In 1996, Zimbabwean graphic designer Chaz Maviyane-Davies created a set of human rights posters which represent several articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, from what he calls an “African perspective”. In this study I investigate how Maviyane-Davies has constructed ‘African-ness’ and probe what he refers to as the “alternative aesthetic” that he is trying to create. I use a visual social semiotic approach to examine the discourses he draws on to re-image and re-imagine Africa and Africans in a manner that contests the stereotypical representations found in political, news and economic discourses about Africa, paying particular attention to the ways he uses images of the body. My analysis of the posters shows how complex and difficult it can be to contest regimes of representation that work to fix racialised and derogatory meanings. In response to the pejorative stereotypes of the black body, Maviyane-Davies uses images of strong, healthy, and magnificent people (mostly men) to construct a more affirmative representation of Africa and Africans. Significantly, he draws on sports, touristic, traditional and hegemonic discourses of masculinity in an attempt to expand the complexity and range of possible representations of African-ness. In so doing he runs the risk of reproducing many of the stereotypes that sustain not only the racialised and gendered (masculinist) representations of Africa, but also a sentimentalisation and romanticisation of a place, a people and their traditions. Apart from women in prominent positions, other conspicuous absences from these images include white people and hegemonic references to Western modernity. I do not believe he is discarding whites and modernity as un-African, but is rejecting the naturalisation of whiteness as standing in for humanity, and particular icons of Western modernity as significations of ‘modernity’ itself

A pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar processos de resiliência em mulheres negras, considerando as influências de conteúdos oriundos de transmissão psíquica (familiares negras, descendentes, ascendentes, ancestrais), de simbolismos associados a mulheres negras, e de significados decorrentes do pertencimento a manifestações negras (culturais, políticas, intelectuais, religiosas). Como metodologia, entrevistas (com estratégia de cenas) com quatro mulheres negras de diferentes gerações na mesma família; os dados passaram por análise de conteúdo, com colaboração das entrevistadas. Considerou-se a demanda e interesse por potenciais para a saúde, abordando o problema com enfoque em pontos de resolução e fortalecimento, focalizando prevenção, superações, amadurecimentos, potenciais, e extrapolando o foco exclusivo ou maior em mazelas e impactos negativos. Foi escolhida uma postura de ampliação do panorama considerado na análise do fenômeno, conjugando os contextos individual, social e histórico do problema. Tais posturas estão em consonância com as teorias adotadas, passando pela psicanálise, psicanálise social, psicanálise dos vínculos, psicologia social, psicologia afrocentrada, entre outras, incluindo os recortes racial e de gênero e a abordagem psicossocial. A dissertação tem início pela introdução, com justificativas, enquadramento político e epistemológico, e apresentação da pesquisadora e dos capítulos. O segundo capítulo expõe o problema de pesquisa, apresentando os objetivos geral e específicos. O terceiro trata de mulheres negras, com perfil (histórico, contexto atual e saúde da população negra na primeira parte, e de mulheres negras na segunda) e psicologia e relações raciais (em geral e com recorte de gênero). No quarto, resiliência, subdividido em definições e discussão crítica. No quinto, resiliência em mulheres negras e suas influências, incluindo os itens transmissão psíquica, simbolismos associados a mulheres negras, significados decorrentes do pertencimento a manifestações negras, resiliência em negros(as) e resiliência em mulheres negras. No sexto capítulo, metodologia: colaboradoras, instrumentos, procedimentos, cuidados éticos e análise dos dados. O sétimo é de resultados e discussões, com categorias de análise. A primeira, Feridas até o coração, reúne experiências de adversidades e exposição a vulnerabilidades, discutindo efeitos prejudiciais dessas configurações, que vão desde comprometimentos orgânicos, passando pelos psicossociais e chegando às relações familiares e afetivas. Desde as ancestrais trata da herança relacionada a outras mulheres negras, seja por transmissão psíquica ou advinda de simbolismos. A terceira categoria, Nas tradições, expõe e analisa relatos relacionados ao pertencimento a manifestações negras, sendo possível identificar coerências ou discrepâncias em relação ao aporte teórico sobre enraizamento e pertencimentos, e discutir a influência desses aspectos sobre o processo de resiliência, por meio de reconciliação com sua origem, conscientização de sua história, ressignificação de sua autoimagem, reorientação para a resistência e potencialização da resiliência. A quarta categoria, Erguem-se guerreiras, ilustra e analisa os enfrentamentos e superações. A quinta categoria, Da resistência à resiliência, investiga a influência dos aspectos anteriores sobre a potencialização da resiliência, discutindo como resistência pode promover resiliência, por que meios, a que custo, com que efeito. Cumpridos os objetivos propostos, o oitavo e último capítulo traz lições aprendidas e recomendações. Posteriormente, são informadas as referências e anexados os termos de aceitação livre e esclarecida, o questionário de classificação social e o roteiro da entrevista / It was the objective of this research to analyze the processes of resilience in black women, taking into consideration the influences in content deriving from psychological transmission (black female relatives, descendants, ascendants, ancestors), from the symbolisms associated with black women, and from the meaning deriving from