Analysis of monthly observations of temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen content in the basin formed by Rupert and Holberg Inlets reveals a greater degree of mixing than that found in most British Columbia Inlets. Although relatively uniform water properties are constantly found, there are large monthly variations of the actual values. The water temperature correlates with the solar radiation while the salinity changes follow the river runoff which is in turn controlled by precipitation. The variation in dissolved oxygen content appears due to a combination of biological influences and influx of Pacific Oceanic water. A model has been developed which ascribes the monthly fluctuations and vertical homogeneity to an accumulation of irregular mixing events associated with the tidal flow through Quatsino Narrows, a shallow connecting channel. Thermal microstructure measurements disclose a region of deep turbulent mixing near the narrows and provide evidence of an up-inlet flow beneath the thermocline in Rupert and Holberg Inlets. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

In his recent publications Christopher Alexander and his colleagues are mainly concerned with the description of what they call patterns. In 'A Pattern Language Which Generates Multi-Service Centers', these authors have stated that such patterns are tentative and based on much conjecture. They suggest that they need criticism and improvement. The authors further point out that these patterns do not establish an exact geometry of relationship to one another as they are studied and described in isolation. Thus the interrelationship between patterns and their geometry may vary from place to place. This thesis is an evaluation of such patterns, and therefore can be seen as an extension of the design method initiated by Christopher Alexander and the Center for Environmental Structure. The author believes that when patterns (the component parts of which are pre-designed to prevent specific conflicting tendencies from occurring) are combined to form a cohesive whole, they may not fulfil the purpose for which they were initially designed. The Acadia Park Clusters, the housing for married students at the University of British Columbia Campus was selected for the evaluation of patterns. The thesis looks at the out-of-house patterns of this project. Since this project was designed in the conventional architectural way and not according to the Pattern Language Method, an inventory of out-of-house patterns had at first to be abstracted from the design elements. The anticipated behavior of users relevant to these patterns was then posited. These positions became the hypotheses on which the created inventory of patterns was evaluated. The author has gathered this data empirically by recording over a period of three weeks the activities of the participants and their characteristics in their natural settings. The data shows that certain patterns fail to achieve their initial purpose when combined to form a cohesive whole. The study also points out that the physical arrangement of one pattern to another influences the intensity of use. It also suggests that when two patterns overlap, new tendencies develop. This study confirms the importance of evaluating patterns after they are combined to form a cohesive whole. It proves that this is necessary for their improvement and for the design of new patterns. If this sort of follow-up does not become a natural part of the design process, a communication breakdown between architect and user is bound to occur. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of / Graduate

