Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio University, August, 2009. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references.

Foi realizada a investigação cladística dos Bouchardiinae (Brachiopoda, Terebratellidae), braquiópodes comuns no registro fóssil cenozóico da Argentina, Uruguai, Antártica, Nova Zelândia e Austrália, bem como, atualmente, na plataforma brasileira. A história geológica do grupo remete ao limite Cretáceo/Terciário. O estudo teve como objetivo central demonstrar que a análise das feições morfológicas internas e externas de conchas fósseis e atuais de braquiópodes possibilita a realização de estudos cladísticos. Para atingir esse objetivo foram avaliadas as relações de parentesco e a sistemática dos Bouchardiinae (Família Terebratellidae), bem como o escopo de seus gêneros. A análise envolveu os gêneros Bouchardia, Bouchardiella, Neobouchardia e Malleia, tendo como grupo externo Adnatida, Aliquantula, Anakinetica, Australiarcula, Elderra, Magadina, Magadinella, Parakinetica, Pilkena, Pirothyris e Rhizothyris. A análise contou com 22 táxons (grupo interno e externo) e 43 caracteres. O cladograma (CI= 0,714; RI= 0889; RC= 0,635) escolhido como proposta de trabalho apresentou topologia bem resolvida, com dois clados bem distintos. Um deles, reúne todos os Bouchardiinae, tendo Malleia portlandica como táxon basal, o outro agrupa os Anakineticinae, incluindo Australiarcula artesiana. Entre os Bouchardiinae, a única indefinição ficou por conta das espécies Bouchardia rosea e Bouchardia transplatina, o que reforça a suspeita de serem sinônimos. Entre os táxons do grupo externo destaca-se a posição basal de Australiarcula artesiana. Os resultados obtidos permitiram considerar que: a) a análise morfológica interna e externa de conchas de braquiópodes fósseis e viventes fornece dados morfológicos adequados à análise cladística; b) existem 2 clados distintos no cladograma escolhido como hipótese de trabalho, um representativo dos Bouchardiinae e outro dos Anakineticinae, incluindo Australiarcula artesiana, o que esclarece, de momento, a dúvida quanto a posição desse gênero; c) a condição dos táxons enquanto gêneros válidos e distintos foi reavaliada e foi proposta a sinonímia entre Bouchardiella e Neobouchardia, em favor da primeira; d) Bouchardia rosea e Bouchardia transplatina não apresentaram diferenças morfológicas significativas e, somando-se a isso, sua posição na topologia obtida sugere sinonímia entre os táxons, em favor de Bouchardia rósea (Mawe), 1823; e) o monofiletismo dos Bouchardiinae foi corroborado; f) foram confirmadas as 3 sinapomorfias já sugeridas pela literatura, isto é, espessamento posterior, processo cardinal em forma de \'V\' e braquídio incompleto; g) a topologia obtida suporta a sugestão de que Bouchardia rosea e Anakinetica cumingi apresentam morfologia semelhante por compartilharem modos de vida similares e não por parentesco próximo; h) a proposta de classificação mais adequada para os Bouchardiinae parece combinar opiniões de RICHARDSON (1994) e BRUNTON(1996), tornando válida a Subfamília Bouchardiinae, composta por Bouchardia, Bouchardiella e Malleia; i) a despeito da falta do registro estratigráfico de parte da história evolutiva dos Bouchardiinae, foi identificada a evolução em paralelo de dois grupos, um deles, de duração mais curta e restrito à Austrália e Nova Zelândia, formado por Bouchardiella cretacea, Bouchardiella (Neobouchardia) minima e Malleia portlandica, e outro, formado por Bouchardiella patagonica, Bouchardiella jorgensis e as espécies de Bouchardia, persistindo até o Recente, tendo se desenvolvido entre a Península Antártica e a costa leste da América do Sul; j) além do padrão geral de migração das espécies de Bouchardia para o norte, foram identificados alguns passos intermediários nesse modelo, principalmente quanto à migração de Bouchardia da Terra do Fogo (Argentina) para a Península Antártica; assim, o modelo de \"contínua migração das espécies para o norte, sem retenção de suas localidades prévias\" estaria parcialmente descartado, não invalidando, contudo, o