affiliation in black expressions (cultural, political, intellectual, religious). The methodology for the research included interviewing (with strategy with scenes) with four black women from different generations in the same family. The data collected went through content analysis, with the collaboration of the interviewees. The research also took into consideration the interest and demand for potential for health, approaching the problem focused on the points of resolutions and strengthening. It gives emphasis to the prevention, overcoming, personal growth and potentials. This research also goes beyond the main or only concern on adversities and on causing a negative impression impacts. It was chosen a posture at a widening of the view considered in the analysis of the phenomenon, combining individual, social and historical contexts of the problem. Such attitude is tuned to the followed theories, going through psychoanalysis, social psychoanalysis, psychoanalysis of family bonds, social psychology, afro-centered psychology, among others, including race and genre specially and the psychosocial approach. The dissertation begins with the introduction, together with justifications, of the political and epistemological framework and the description to the researcher and the other chapters. Chapter two approaches the problem of the research, its general and specific objectives. The third chapter refers to black women, with a profile (historical, present context and the health of the black population in the first item, and about black women on the second) and psychology and race relations (from a general view and with a race profile). In chapter four, resilience is divided into definitions and a critical discussion. Chapter five, resilience in black women and its influences, including the items psychological transmission, symbolisms associated with black women, meanings resulting from affiliation to a black expression, resilience in black population and resilience in black women. In chapter six, the methodology: collaborators, tools, procedures, ethical care and data analysis. The seventh chapter is dedicated to the results and discussions, with categories for the analysis. In the first category, \"Hurts to the heart\", experiences of facing adversities and exposure to vulnerabilities are put together, discussing the ill effects of those situations that go from organic compromising, through psychosocial up to familiar and affective relations. \"From the ancestors\" covers the heritage passed on by black women, by psychological transmission and resulting from the symbolism. The third category, \"On traditions\", shows and analyzes stories related to affiliation to the black expressions, where it is possible to identify points of coherence or discrepancy in relation to the theoretical aspects regarding the idea of putting down roots and affiliations, and discussing its influence on boosting the process of resilience, through the reconciliation with their origins, getting more awareness of their history, giving a new meaning to their self image, re-orientation for the resistance and potentialization of the resilience. The fourth category Raise themselves black women warriors illustrates and analyzes the clash and overcoming. The fifth category, \"From resistance to resilience\", studies the influence of the aspects above on the potentialization of resilience. It questions about how resistance can encourage resilience, means, costs and effects. Once the proposed goals be achieved, the eight and last chapter brings about lessons learnt and recommendations. Then, the references and the annexed terms of acceptance free and elucidated are presented, as well as the questionnaire for social classification and the list of questions for the interviews

Na cidade de Aracaju-Sergipe, durante os últimos anos da década de 1990, instituições negras, mulheres e homens ativistas chegavam a um ponto importante dos seus investimentos políticos, os quais se referiam à consolidação de suas organizações e à participação no poder estatal. Algumas daquelas instituições estavam inseridas em redes privilegiadas de captação de recursos junto a Agências Financiadoras e ao Estado, passando a modificar o perfil da atuação e das relações nos movimentos sociais negros, na medida em que alteraram os conteúdos da ação política. Neste cenário, as relações afetivas protagonizadas por homens negros e mulheres negras passaram a se adequar ao conjunto de projetos e propósitos políticos, vindo a dar novos tons às imagens simbólicas das relações entre esses dois segmentos e à noção de poder, mobilizando novos discursos acerca do papel que as relações de afeto desempenhariam em tais meios. Esta tese analisa os modos como essas demandas políticas e por afeto foram assumidas por mulheres e homens ativistas dos movimentos sociais negros da cidade de Aracaju durante a primeira década do século XXI. / In the city of Aracaju-Sergipe, during the last years of the 1990s, black institutions, women and men activists arrived at an important point of their investment policy, which referred to the consolidation of their organizations and participation in state power. Some of those institutions were entered in privileged networks of raising funds from the Funding Agencies and the state, going to change the profile of the work and the relationships in the black social movements, in that it changed the content of political action. In this scenario, affective relationships starring black men and black women began to fit the set of projects and political purposes, been giving new shades to the symbolic images of the relations between these two segments and the notion of power, mobilizing new discourses about role that relationships of affection would play in such media. This thesis examines the ways in which those policies and demands for affection were assumed by women and men activists of social movements in the city of Aracaju blacks during the first decade of this century.