Mobility and increasing urbanization have resulted in a pattern of differential growth rates among school enrollments. This has necessitated that educational planners develop an understanding of family mobility in order to better predict student populations and maximize the use of existing school facilities. In the past, such predictions have not usually incorporated factors which account for changes in the separate components of population. An examination of elementary school enrollments in Vancouver evidenced the need for a more detailed understanding of migration. The present study set out to establish the impact which various migration patterns exerted on elementary enrollments in the Vancouver School District and in three areas within the school district, which illustrated different migration patterns. Secondly, the reasons why families with elementary school children move into and out of specific school areas in the city were analyzed from data collected by means of a questionnaire. A chi-square test was used to establish the significance of differences in the-responses of each group. The migration streams differed significantly in terms of the reasons stated for moving and the factors of importance in the choice of a new home. Significant differences in the latter were mostly reflected in school areas characterized by different migration streams. The study demonstrated that educational planners should be aware of the migration patterns affecting each school area in their district in order that they may calculate, and wherever possible influence the impact of changes in any factors which influence mobility / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This study, an examination of the Vancouver money market, addresses itself to the four objectives of providing a description of the overall setting in which the Vancouver money market exists, describing the Vancouver money market, indicating the major peculiarities and imperfections which exist in that market, and providing, where possible, explanations for those peculiarities and imperfections. Achievement of the first of the above mentioned objectives involves the development of models explaining the behaviour of the three money market participants, the investor, the borrower, and the investment dealer. The basic premise underlying these models is that each participant attempts to maximize his wealth subject to certain constraints. Also involved in outlining the overall setting is a discussion of the market's role of equating the supply of and demand for short-term capital, a brief sketch of its history, and example of the mechanisms involved in its actual workings. The securities which comprise the market's stock in trade are discussed in abstract terms with particular emphasis being placed on their liquidity characteristics and in more concrete terms where the fourteen main instruments of the market are briefly described. The three remaining objectives are achieved by drawing heavily upon information about the local market obtained during interviews with fifteen participants in the Vancouver money market and interpreting this information with reference to the behavioural models which were developed. While the market has recently experienced rapid growth, it continues to be dwarfed by the Toronto-Montreal market. It is concluded that there are four main peculiarities or imperfections in the local market. The low level of dealer inventories of money market instruments, which benefits local borrowers but hinders the achievement of the investors' goals, results from the investment strategy of dealers and such exogenous factors as the centralized cash management by chartered banks and the limited number of local sources of non-bank financing for inventories. Lack of local dealer autonomy results from centralized decision making by investment dealers and the low level of local inventories. This lack of local autonomy and the time zone differential between the Vancouver market and the Eastern market reduce the liquidity of instruments in the Vancouver market while the attractiveness of the locally-issued security is enhanced by its ready availability. Finally, the lack of participant sophistication, which is an attribute of the local market, is regarded as being caused by lack of information and the responsibility for the persistance of this trait and for its future eradication is seen as resting upon the investment dealer. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

The Real Property Tax requires a major outlay of funds by most property and non-property owners. Property owners are directly affected by the tax, in that they pay the taxes to the taxing authorities, while the non-property owners are indirectly affected as the property tax paid by the owners is reflected in the rents which the non-property owners pay. Because of the magnitude of the property tax as a proportion of the property owners net income or disposable income, the individuals right or obligation of an equal portion of the tax burden should be upheld. The portion of the total tax burden for which a property taxpayer is responsible, is determined by the "actual value" of his real property, subject to legislative exemptions and reliefs. To ascertain the degree of the equality of the tax burden a sample of 1632 properties was obtained consisting of seven different land uses from eight-municipalities located within the Greater Vancouver area. For each property in the sample the adjusted selling price, assessed value of land and improvements for municipal and school purposes, and the net taxes payable were obtained. To furnish the reader with some insight as to the causes of possible tax inequalities between municipalities, land uses, or price categories within municipalities, calculations measuring the degree of assessment uniformity and equality were executed. The findings of this thesis give evidence that the tax burden between municipalities, land uses and price categories within municipalities are not equally distributed as the concept of equality was defined. Further, it was discovered that these inequalities were, in part, due to the occurrance of unacceptable levels of assessment inequality and ununiformity. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

The purpose of the study was to determine the use made of certain sources of information and education by Korean immigrants in the city of Vancouver. The analytical survey method which applies a structured interview schedule was used, and a sample consisting of eighty-two adult Koreans was interviewed. Male and female adult Koreans were compared, and factors such as socio-economic characteristics and social interaction patterns were analyzed in relation to participation and non-participation in adult education to determine whether or not any significant differences existed between participants and non-participants. The Korean residents had a median of two to three years of length of residence, a median age of 30, and an average of 16 years of school completed. The Koreans were newer residents, in the younger age category, and highly educated. The respondents had a median annual family income of $7,500. There were only two significant differences between the male and female respondents and these were age and English fluency. The males tended to be older and more fluent in English than the females. One-quarter of the respondents had attended schools or university in Canada, and the majority of those adults were graduate students. One-tenth of the sample had completed vocational training courses in Vancouver. Koreans' participation in adult education was mainly concentrated in English language classes. Some forty-six per cent of the respondents had taken adult education courses. Most of those respondents had completed a one-month course of basic adult English language training. There were no significant differences between the adult education participants and non-participants with respect to eight socio-economic status including age, sex, marital status, number of children at home, length of residence in Vancouver, employment, income, and education. There was only one statistically significant difference between the adult education participants and non-participants, and that characteristic was English fluency at the time of arrival in Canada. Approximately seventy-one per cent of the sample subscribed to newspapers, 59.8 per cent read magazines in English, 91.5 per cent regularly watched television, and 78.1 per cent reported regular monitoring of radio broadcasts. Of the social interaction characteristics studied, social participation did not differentiate between the adult education participants and non-participants. A lower degree of fluency in English was significantly related to higher participation in adult education. / Education, Faculty of / Educational Studies (EDST), Department of / Graduate