padrão geral de migração para o norte. / A cladistic investigation of Bouchardiinae (Brachiopoda, Terebratellidae) was carried out. These brachiopods are common in the Cenozoic fossil record of Argentina, Uruguay, Antarctica, New Zealand, Australia, as well as in the Brazilian shelf. The geological history of the group can be tracked back until de Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. The main goal of present study was to verify the hypothesis that morphological analysis on internal/external features of extinct/extant brachiopod shells allow us to proceed a cladistics analysis for the group. In order to achieve this goal, the relationships and systematic of the Bouchardiinae (Family Terebratellidae) were evaluated, as well as the scope of their genera. The cladistics analysis involved the in-group taxa Bouchardia, Bouchardiella, Beobouchardia, Malleia, having Adnatida, Aliquantula, Anakinetica, Australiarcula, elderra, Magadina, Magadinella, Parakinetica, Pilkena, Pirothyris, Rhizothyris, as the out-group. A total of 22 taxa and 43 characters were evaluated. The cladogram used as work hypothesis (CI= 0,714; RI= 0,889; RC= 0,635) presented a well resolved topology with 2 distinct clades; one with all Bouchardiinae, being Malleia portlandica the basal taxon; the other presented all Anakineticinae, including Australiarcula artesiana. The only unresolved relationship was between Bouchardia rosea and Bouchardia transplatina, suggesting that both taxa are synonymous. Among the out-group taxa the basal position of Australiarcula artesiana is worthy to mention. The results allow us to consider that: a) the morphological analysis of internal/external features of extinct/extant brachiopod shells supply important morphological data for cladistics analysis; b) there are 2 distinct clades that are representative of the Bouchardiinae and Anakineticinae, the later including Australiarcula artersiana, bringing some new evidences on their systematic position; c) the status of the genera, while valid and distinct taxa was re-evaluated, and resulted on the proposition of the synonymy between Bouchardiella and Neobouchardia, favoring the former; d) Bouchardia rosea and Bouchardia transplatina did not share significant morphological differences to keep them as distinct taxa. Thus the synonymy in favor of Bouchardia rosea (Mawe), 1823 is proposed; e) the monophyletic status of Bouchardiinae was corroborated; f) 3 synapomorphies ever suggested by the literature were confirmed, as follow: posterior thickening of the shell, \"V\" shapped cardinal process, and incomplete brachidia; g) based on the topology the condition of Bouchardia rosea and Anakinetica cumingi as distinct taxa is reinforced. Thus, their morphological similarities are much more due to similar ecological pressures (or mode of life) than to their close relationships; h) the classification of bouchardiid brachiopods seems to combine the suggestions of RICHARDSON (1994) and BRUNTON (1996), validating the Subfamily Bouchardiinae, with Bouchardia, Bouchardiella, and Malleia; i) despite of the lack of stratigraphic record of part of bouchardiid history, the parallel evolution of 2 groups was identified; one presenting a short interval, restricted to Australia e New Zealand, and corresponding to Bouchardiella cretacea, Bouchardiella (Neobouchardia) minima e Malleia portlandica, and the other group corresponding to Bouchardiella patagonica, Bouchardiella jorgensis, and species of Bouchardia, with an almost continuous record since the Cretaceous. This group evolved around the Antarctic Peninsula and east coast of southern South America; j) in spite the general north migration pattern presented by species of Bouchardia, some intermediate steps could be recognized, specially the migration of Bouchardia towards the Tierra del Fuego coast (Argentina) and Antarctic Peninsula. Consequently, the previous pattern of continuous northward migration of bouchardiid species without the retention of previous locations is only partially supported by the current data.

No description available.

A new locality of the Alum Shale Formation at Björnberget, Västerbotten County, of the lower allochthon of the Caledonian front is described herein. Two new species of acrotretid brachiopods were found. Tingitanella vilhelminia n. sp. adds another species to the monospecific genus. T. vilhelminia also extend the genus distribution to Sweden. Anabolotreta furcatus n. sp. is the first member of the genus found in Sweden and extend the stratigraphic range to Stage 5 of Cambrian Series 3. It also exhibits an unusual bifurcating shell structure described for the first time herein. One trilobite was found at the locality, Acadoparadoxides torelli, indicating that the exposures at Björnberget belong to the upper Acadoparadoxides (Baltoparadoxides) oelandicus superzone. The fauna found is impoverished in comparison to the fauna that has been described from Jämtland and reflects the depositional environment on the deep outer shelf with low sediment input. The known exposure at Granberget, close to Björnberget, is described with respect to the paleontology and sedimentology of the section. The fauna at Granberget could be extended with two new species of agnostids, Hypagnostus lingula and Hypagnostus mammillatus, to a total of six taxa of trilobites. The depositional environment was periodically affected by storms, depositing limestone layers composed of skeletal material. The Alum shale does not exhibit these sedimentary structures and have probably lost the majority of the them during diagenesis. / En hitintills obeskriven lokal av Alunskifferformationen vid Björnberget, Västerbottens län, beskrivs här med fokus på paleontologi och sedimentologi. Två nya arter av brachiopoder (Acrotretida) upptäcktes. Tingitanella vilhelminia n. sp. utökar släktet med ytterligare en art och utökar även den geografiska distributionen av släktet till Sverige. Anabolotreta furcatus n. sp. är den första medlemmen av släktet som beskrivits från Sverige och utökar den stratigrafiska spännvidden till lägre mellersta Kambrium. A. furcatus har även en skalstruktur med förgrenande pelare som beskrivs för första gången. En trilobit upptäcktes vid lokalen, Acadoparadoxides torelli, vilket tyder på att exponeringarna vid Björnberget tillhör övre delen av superzonen Acadoparadoxides (Baltoparadoxides) oelandicus. Faunan är artfattig i jämförelse med vad som tidigare har beskrivits från Jämtland och reflekterar en depositionsmiljö på den yttre kontinentalsockeln med ett lågt inflöde av klastiska sediment. Den sedan tidigare kända lokalen vid Granberget, nära lokalen vid Björnberget, beskrivs häri med avseende på paleontologi och sedimentologi. Faunan vid Granberget kan utökas med två nya arter av agnostider, Hypagnostus lingula och Hypagnostus mammillatus, till att totalt innehålla sex arter av trilobiter. Depositionsmiljön påverkades periodvis av stormar som avsatte kalkstenslager bestående av skelettdelar. Alunskiffern har förlorat majoriteten av dessa strukturer under diagenes som annars återfinns i kalkstenskonkretionerna.

The linguliform brachiopod fauna from the Stephen Formation have long been thought to be very species poor and only consist of a few genera, but new discoveries from lime-stone beds in the “thick” Stephen Formation shows that this is not the case. The species described herein, Kyrshabaktella cf. tatjanae and Ceratreta hansi sp. nov., are two new additions to described species and genera of the area.The specimens come from a 0.6 meters thick limestone bed, approximately 17 meter above the base of the formation in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, British Columbia, Yoho National Park a few kilometers SSE from Odaray Mountain. The specimens where retained from the rock by dissolution in diluted formic acid for a few days and later coated with a palladium-gold alloy and photographed under a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).In addition to the widen knowledge that these specimens of K. cf. tatjanae and C. hansi brings to the paleoecology of the area the two species also expands the knowledge of their families and genera. The coarse filae ornamentation on the exterior shell of K. cf. tatjanae requires the revision of the diagnosis of the family Kyrshabaktellidae and the discovery of the new species C. hansi expands the stratigraphic range of the genus Ceratreta to the middle Cambrian. / Detta arbete behandlar arterna Kyrshabaktella cf. tatjanae och Ceratreta hansi sp. nov. från den ’tjocka’ Stephenformationen. Tidigare har området ansetts vara väldigt art- och släktfattigt på linguliforma brachiopoder. Nya fynd av Caron m.fl. (2010, 2014) visar på att så inte är fallet, och de fynd som behandlas här styrker den bilden. Fynden kommer från ett kalkstenslager beläget ca 17 meter upp i sekvensen på den ’tjocka’ Stephenformationen. Lagret har visat sig vara väldigt rikt på fossil. Med hjälp av dessa exemplar av K. cf. tatjanae har diagnosen av familjen Kyrshabaktellidae kunnat ändras, från att inte ha haft några utsmyckningar alls på de vuxna skalen till att kunna ha bland annat grovt koncentriska ornament (s.k. filae). Detta arbete och dessa nya fynd ska sprida ytterligare ljus över området. Förhoppningen är att denna ska hjälpa till att ge ny kunskap om områdets paleoekologi samt arterna och släktenas geografiska utbredning.Fossilen har separerats från kalkstenen genom att låta stufferna dra i utspädd myrsyra några dagar, tills kalken är upplöst. Fossilen har belagts med en palladium-guld legering och fotograferats med hjälp av ett svepelektronmikroskop (SEM).Syftet med arbetet är att göra en taxonomisk beskrivning av nya exemplar av brachiopodfossil från Stephenformationen.

Uma análise sistemática dos braquiópodes (Brachiopoda, Calciata) da Formação Ponta Grossa, Devoniano, Sub-bacia Apucarana, Estado do Paraná, Bacia do Paraná, Brasil, é apresentada. Os Brachiopoda (Calciata) da Formação Ponta Grossa, Bacia do Paraná, Estado do Paraná, Brasil, foram inicialmente estudados por John Mason Clarke em 1913 e, desde então, nunca foram o alvo de uma revisão sistemática apropriada. Estudos tafonômicos prévios sobre outros grupos da mesma localidade sugerem que muitas espécies descritas para ela podem corresponder a espécies tafonômicas. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram: a- revisar a sistemática dos braquiópodes Calciata da Formação Ponta Grossa, Devoniano, a partir do estudo morfológico do material fóssil disponível; b- verificar a diversidade da fauna de braquiópodes Calciata dessa Formação, comparando a trabalhos da Formação Ponta Grossa do Estado do Mato Grosso; c- verificar se alguns caracteres morfológicos utilizados na diagnose de gêneros e espécies de braquiópodes Calciata da Formação Ponta Grossa, do Estado do Paraná, são susceptíveis a modificações tafonômicas, particularmente devido à compactação post-mortem e a esfoliação, conforme ocorre com outros grupos fósseis, tais como conulários e trilobitas. Os resultados mostraram que, das espécies previamente descritas, Australostrophia mesembria, Pleurochonetes falklandicus, Cryptonella baini e Australocoelia palmata são válidas e permanecem sem modificação; a espécie Coelospira (?) colona pôde ser somente identificada a nível genérico devido à falta de dados disponíveis nas amostras analisadas. Os gêneros Australospirifer, Schuchertella e Derbyina apresentaram problemas na identificação. Autralospirifer é considerado um gênero válido e possui cinco espécies descritas para a Formação Ponta Grossa, porém os caracteres diagnósticos que as diferem são passíveis de modificação tafonômica, fato evidenciado em exemplares analisados, além de apresentarem um grau de variação alto, o que impede a identificação dessas espécies. Duas espécies de Schuchertella são descritas para a Formação Ponta Grossa, gênero que sofreu uma revisão taxonômica, excluindo essas espécies da classificação genérica. Tais espécies poderiam pertencer ao gênero Floweria, porém a falta de dados nas amostras impede a validação desta hipótese. Derbyina é um gênero controverso, muito similar ao gênero Paranaia, os quais recentes revisões afirmam serem distintos. Devido à falta de dados no material examinado, especificamente o braquídio, não foi possível confirmar a distinção entre esses gêneros nem uma identificação específica. O presente trabalho fortaleceu a ideia de que a designação de novas espécies deve ser realizada perante a presença de diversos espécimes, para que o maior espectro possível de variações tafonômicas e morfológicas decorrentes do processo de fossilização seja identificado, com holótipos bem preservados, o que diminui a margem de erros. Portanto, é importante aliar a tafonomia com o estudo sistemático, a fim de identificar caracteres sujeitos à maior variação tafonômica. / A systematic analysis of the Brachiopoda (Calciata) from Ponta Grossa Formation, Devonian, Apucarana Sub-basin, Paraná Basin, Paraná State, Brazil, is presented. The Brachiopoda (Calciata) from Ponta Grossa Formation, Paraná Basin, Paraná State, Brazil, were initially studied by John Mason Clarke in 1913 and, since then, were not the object of proper systematic revision. Previous taphonomic studies about other groups from the same location suggest that many species described may correspond to taphonomic species. The objectives of this article were: a- to revise the systematic of the Brachiopoda (Calciata) of the Ponta Grossa Formation, Devonian, through morphological study of the available fossil material; b- to verify the diversity of Calciata brachiopods of this Formation, comparing it to works from the Ponta Grossa Formation in the State of Mato Grosso; c- to verify if any of the morphological characters used in the diagnosis of genera and species of Calciata brachiopods from Ponta Grossa Formation, Paraná State, are susceptible to taphonomic modification, particularly post-mortem compaction and exfoliation, as occurs in other fossil groups, like conulariids and trilobites. The results have shown that, of the species previously described, Australostrophia mesembria, Pleurochonetes falklandicus, Cryptonella baini and Australocoelia palmata are valid and remain unchanged; the species