Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Inaug.-Diss.--Würzburg. / At head of title: Aus der Chirurgischen universitätsklinik zu Würzburg ... Lebenslauf. "Schrifttum": p. 58-65.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1988. / Vita. Bibliography: leaves [352]-358.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1989. Vita. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [116]-130).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

Trata-se de uma pesquisa que utilizou a revisão integrativa da literatura que objetivou as possíveis intervenções de enfermagem para os familiares de clientes transplantados de medula óssea. Realizou-se a busca de artigos e teses nas bases de dados eletrônicas Lilacs e Medline (período de 01/01/1990 a 05/05/2005), utilizando-se as palavras: “bmt" e “family" e “bone marrow transplantation" e “family" respectivamente. Foram identificadas duas publicações no Lilacs, sendo que apenas uma foi pertinente ao tema proposto e 807 publicações no Medline, das quais apenas 24 abordavam o tema proposto, a amostra foi constituída por 25 publicações. Para análise dos artigos utilizou-se um instrumento para identificação das características dos artigos, níveis de evidências, delineamento da pesquisa, características da crise familiar, fatores que influenciam a habilidade das famílias para enfrentar e se adaptar a uma crise e, por fim, intervenções de enfermagem propostas. Foi utilizado o modelo de crise proposto por Hill e Hansen que classifica a crise em quatro categorias: características do evento, ameaças percebidas, avaliação dos recursos da família e experiência passada em crises. Os resultados mostraram que 96% dos artigos foram obtidos do Medline, sendo que 12 (48%) artigos foram desenvolvidos por enfermeiros e os demais por outros profissionais. Em relação ao tipo de revista, 36% dos artigos foram publicados em periódicos específicos de enfermagem, sendo que 72% provém dos EUA, 16% da Grécia, Canadá, Polônia e Brasil (distribuídos igualmente) e 12% não foi possível identificar a procedência. As evidências clínicas variaram entre os níveis 4(64%), 5 (4%) e 6 (28%), e mostraram a importância da comunicação efetiva e clara entre os membros familiares, equipe e paciente para minimizar a ansiedade e depressão; que os tipos específicos de família, suas características, coesão, poucos conflitos, orientações culturais e intelectuais e ênfase religiosa promovem maior suporte emocional aos mesmos e que os grupos de apoio e redes de apoio minimizam a ansiedade, angústia e a depressão vivenciada pelo paciente e sua família. Quanto às intervenções percebe-se que a maioria está voltada para os aspectos psicológicos e sociais, sendo relevantes a ação do enfermeiro nas propostas de estratégias de enfrentamento para o familiar e o paciente frente às diversas fases do TMO. As intervenções propostas na literatura vão ao encontro das sugeridas pela NIC para os diagnósticos de enfermagem “processos familiares interrompidos e enfrentamento familiar comprometido"; em especial o suporte emocional (64%), suporte familiar (36%), redução da ansiedade (28%), grupo de apoio (32%), melhora do enfrentamento (40%) e assistência quanto aos recursos financeiros (24%). Apreende-se que outras intervenções sugeridas pela NIC poderão ser desenvolvidas pelos enfermeiros. / This study presents an integrative literature review of possible nursing interventions for family members of bone marrow transplant (BMT) patients. We looked for articles and theses in the electronic databases Lilacs and Medline (from 01/01/1990 to 05/05/2005), using the following keywords: “bmt" and “family" and “bone marrow transplantation" and “family" respectively. Two publications were identified in Lilacs, one of which was relevant for the proposed subject, against 807 publications in Medline, 24 of which dealt with the proposed theme. Thus, the sample consisted of 25 publications. In the analysis, we used an instrument to identify the articles’ characteristics, levels of evidence, research design, family crisis characteristics, factors influencing the families’ ability to deal with and adapt to a crisis and, finally, proposed nursing interventions. The crisis model by Hill and Hansen was used, which classifies a crisis into 4 categories: event characteristics, perceived threats, family resources and past crisis experience. The results evidenced that 96% of the articles came from Medline, 12 (48%) of which were developed by nurses and the remainder by other professionals. What the type of journal is concerned, 36% of the articles were published in specific nursing periodicals, 72% of which were from the USA, 16% from Greece, Canada, Poland and Brazil (equal distribution) and, for 12%, the origin could not be identified. Clinical evidence varied between levels 4 (64%), 5 (4%) and 6 (28%) and demonstrated the importance of effective and clear communication between family members, team and patient with a view to minimizing anxiety and depression; that specific family types, their characteristics, cohesion, few conflicts, cultural and intellectual orientations and religious emphasis provide greater emotional support and that support groups and networks minimize the anxiety, anguish and depression patients and relatives experience. Most interventions are aimed at psychological and social aspects. Nursing actions are relevant in strategies proposed for family members and patients to cope with the different phases of BMT. The interventions proposed in literature are in accordance with suggested NIC interventions for the nursing diagnoses “interrupted family processes and compromised family coping"; especially emotional support (64%), family support (36%), anxiety reduction (28%), support group (32%), improved coping (40%) and financial aid (24%). We believe that nurses can develop other NIC interventions.

CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) possess the capacity to modulate both adaptive and innate immunity. Due to their suppressive nature, Treg cells have been studied and tested in a variety of scenarios in an attempt to ameliorate undesired immune responses. While graft versus host disease (GVHD) has in fact emerged as the first clinical application for human Treg cells (Riley et al. 2009), equally important are issues concerning hematopoietic engraftment and immune reconstitution. Currently, little is known about the effect(s) that regulatory T cells may exert outside the immune system in this context. Based on cytokine effector molecules they can produce we hypothesized that Treg cells could regulate hematopoietic phenomena. The studies portrayed in this dissertation demonstrate that Treg cells can differentially affect the colony forming activity of myeloid and erythroid progenitor cells. In-vitro as well as in-vivo findings demonstrate the ability of Tregs to inhibit and augment the differentiation of primitive and intermediate myeloid (interleukin (IL)-3 driven) and late erythroid (erythropoietin driven) hematopoietic progenitor cells, respectively. The inhibitory and enhancing affects appeared to be mediated by independent pathways, the former requiring cell-cell contact, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression on marrow cells and involving transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), whereas the latter required interleukin (IL)-9 and was not contact dependent. Strikingly, we observed that in addition to regulating hematopoietic activity in normal primary BM cells, Tregs were also capable of suppressing colony forming activity by the myelogenous leukemia cell line NFS-60. Furthermore, studies involving endogenous Treg manipulations in-situ (i.e. depletion of these cells) resulted in elevated overall myeloid colony activity (CFU-IL3) and diminished colony numbers of erythroid precursors (CFU-E) in recipients following BMT. Consistent with these results, it was found that upon co-transplant with limiting numbers of bone marrow cells, exogenously added Treg cells exert in-vivo regulation of myeloid and erythroid CFU activity during the initial weeks post-transplantation. This regulation of hematopoietic activity by freshly generated Tregs upon transplantation led to the elaboration of a second hypothesis; following lethal total body irradiation (TBI) the host microenvironment facilitates regulatory T cell activation/effector function. Substantial evidence has accumulated in support of this hypothesis, for example we demonstrate up-regulation of surface molecules such as GARP and CD150/SLAM, which have been previously reported as indicators of Treg activation following TCR signaling and co-stimulation, occurs in donor (reporter) Treg populations. Acquisition of an activated phenotype and hence of effector/modulatory function is consistent with the previous in-vivo observations, indicating that both recipient and donor Treg cells can influence hematopoietic progenitor cell activity post-transplant. Finally, the present studies may be of great relevance in the emerging field of Treg cell based immunotherapy for prevention and/or treatment of HSCT complications.

To examine the relationship between liver injury and the appearance of bone marrow derived hepatic cells we performed sex-mismatched bone marrow transplants in mice, with subsequent liver injury. Co-labeling for a marker of donor bone marrow origin and a marker of liver epithelial phenotype allowed us to identify rare marrow-derived hepatocytes at various time points following liver damage. The number of marrow-derived hepatocytes was low, however, and did not allow us to determine if liver-specific injury upregulated this process from baseline. We conclude that while marrow-derived hepatocytes are found, the low level of occurrence in this study makes it impossible to draw a clear temporal relationship between liver damage, recovery and the appearance of donor-derived cells. In addition, we cannot say whether liver-specific damage upregulates this phenomenon.