This study was undertaken to facilitate the development of training programs for teachers of adult basic education by providing factual information about those who were instructing up to and including the Grade VIII level during the 1968-1969 academic year. A structured interview schedule was pre-tested and subjected to several revisions; and interviews were conducted with the total population of 46 teachers in the province. These teachers were engaged by public schools, penal institutions, the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development and the Department of Social Welfare. By encompassing both an assessment of teacher characteristics and attitudes and an exploration of those areas in which teachers perceived a need for further education, the results of this investigation produced implications not only for further research and the development of training programs as indicated above, but for the recruitment and retention of adult basic education teachers. Half of those interviewed were university graduates, and while most reported some training and experience in elementary or secondary education, few teachers had more than a minimal amount of professional preparation or experience in teaching adults. That they perceived a need for special instruction in teaching adult illiterates was exemplified by the large number who desired to participate in training programs if they were made available and by the high percentage of affirmative responses on items related to specific training areas, as set out in the interview schedule. Over fifty per cent of the teachers expressed a need for further instruction in the principles of adult psychology and adult education practices, which would give them a base for developing skill in working with adults. In addition, most teachers felt they could benefit from training in teaching reading and communications skills. All of the factors outlined above produced implications which will inevitably affect the development of any training programs. Because only seven (15 per cent) teachers were employed in adult basic education full-time, most preferred workshops and conferences which, in their estimation, demanded involvement in direction proportion to their degree of commitment to adult education. Moreover, as this investigation indicated, it is unlikely that many teachers will vigorously concern themselves with improving their competence unless their administrators or supervisors assume a more active role in promoting higher standards for teaching. Responses to training needs varied according to the educational backgrounds, experiences, attitudes and perceptions of the teachers. Generally, those with higher education, teaching credentials and with more experience both in and outside of adult education were more concerned with improving their competence and indicated a greater personal awareness of their limitations within their positions. These teachers were also in the group who scored significantly higher on job satisfaction items related to administrative policies, human relations and teaching competence. Furthermore, as evidenced by their answers to items relating to the adult basic education process, teachers with more education and experience showed a significantly higher degree of orientation to the student and his needs rather than to the organizational and management aspects of conducting a program. Because of the varied educational backgrounds and experiences of the teachers, consideration may have to be given to the provision of different levels of training based upon an agreement on objectives by both teacher-trainees and program planners. To develop these objectives, the model for identifying the knowledge, skills and attitudes the adult basic education teacher should possess, which was developed from the review of the literature, could be utilized. From the findings of this study, it appears that further research might profitably be concerned with factors related to teacher job satisfaction. Does satisfaction with a teaching position relate to professional security, higher education and training for teaching adults? Does satisfaction relate\to changing expectations over the years? Does job satisfaction relate to differences among administrators or differences in one's relations with students? In addition, because of the over-all emphasis in adult basic education on the importance of teacher attitudes, it is important to develop special teacher attitude scales. Such scales, for example, would permit a study of the relationship of teacher's attitudes to classroom practice. Furthermore, if teacher attitudes were found to be related to subsequent performance, they might provide a convenient means of evaluating the effectiveness of certain aspects of teacher training programs. Finally, social interaction studies must be instituted. It would appear that the more effective adult basic education teacher will be one who is able to provide a learning situation in which the student feels he is an integral and needed part. / Education, Faculty of / Graduate