Coelospira (?) colona could only be identified up to a generic level due to lack of data on the samples analyzed. The genera Australospirifer, Schuchertella and Derbyina presented problems during their identification. Autralospirifer is considered a valid genus and possesses five described species for the Ponta Grossa x Formation, although the diagnostic characters that differentiate them are susceptible to taphonomic modification, fact evidenced in analyzed samples, with them also presenting high variability degree, which impedes the identification of those species. Two species of Schuchertella are described to the Ponta Grossa Formation, a genus that has undergone taxonomic revision, excluding those species from the generic classification. Those species may belong in the Floweria genus, but the lack of data on the samples makes impossible the validation of this hypothesis. Derbyina is a controversial genus, very similar to the genus Paranaia, which recent revisions claim to be different from each other. Due to the lack of data in the examined material, specifically the brachidium, it was not possible to confirm the distinction between these genera, as well as specific identification. The present work has strengthened the idea that the designation of new species must be made in face of a considerable number of samples, so that the largest spectrum of taphonomic and morphological variations resulting from the fossilization process is identified, which diminishes the error margin. Therefore, it is important to combine taphonomy with the systematic study, in order to identify characters which are subject to greater taphonomic variation.

Typescript. / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

New Zealand�s fourteen deep-water fiords have complex physical and hydrographic features as well as strong environmental gradients, all of which may influence the population structure of organisms that inhabit the fiords. I examined the population structure of the brachiopod Terebratella sanguinea over ecological and evolutionary time scales in relation to physical and hydrographic features of the fiords. To further explore the role of larval dispersal in this system, comparisons between population genetic structure of T. sanguinea and a brachiopod with a contrasting larval dispersal strategy (Liothyrella neozelanica) were made. Aspects of the life history of the articulate brachiopod Terebratella sanguinea were measured. I measured density and size throughout Doubtful Sound and growth at outer (5 km from outer coast) and inner fiord sites (13.5 km from outer coast). Additionally, reproductive periodicity was measured at a single site within Doubtful Sound. Terebratella sanguinea occurred at significantly lower densities and was significantly smaller at the outer fiord site (p < 0.05), however growth rates between an inner and outer fiord site did not differ significantly. Terebratella sanguinea was found to have separate sexes and synchronous maturation of oocytes with spawning occurring in the austral winter. These results indicated that, on an ecological time scale, the environmental gradient of the fiords influences aspects of T. sanguinea population structure. In order to determine the influence of the fiord environment on genetic population structure, patterns among T. sanguinea from across Fiordland were assessed using two genetic markers, and these data were compared to hydrodynamic variables. Ten sites (322 individuals) were included in a preliminary allozyme analysis, and 20 sites (358 individuals) were used for the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. Patchy genetic differentiation was revealed with both markers, and a break between Long Sound and the other Fiordland sites was detected with AFLP markers. My results suggest hydrodynamic features of this region may isolate organisms that can disperse only during a planktonic larval phase, however this isolation is visible in genetic patterns only at the most extreme values of the hydrodynamic variables. To better understand how the fiord environment influences population structure of organisms that disperse via planktonic larvae, I compared population genetic structure of two sympatric brachiopod species that differ in planktonic larval duration. Genetic analysis using the AFLP technique revealed population structuring corresponding to the contrasting modes of larval dispersal. AMOVA analysis indicated Liothyrella neozelanica, a brachiopod that broods its