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No description available.

Ce mémoire fait appel aux notions de stéréotype (tel que théorisé par Ruth Amossy, Jean- Louis Dufays et Mireille Rosello) et d’auto-exotisme (défini par Nathalie Schon) afin d’étudier les représentations de la sexualité de l’homme noir dans Alléluia pour une femme-jardin de René Depestre et La chair du maître de Dany Laferrière. Le stéréotype et l’exotisme, tous deux tributaires d’une vision de l’autre généralisante, superficielle et éphémère, nous intéressent dans la mesure où ils sont employés de façon auto-référentielle par ces auteurs d’origine haïtienne, qui mettent en scène des protagonistes noirs correspondant souvent au stéréotype du Noir hyper-sexuel, qui est pourtant issu de fantasmagories coloniales avilissantes. Dans le cadre de cette recherche, nous analysons les différentes postures de la sexualité masculine dans les œuvres susmentionnées afin d’y révéler un emploi varié des stéréotypes, tantôt reconduits, tantôt déplacés, voire rendus désuets ou incertains, grâce à diverses stratégies textuelles comme l’humour, l’ironie, l’exagération ou l’omission. Ce faisant, nous remarquons que l’usage complexe des stéréotypes, chez Depestre et Laferrière, quoi qu’il fasse appel aux mêmes tropes, dénote différents moyens de négocier avec sa propre « étrangeté ». / This thesis uses the concepts of stereotype (as theorized by Ruth Amossy, Jean-Louis Dufay and Mireille Rosello) and self-exoticism (defined by Nathalie Schon) to study the representations of the sexuality of the black man in Alléluia pour une femme-jardin from author René Depestre and La chair du maître from Dany Laferrière. Stereotype and exoticism are both dependent on a vision of the other that is generalizing, superficial and ephemeral. Here, they are used in a self-referential way by the authors of Haitian origin, which depict black protagonists often corresponding to the stereotype of black hyper-sexual male, which is derived from yet demeaning colonial fantasies. In this research, we analyze the different postures of male sexuality in the work of Depestre and Laferrière in order to reveal a varied use of stereotypes, sometimes renewed, sometimes displaced or rendered obsolete or uncertain, with various textual strategies such as humor, irony, exaggeration or omission. In doing so, we note that the complex use of stereotypes in Depestre and Laferrière texts, whatever it procedes by the use of the same tropes, denotes different ways for the characters to deal with their own "strangeness".

Analisa a participação de homens e mulheres negros no processo de desmonte da escravidão e de conquista da liberdade antes da Abolição e no pós-abolição no município de São Carlos-SP. A historiografia sobre a participação dos negros no processo de extinção do sistema escravista no Brasil vem se tornando cada vez mais vasta e percebendo-os a partir de uma perspectiva não passiva. Mesmo assim, ainda são praticamente desconhecidas as formas pelas quais o negro organizou sua vida após a liberdade. Através da documentação primária, de recursos da história oral e da análise do território urbano de ocupação negra, são cotejados os aspectos culturais, sociais e simbólicos, que permitem conhecer as lutas, conquistas e trajetórias de vida desses sujeitos. Toma por base os principais teóricos da história social que se debruçam sobre a abolição e pós-abolição no Brasil, entre eles, Robert Slenes, Maria Helena Machado, Maria Odila Leite, Sidney Chalhoub, Ana Lugão Rios, Hebe Mattos e Walter Fraga Filho. Sendo assim, investiga e analisa as estratégias de sobrevivência da população negra no espaço urbano de São Carlos, com o objetivo de reconstruir suas histórias, partindo da hipótese de participação ativa desses atores no processo de conquista e manutenção da liberdade. / This thesis analyzes black men and women transition from slavery to freedom in the city of São Carlos (São Paulo), before and after abolishing of slavery. The historiography about participation of blacks in Brazil\'s disintegrating slavery is increasingly expanding, also from a non-passive perspective. Even though, the way which blacks organized their life after freedom is still little known. Through primary documentation, oral history resources and black urban territory occupation analysis, cultural, social and symbolic aspects related to struggles, achievements and individual trajectories are highlighted. The analysis is based on social history theorists such as Robert Slenes, Maria Helena Machado, Maria Odila Leite, Sidney Chalhoub, Ana Lugão Rios, Hebe Mattos and Walter Fraga Filho, which deal with Brazils abolition and post-abolition. Therefore, assuming that blacks were active in the achievement and maintenance of freedom, in order to rebuild their stories, the thesis investigates and analyzes their strategies of survival in Sao Carlos\'s urban space.