This thesis examines spatial patterns of transit travel to the downtown core of Greater Vancouver. The study is placed within the context of earlier case studies of Vancouver's urban structure and also draws on notions of spatial interaction. In this context, the study qualifies the functional relevance of traditional models of urban spatial structure and urban transportation, which provide a basis for understanding movement to the core of the modern city. Cartographic analysis found transit travel patterns to the downtown core to be structured by distance from the core, with friction-free inner zone of 3 to 5 miles generating high per capita trips to the core and a rapid drop-off in trips per capita beyond this zone; and by socioeconomic variation in radially organized residential areas within this inner zone or "core ring". It was also demonstrated that sub zones of the downtown core were directionally oriented to socially defined residential sectors within the "core ring". This confirms findings of earlier case studies of the spatial structure of Greater Vancouver and the functional role and relationships of the downtown urban core. However, the initially identified relationships were only partly supported by subsequent statistical analysis. This suggested problems resulting from the unsuitability of using aggregate data collection unit information (traffic zones) to model functional associations underlying spatial interaction; this indicates a direction for further research. It is also suggested in conclusion that the 'core ring' model of Greater Vancouver deserves more study, particularly in view of its implications to transportation planning in this metropolitan area. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

This study attempts an investigation of the use of urban land. It is specifically concerned with the intensity of use of manufacturing sites in Greater Vancouver. Intensity of use is represented by three measures: per cent of site unused, amount of site unused, and structural density of the site. Several variables are hypothesized to account for much variation in these intensity measures. Regression techniques are employed to build predictive models of use intensity and to assess hypotheses. Amount of land unused is predicted successfully, structural density less so, and per cent of site unused unsuccessfully. Among the "explanatory" variables, expansion plans, although often cited as such, are found to be particularly unsuccessful as a predictor of "excess" site holdings. Instead, the size of sites is found to be the most powerful predictor of the intensity measures, but lacks a logical justification as a determining or explaining variable. Somewhat originally, corporate assets is hypothesized to account for site use intensity, and is actually found to add significantly to the multiple explanation of several intensity measures. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

The purpose of the study was to measure the communication between farmers and the Agricultural Extension Service in British Columbia by analyzing the nature and number of contacts, as well as the relationship of such contacts to the socio-economic characteristics of farm operators. Two hypotheses were tested to ascertain whether there were any statistically significant differences in the level and kind of contact with District Agriculturists among farmers of varying socio-economic characteristics. The analytical survey method was used, and the data were collected by personal interviews with 256 farm household heads. The areas studied included Peace River, Northern Tier, North Thompson and Salmon Arm in rural British Columbia. In general, the respondents had similar characteristics to farm operators in other rural areas in the province. The respondents had a median of eight years of schooling, median net farm income of $2,000 to $2,999, and about one half of them had no off-farm jobs. Contacts between the respondents and the District Agriculturist were mainly through impersonal rather than personal sources of information, and the respondents reached by the two types of contact were not the same. The number of respondents who had personal contacts varied from 16 to 35 per cent, while the number obtaining information through the impersonal sources varied from 81 to 93 per cent, depending on the type of contact. The farmers had an average of 3.71 different types of contact during the year 1966. These included an average of 1.05 personal and 2.66 impersonal contacts. Farmers with higher socio-economic status reported more contacts than did lower status farmers. More personal contacts with the District Agriculturist were reported by farmers with more education. There were statistically significant differences between the users of all extension contacts and non-users, with respect to thirteen socio-economic characteristics. Four characteristics, including years of school completed, distance travelled for goods and services, social participation and amount of gross farm income, accounted for 34 per cent of the variation in the use of all types of extension contact combined. Between 13 and 27 per cent of the variation in each individual type of contact was accounted for by differing combinations of socio-economic characteristics. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate