 bomfim_vhs_me_sjrp.pdf: 2124719 bytes, checksum: eae3b7818f7a91da6ad5998675a30905 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-29T15:02:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 bomfim_vhs_me_sjrp.pdf: 2124719 bytes, checksum: eae3b7818f7a91da6ad5998675a30905 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os reservatórios são ecossistemas artificiais, que apesar de constituírem uma fonte significativa de recurso hídrico para a população em várias cidades, estão, muitas vezes, sujeitos a impactos ambientais. A urbanização e a poluição por matéria orgânica são fatores que podem comprometer a qualidade da água, alterando também a biota ali presente. Torna-se assim necessário um monitoramento biológico para avaliar as condições desses reservatórios. Uma das maneiras de se fazer esse monitoramento é através das análises dos organismos do zooplâncton, sendo que vários pesquisadores já comprovaram que esta comunidade pode ser um bom bioindicador pois apresenta alta sensibilidade a alterações nos recursos ou nas condições do ambiente aquático. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as variações na composição e densidade do zooplâncton na Represa Municipal e verificar quais fatores ambientais apresentam maior influência sobre tais variações. O que se espera com os dados adquiridos é que diferenças de densidade e diversidade ao longo do ano sejam causadas por alterações nos fatores da água provocadas por impactos antrópicos, podendo estar ligados à eutrofização. A Represa Municipal de São José do Rio Preto está localizada na região urbana da cidade e foi formada com o represamento do Rio Preto. É dividida em três lagos, sendo responsável pelo abastecimento de 30% a 40% da água que chega à população. As amostragens foram realizadas trimestralmente ao longo de um ano em seis pontos distribuídos na zona limnética do Lago 3. As coletas dos organismos foram realizadas por meio de arrastos verticais com rede de plâncton de 45 µm de malha. Nos mesmo pontos foram avaliados os fatores físicos e químicos, tais como profundidade e transparência por meio de um disco de Secchi, temperatura, ph, condutividade e oxigênio dissolvido por meio da sonda multiparâmetros YSI 556, além de clorofila-a e material em suspensão. Por meio dos dados de clorofila foi calculado o Índice do Estado Trófico. A comunidade zooplanctônica foi analisada segundo a composição de espécies de Cladocera e de Copepoda. Além destas espécies, Rotifera e Tecameba foram avaliados quantitativamente para determinação das abundâncias dos grupos. Por meio de medidas do comprimento do corpo, as classes de tamanho – micro, meso e macrozooplâncton – foram determinadas e suas abundâncias estimadas. Índices de diversidade de espécies de microcrustáceos foram determinados utilizando a riqueza de espécies, diversidade de Shannon~Winer, dominância de Simpson e equabilidade de Jaccard. Por meio de análise de variância, os dados, tanto dos 2 parâmetros físicos e químicos quanto os da comunidade, foram comparados entre os meses para detectar variações significativas. A correlação de Spearman foi realizada para verificar quais fatores ambientais poderiam estar relacionados com variações na comunidade. Os fatores físicos e químicos apresentaram variações significativas ao longo do ano e a represa pôde ser classificada como mesotrófica na maioria dos meses. Foram encontradas 11 espécies de cladóceros e 2 de copépodos, dando um total de 15 táxons registrados, contando com rotífero e tecameba. As densidades variaram ao longo do ano (p<0,05), exceto para rotíferos, sendo que o mês de novembro foi o mais abundante. Copepoda foi o grupo com os maiores valores de densidade, tendo a forma de náuplio como a mais numerosa. Dentre os cladóceros, Daphnia gessneri foi a espécie mais abundante, seguida de Moina micrura. Quanto às classes de tamanho, macrozooplâncton foi a mais numerosa, principalmente nos meses de agosto e novembro. A presença de espécies de cladóceros de tamanho grande como as do gênero Daphnia em elevadas densidades sugere que o ambiente não oferece condições de elevada eutrofização, como confirmado pelo Índice do Estado Trófico. As condições ambientais, mesmo apresentando variações ao longo do ano não demonstraram ser impróprias para o desenvolvimento da comunidade zooplanctônica. / Reservoirs are artificial ecosystems, which, while constituting a significant source of water resources for the population in several cities, are often subject to environmental impacts. Urbanization and pollution by organic matter are factors that can compromise the water quality, also altering the biota present there. Biological monitoring is therefore necessary to evaluate the conditions of these reservoirs. One of the ways to do this monitoring is through the analysis of zooplankton organisms, and several researchers have already proven that this community can be a good bioindicator because it has high sensitivity to changes in conditions of the aquatic environment. The objective of this study was to describe the variations in the composition and density of the zooplankton in the Represa Municipal de São José do Rio Preto and to verify which environmental factors present greater influence on such variations. What is expected from the data is that differences in density and diversity throughout the year are caused by changes in water factors caused by anthropic impacts and may be linked to eutrophication. The Represa Municipal of São José do Rio Preto is located in the urban area of the city and was formed with the impoundment of the rio Preto. It is divided into three lakes, being responsible for the supply of 30% to 40% of the water that reaches the population. Samplings were performed quarterly over a year at six points distributed in the limnetic zone of Lake 3. The organisms were collected by vertical trawls with 45 μm mesh of plankton. In the same points, the physical and chemical factors such as depth and transparency were evaluated by means of a Secchi disc, temperature, pH, conductivity and oxygen dissolved by means of the YSI 556 multiparameter probe, as well as chlorophyll-a and suspended material. Through the data of chlorophyll was calculated the Index of the Trophic State. The zooplankton community was analyzed according to the composition of Cladocera and Copepoda species. In addition to these species, Rotifera and Tecameba were evaluated quantitatively to determine the abundances of the groups. By means of body length measurements, size classes - micro, meso and macrozooplankton - were determined and their abundances estimated. Diversity indexes of microcrustaceans species were determined using species richness, Shannon-Winer diversity, Simpson dominance and Jaccard equability. By means of analysis of variance, the data of both the physical and chemical parameters as well as those of the community were compared between the months to detect significant variations. Spearman correlation was performed 4 to verify which environmental factors could be related to variations in the community. The physical and chemical factors presented significant variations throughout the year and the dam could be classified as mesotrophic in most months. Eleven species of cladocerans and two species of copepods were found, giving a total of 15 registered taxa, with rotifer and tecameba. The densities varied throughout the year (p <0.05), except for rotifers, and November was the most abundant. Copepoda was the group with the highest values of density, having the form of nauplio as the most numerous. Among the cladocerans, Daphnia gessneri was the most abundant species, followed by Moina micrura. As for size classes, macrozooplankton was the most numerous, especially in the months of August and November. The presence of large cladocera species such as those of the Daphnia genus at high densities suggests that the environment does not offer conditions of high eutrophication as confirmed by the Trophic State Index. Environmental conditions, even showing variations throughout the year, have not been shown to be unfit for the development of the zooplankton community.

The main objective of my work was to evaluate if it is possible to use the honey bee - Apis mellifera as a bioindicator of the environmental contamination by heavy metals. Two areas were being compared. The first one was more affected by emission (The Capital city of Prague) and the second one was less hit by emission (The Highlands). During the course of three years five samples of bee honey were taken from each area. The analysis was made to show how much cadmium, lead and mercury the samples contained. In most samples higher concentration of these chemicals were dealt out in honey taken from the more polluted area. Although not all the concentrations of heavy metals in honey reflect the emission burden of the examined areas. It would be necessary to take samples from a larger number of areas in order to confirm the conclusion that bee honey is a suitable bioindicator of the environmental contamination by heavy metals.