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In this study of the development of the sugar, rubber, and cotton industries in Brazil, the writer proposes to show the development of these industries from the beginning of the industries to about 1947.

How the current globalization process should be looked upon and handled has been a major concern for development thinkers’ world wide. There are many different answers to this question. Some would say that it is the natural evolving of our society while some say that it is a plague that needs to be rid of to achieve a sustainable development. This debate has been a central figure in the current development debate and a major concern. Even if it does achieve good sustainable economic development there is always social factors that come into play. Globalization has since the early 90’s been referred to as an enormous force that can not be stopped and that whilst some might not like it, it is here to stay.   This essay is concerned with investigating the different economic and political theories surrounding globalization. Three different theories and three different key thinkers in the respective schools have been examined to illuminate key arguments within their theories of globalization. These schools of thought are: The liberal school and Martin Wolf, the reformist school and Joseph Stiglitz and the radical school with Naomi Klein as their key thinker.  Selected works by these three authors selected to further represent the different schools have been critically assessed to find key arguments concerning the conceptualization about globalization and how it should be looked upon and to see how they differ between amongst each other and how the theories cope when applied on a specific case, namely Brazil.   This study shows a deeply mixed result where it is made clear that all theories have valid points in their arguments but also faults in their arguments. There is no outstanding theory in this study that over shadows its’ adversaries. However the study shows that left-wing thinkers in general put more emphasis on social justice and social development whilst more right-wing thinkers put emphasis on development though economics and solid growth. There is little chance of sustainable development if these divided groups continue to work against each other. Therefore there is a great need for a middle ground that sees both the social and the economic aspects to help form a globalized world where real development is achieved

In this dissertation, I use separation and divorce as the lens through which I examine the impact of modernization and globalization on the intimate lives and the health and well-being of low income women of African descent in rural Northeast Brazil. I argue that trends such as shifts in the gendered division of labor in a growing eco-tourism economy, and the spread of the modern notion of romantic love and companionate marriage through popular telenovelas, are directly related to dramatic increases in separation and divorce in Brazil. I further argue that social inequality affects individual perceptions and experiences of divorce, and the embodied distress low-income Afro Brazilian women endure with marital failure is also an expression of social suffering.

This dissertation queries how 'governance' - as a process where social behavior and development is organized, coordinated, and guided - is produced and maintained in spaces where the institutions of 'government' are essentially absent. In Brazil, for example, where more than one-third of the total urban population lives in favelas (urban slums, often lacking basic state resources), researchers continually report that social and political order is maintained in slum communities, even when the official state apparatus has no visible presence whatsoever. The reason for this, suggest some scholars, lies in the fear and violence that is used by drug traffickers to control the spaces where they do business (i.e., favelas). But this answer is incomplete and based almost exclusively upon research from only two Brazilian cities (Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo): drug traffickers do not rule most favelas in Brazil, and socio-political cohesion is rarely, if ever, preserved through constant gang or police surveillance in favelas outside of Rio and São Paulo. Still unknown, therefore, is how and why a majority of favelas, despite the severely diminished presence of a state apparatus (official or otherwise), continue to function like any other Brazilian neighborhood. Through a case study of a favela in a midsized city in northeast Brazil (Fortaleza), and relying upon a mixed-methodological research design (e.g., semi-structured interviews, focus groups, participant observation, archival research), this dissertation helps to explain the paradox of governance in ungoverned spaces.

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Extreme poverty is a reality facing over a billion people, and a striking contradiction is that huge disparities coexist with a relatively rapid economic growth. This thesis investigates whether economic growth reduces poverty. Through an empirical cross-sectional regression, it analyses what impact economic growth has on poverty, and what structures that possibly preserve these phenomena. The theories of Dual Economy and Human Capital are used to explain such structures that cause poverty to coexist with growth. Brazil is an example of a dual economy whose recent history is characterised by successful economic and public policies that have managed to reduce the level of extreme poverty. Structures of dualistic labour markets contribute to the preservation of the extreme poverty, thus they do have some explanatory power of the coexistence of poverty and growth. The main conclusion from the empirical results is that economic growth does indeed reduce poverty. Also the level of poverty is strongly related to decrease of poverty, in such a way that a high level of poverty is associated to a slow decrease of poverty. However, economic growth does not appear to be sufficient a tool when the level of extreme poverty is high, suggesting that well-designed policies and investments in education are needed to obtain an inclusive, pro-poor growth and thus reduce the level of extreme poverty.

Depuis l'adoption de la nouvelle Constitution démocratique du Brésil en 1988, la Cour suprême joue un rôle de plus en plus significatif au sein du système politique brésilien. Constamment sollicitée pour contrôler la constitutionnalité des lois, le renforcement de ses attributions en matière de contentieux constitutionnel fait aujourd'hui de la Haute juridiction un organe législateur partiel participant, aux côtés du chef de l'État et du Congrès, à la formation de la volonté générale. Dans ce cadre, comme dans toutes les démocraties contemporaines comprenant un mécanisme de garantie juridictionnelle de la Constitution, le développement de la justice constitutionnelle au Brésil conduit à une remise en cause de la démocratie classique de type électorale fondée sur une confusion entre la volonté du peuple et celle des gouvernants élus. Partant du postulat que le fonctionnement démocratique s'inscrit désormais dans une perspective réflexive, cette thèse propose d'analyser, à travers l'étude de la jurisprudence de la Cour suprême, les changements opérés au sein du régime démocratique brésilien afin de savoir si les modifications qui en découlent ont entraîné un dépassement du modèle démocratique traditionnel ayant donné lieu à une démocratie dite « réflexive ». / Since the adoption of the new democratic Constitution of Brazil in 1998, the Supreme Court has played an increasingly significant role within the Brazilian political system. Constantly asked to review the constitutionality of laws, the further extension of its jurisdiction in constitutional law, currently renders the High court a partial legislative body involved, along with the Head of State and Congress, in the formation of general will. In this context, as in all contemporary democracies containing a mechanism of judicial review that guarantees the supremacy of the Constitution, the development of the constitutional justice of Brazil has led to a questioning of classical electoral democracy based on a confusion between the will of the people and that of electected officials. Based on the premise that the functioning of democracy must be understood as reflexive, this thesis proposes to analyze, through the study of the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court, the changes made within the Brazilian democratic system in order to determine if the modifications have resulted in an overtaking of the traditional democratic model that has given rise to a democracy called « reflexive ».

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / This study attempts to understand the nature of the cultural and linguistic experiences that affected a single, monolingual, female teacher during her first overseas experience in an American school in Brazil. A descriptive, qualitative, case study methodology utilized extensive observations, video-taping, and interviews with the teacher, her colleagues, students, and parents to explore how those experiences affected her perceptions and actions towards her colleagues, students, and parents, and how she made sense of these experiences. At the time of this study, there were an estimated 1,000 international schools worldwide, and just over half of these were autonomous institutions sponsored by a variety of interests and corporations. The Escola Americana de Campinas fits into this group. As a worldwide average, the U.S. student population in international schools today is about 30 percent of the total enrolment, and the majority of overseas-hire native English speaking teachers are female, white, middle class and monolingual; many are not adequately prepared for the challenges of teaching children who have different linguistic and cultural backgrounds. The study of one such teacher describes the cultural and linguistic discomfort she experienced in her daily life, and with her colleagues and parents. Although she was pedagogically competent, she was not open to changing her teaching practices to more effectively teach students with different cultural and linguistic backgrounds. However, as this teacher learned to speak some Portuguese she became empathetic to some of the linguistic needs of her multi-lingual and multi-cultural students. This case study suggests that this teacher's personal and professional reasons to live and work overseas did not enable her to anticipate and to face the challenges she experienced. She did not have the training or experience to work with a diverse group of students, and the school did not provide adequate support to help her adjustment. This study offers implications and practical suggestions for recruitment agenc1es, administrators, teachers, and pre-service institutions faced with such situations. / 2031-01-02

Thesis advisor: Robert Murphy / This paper uses Brazilian census data to evaluate the correlates, consequences, and possible causes of child labor. I find strong evidence that although most working children are also attending school, they are falling well behind their peers. I then attempt to explain state-by-state variation in child labor participation rates by using state level data, finding that economic concentration in specific industries is correlated with higher child participation in the labor market. Finally, using census data on income, I show that the current Brazilian program to alleviate child labor may also be effective in targeting higher income households then those now eligible for the program. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2004. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: International Studies. / Discipline: College Honors Program.