Ce mémoire fait appel aux notions de stéréotype (tel que théorisé par Ruth Amossy, Jean- Louis Dufays et Mireille Rosello) et d’auto-exotisme (défini par Nathalie Schon) afin d’étudier les représentations de la sexualité de l’homme noir dans Alléluia pour une femme-jardin de René Depestre et La chair du maître de Dany Laferrière. Le stéréotype et l’exotisme, tous deux tributaires d’une vision de l’autre généralisante, superficielle et éphémère, nous intéressent dans la mesure où ils sont employés de façon auto-référentielle par ces auteurs d’origine haïtienne, qui mettent en scène des protagonistes noirs correspondant souvent au stéréotype du Noir hyper-sexuel, qui est pourtant issu de fantasmagories coloniales avilissantes. Dans le cadre de cette recherche, nous analysons les différentes postures de la sexualité masculine dans les œuvres susmentionnées afin d’y révéler un emploi varié des stéréotypes, tantôt reconduits, tantôt déplacés, voire rendus désuets ou incertains, grâce à diverses stratégies textuelles comme l’humour, l’ironie, l’exagération ou l’omission. Ce faisant, nous remarquons que l’usage complexe des stéréotypes, chez Depestre et Laferrière, quoi qu’il fasse appel aux mêmes tropes, dénote différents moyens de négocier avec sa propre « étrangeté ». / This thesis uses the concepts of stereotype (as theorized by Ruth Amossy, Jean-Louis Dufay and Mireille Rosello) and self-exoticism (defined by Nathalie Schon) to study the representations of the sexuality of the black man in Alléluia pour une femme-jardin from author René Depestre and La chair du maître from Dany Laferrière. Stereotype and exoticism are both dependent on a vision of the other that is generalizing, superficial and ephemeral. Here, they are used in a self-referential way by the authors of Haitian origin, which depict black protagonists often corresponding to the stereotype of black hyper-sexual male, which is derived from yet demeaning colonial fantasies. In this research, we analyze the different postures of male sexuality in the work of Depestre and Laferrière in order to reveal a varied use of stereotypes, sometimes renewed, sometimes displaced or rendered obsolete or uncertain, with various textual strategies such as humor, irony, exaggeration or omission. In doing so, we note that the complex use of stereotypes in Depestre and Laferrière texts, whatever it procedes by the use of the same tropes, denotes different ways for the characters to deal with their own "strangeness".