larvae, had more limited exchange among sites within a fiord than did T. sanguinea, a brachiopod that does not brood its larvae. In general, the fiord hydrographic conditions may be creating opportunities for local genetic differentiation (for example Long Sound) in organisms capable of longer distance dispersal, but organisms with lower potential for dispersal are more strongly influenced by ontogeny than by hydrography. Understanding the population structure of some of the marine fauna of Fiordland is an important cornerstone for the developing management plan for the area. Conservation of the underwater resources of this World Heritage Area can be successful if the structure of the system and the mechanisms driving this structure are taken into account.

New Zealand�s fourteen deep-water fiords have complex physical and hydrographic features as well as strong environmental gradients, all of which may influence the population structure of organisms that inhabit the fiords. I examined the population structure of the brachiopod Terebratella sanguinea over ecological and evolutionary time scales in relation to physical and hydrographic features of the fiords. To further explore the role of larval dispersal in this system, comparisons between population genetic structure of T. sanguinea and a brachiopod with a contrasting larval dispersal strategy (Liothyrella neozelanica) were made. Aspects of the life history of the articulate brachiopod Terebratella sanguinea were measured. I measured density and size throughout Doubtful Sound and growth at outer (5 km from outer coast) and inner fiord sites (13.5 km from outer coast). Additionally, reproductive periodicity was measured at a single site within Doubtful Sound. Terebratella sanguinea occurred at significantly lower densities and was significantly smaller at the outer fiord site (p < 0.05), however growth rates between an inner and outer fiord site did not differ significantly. Terebratella sanguinea was found to have separate sexes and synchronous maturation of oocytes with spawning occurring in the austral winter. These results indicated that, on an ecological time scale, the environmental gradient of the fiords influences aspects of T. sanguinea population structure. In order to determine the influence of the fiord environment on genetic population structure, patterns among T. sanguinea from across Fiordland were assessed using two genetic markers, and these data were compared to hydrodynamic variables. Ten sites (322 individuals) were included in a preliminary allozyme analysis, and 20 sites (358 individuals) were used for the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. Patchy genetic differentiation was revealed with both markers, and a break between Long Sound and the other Fiordland sites was detected with AFLP markers. My results suggest hydrodynamic features of this region may isolate organisms that can disperse only during a planktonic larval phase, however this isolation is visible in genetic patterns only at the most extreme values of the hydrodynamic variables. To better understand how the fiord environment influences population structure of organisms that disperse via planktonic larvae, I compared population genetic structure of two sympatric brachiopod species that differ in planktonic larval duration. Genetic analysis using the AFLP technique revealed population structuring corresponding to the contrasting modes of larval dispersal. AMOVA analysis indicated Liothyrella neozelanica, a brachiopod that broods its larvae, had more limited exchange among sites within a fiord than did T. sanguinea, a brachiopod that does not brood its larvae. In general, the fiord hydrographic conditions may be creating opportunities for local genetic differentiation (for example Long Sound) in organisms capable of longer distance dispersal, but organisms with lower potential for dispersal are more strongly influenced by ontogeny than by hydrography. Understanding the population structure of some of the marine fauna of Fiordland is an important cornerstone for the developing management plan for the area. Conservation of the underwater resources of this World Heritage Area can be successful if the structure of the system and the mechanisms driving this structure are taken into account.

Thesis (M.S.)--Bowling Green State University, 2007. / Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 111 p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps. Includes bibliographical references.