Thesis (MPhil (Journalism))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study examines how positively or negatively as well as how subjectively or objectively the South African tabloid newspapers represent black celebrities. This examination was primarily conducted by using the content analysis research technique. The researcher selected a total of 85 newspapers spread across four different South African daily and weekend tabloid newspapers that were published during the period February to September 2008. The results from the data collected reveal that tabloid newspapers tend to overemphasize negativity when reporting about black celebrities. The findings also reveal a clear differential in the representation of black female celebrities vis-à-vis male celebrities. Unlike male celebrities whose roles were mainly defined in terms of political activities and personal disputes, female celebrities’ roles were largely confined to relationships and sex. The language used by the four newspapers in their representation of celebrities appears to be humiliating and, in some instances, downright disparaging. There is little doubt that media representations of celebrities, whether positive or negative, serve as mirrors to how some members of society behave. To this end, there needs to be a shift from the current preoccupation with sensationalizing negative news when South African tabloid newspapers report on black celebrities. Tabloid newspapers should judiciously use their greater focus on celebrities’ private lives to report on more positive personal stories that focus on the achievements of celebrities, including how some celebrities are living positively with HIV/AIDS. Since this study only focused on South African tabloid newspapers’ representations of black celebrities, and only employed the content analysis method, further research is recommended on the impact of celebrities’ representations on the South African society. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek hoe positief of negatief, asmede subjektief of objektief, daar oor swart beroemdes in Suid-Afrikaanse ponie- of skinderkoerante verslag gedoen word. Die ondersoek is primêr met behulp van die inhoudsanaliseondersoekmetode uitgevoer. Die navorser het 85 koerante uit vier verskillende Suid-Afrikaanse dagblaaie en naweekponiekoerante gekies uit die tydperk Februarie tot September 2008. Die resultate toon ‘n tendens in die poniekoerante dat oorwegend negatiewe verslagdoening oor swart beroemdes vooropgestel word. Die bevindinge toon ook ’n duidelike verskil tussen die verslagdoening oor beroemde swart vroue teenoor dié oor swart mans. In teenstelling met die mans wie se rolle hoofsaaklik ingevolge hulle politieke aktiwiteite en persoonlike dispute gedefinieer word, word beroemde swart vroue se rolle hoofsaaklik beperk tot verhoudings en seks. Die taalgebruik in die verslaggewing oor beroemdes in die vier poniekoerante blyk uiters vernederend, en in sommige gevalle, selfs degraderend en wrang te wees. Daar bestaan min twyfel dat verslaggewing oor beroemdes in die media, hetsy positief of negatief, weerspieël hoe sommige lede van die samelewing lewe. Om hierdie rede is ’n verskuiwing in die huidige beheptheid met die sensasionalisering van negatiewe nuus in die verslaggewing oor swart beroemdes nodig. Poniekoerante wat op die persoonlike lewens van beroemdes fokus behoort na meer positiewe verslagdoening oor hul prestasies te strewe, insluitend, hoe sommige beroemdes positief met MIV/Vigs lewe. Aangesien hierdie navorsing net op verslagdoening oor swart beroemdes in Suid-Afrikaanse poniekoerante kragtens die inhoudsanalisemetorde gefokus het, word verdere navorsing aanbeveel oor die impak van verslagdoening oor beroemdes op die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing.

Analisa a participação de homens e mulheres negros no processo de desmonte da escravidão e de conquista da liberdade antes da Abolição e no pós-abolição no município de São Carlos-SP. A historiografia sobre a participação dos negros no processo de extinção do sistema escravista no Brasil vem se tornando cada vez mais vasta e percebendo-os a partir de uma perspectiva não passiva. Mesmo assim, ainda são praticamente desconhecidas as formas pelas quais o negro organizou sua vida após a liberdade. Através da documentação primária, de recursos da história oral e da análise do território urbano de ocupação negra, são cotejados os aspectos culturais, sociais e simbólicos, que permitem conhecer as lutas, conquistas e trajetórias de vida desses sujeitos. Toma por base os principais teóricos da história social que se debruçam sobre a abolição e pós-abolição no Brasil, entre eles, Robert Slenes, Maria Helena Machado, Maria Odila Leite, Sidney Chalhoub, Ana Lugão Rios, Hebe Mattos e Walter Fraga Filho. Sendo assim, investiga e analisa as estratégias de sobrevivência da população negra no espaço urbano de São Carlos, com o objetivo de reconstruir suas histórias, partindo da hipótese de participação ativa desses atores no processo de conquista e manutenção da liberdade. / This thesis analyzes black men and women transition from slavery to freedom in the city of São Carlos (São Paulo), before and after abolishing of slavery. The historiography about participation of blacks in Brazil\'s disintegrating slavery is increasingly expanding, also from a non-passive perspective. Even though, the way which blacks organized their life after freedom is still little known. Through primary documentation, oral history resources and black urban territory occupation analysis, cultural, social and symbolic aspects related to struggles, achievements and individual trajectories are highlighted. The analysis is based on social history theorists such as Robert Slenes, Maria Helena Machado, Maria Odila Leite, Sidney Chalhoub, Ana Lugão Rios, Hebe Mattos and Walter Fraga Filho, which deal with Brazils abolition and post-abolition. Therefore, assuming that blacks were active in the achievement and maintenance of freedom, in order to rebuild their stories, the thesis investigates and analyzes their strategies of survival in Sao Carlos\'s urban space.