In major emergencies or disaster situations it can be anticipated that the normal emergency services will be severely strained, or exceeded, and assistance which is routinely provided by municipal or provincial agencies may not be available. In such abnormal circumstances, there is a need for an expandable emergency response capability, designed to supplement the established agencies. This may involve a number of different agencies, both governmental and private, in a coordinated effort to respond to the increased demands of the situation. This thesis focuses on the component of emergency response known in Canada as 'Emergency Social Services' (ESS) which is based primarily on the involvement of community-based agencies and individual volunteers. ESS is frequently referred to as the 'volunteer component', or the informal sector, as distinct from the formal, day-to-day, emergency response agencies: the police, fire, ambulance, and social services. However, as discussed in Chapter 2, the term 'Emergency Social Services' is not part of the accepted lexicon of the professional literature, and the distinction between ESS and other emergency response agencies, is not the norm in other parts of North America. Chapter 3 reviews the volunteerism literature and concludes that volunteer-based organizations require professional management to be successful, and that without such formal management and support the ESS model is most likely to fall short of its objectives, or may fail completely. In Chapter 4 the evolution of the governing legislation is examined to determine the origins of the isolation of Emergency Social Services from the mainstream of emergency planning, as distinct from a more integrated approach. Chapter 5 describes the ESS model, as presently espoused by the Ministry of Social Services, and analyzes the role of the ESS Director, arguing that this model relies heavily on the personal qualities of the individual ESS Director. Chapter 6 is a case study based on the flooding at Parksville on Vancouver Island. This particular event was selected because it was known to be a case where things had gone wrong and, therefore, merited further investigation. The case study demonstrates that, although Parksville was better prepared than many other municipalities in British Columbia, there were jurisdictional, administrative and perceptual problems which exacerbated the situation. Most particularly, the role of the ESS component, which was well represented by a local service organization, was minimal, and its potential contribution to the multiple needs of the evacuees (e.g., counselling and other personal services) was discounted by the local authorities. Chapter 7 examines some of the major issues identified in the thesis and the case study to determine what lessons can be learned from the event, including the following: perceptual differences between the formal and informal sectors; the need to amend the obsolete legislation; problems related to the respective roles of the Ministry and ESS; the need for professional management for ESS; the ambivalent relationship between the Ministry and the Provincial Emergency Program; and the need for, and the trend towards, a more integrated, holistic, approach to emergency planning. Chapter 8 reviews the thesis, lists the major conclusions, and makes recommendations for changes including: amending the emergency legislation to require municipalities to plan for emergencies which occur within their geographic jurisdiction; transferring formal responsibility for Emergency Social Services from the Ministry of Social Services to the municipalities; and providing professional management and support for Emergency Social Services as an integral part of the emergency preparedness capability of municipalities throughout British Columbia. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The purpose of the study is to determine how the teacher discipline system in British Columbia changed as a result of Bill 20, the Teaching Profession Act and Revised School Act of 1987. The nature of the discipline system both before and after Bill 20 was described and the significance of changes to the education community indicated. Before 1987, teacher discipline was governed by a statutory model, pursuant to provisions of the School Act The current system, a collective bargaining model, is governed by the Industrial Relations Act, 75 collective agreements, and arbitral jurisprudence. The study reviews differences in those two systems both generally, and specifically. An analysis of legislative frameworks governing teacher discipline across Canada, as well as a brief overview of the American system, allows the conclusion that the B.C. teacher discipline system is one of a kind in North America and not likely modeled after any other on the continent. To compare the two teacher discipline systems and also to describe them in relation to theoretical concepts, the following were analyzed: (1) legal frameworks governing employer-employee relationships in general, theoretical concepts used to describe employee discipline systems, and studies of employee discipline, especially in the unionized environment and in the case of teachers, (2) decisions of all boards of reference and review commisions prior to 1988, (3) all reported B.C. teacher grievances, specifically discipline-related grievances, and arbitration awards between 1988 and 1991, (4) collective agreement provisions in effect in 1991 related to matters of teacher discipline, (5) critical arbitral jurisprudence on employee (and teacher) discipline, and (6) B.C. teacher discipline cases before 1988 which fell outside the regulated system but resulted in court decisions. The study concluded that the previous teacher discipline system in B.C. was an inferior system, unfair and patronizing at best, but biased against teachers, and open to political manipulation at worst. Only limited teacher discipline decisions prior to changes in legislation were appealed, and even then, often to inexperienced and non-objective bodies. The current system promises to provide more regulated, predictable, and fair treatment, although more knowledge, skills, training and personnel are required to manage the system. / Education, Faculty of / Educational Studies (EDST), Department of / Graduate

This study addressed the controversy among academics in conventional universities over the credibility of distance education for degree credit. Faculty scepticism has slowed the development and expansion of distance education despite increased demands for it. Distance education is an educational method in which the teacher and learners are separated in time and space for the majority, if not all, of the teaching-learning process; two-way communication occurs primarily via print, postal service, and telecommunications (Keegan, 1990). There is little empirical evidence about the reasons for the antagonism between the supporters and opponents of distance education. The purpose of this research was to explain why some faculty support distance education while others do not. Support was defined as how faculty would speak about and vote for proposals to offer distance education courses for degree credit. The conceptual framework drew on studies of faculty attitudes towards university expansion and distance education, and literature on academic culture and change. An interpretive perspective and qualitative methods dominated the two-phase study. First, a mailed survey (n=487) investigated the extent of faculty familiarity with and support for distance education. Then faculty (n=50) were interviewed from three categories of support for distance education identified by the survey: supportive, divided support, and opposed. The interviews explored how faculty understood the compatibility and feasibility of distance education. Compatibility was defined as the congruence of distance education with faculty beliefs and values about the accessibility and quality of university education. Feasibility was the perceived ability to successfully implement distance education. In general, faculty were not very familiar with or supportive of distance education, except for undergraduate courses. There was very little support for a graduate program by distance education. There were significant differences in faculty support by discipline and gender. The reasons for variations in faculty support for distance education are best explained by the concept of compatibility. Faculty supported distance education if it was congruent with their beliefs and values about university education in general. Faculty thought about distance education as promoting social justice, as an educational method, or as the distribution of information. Faculty who were supportive held the beliefs and values Trow (1973) associated with mass education while those who were opposed tended to believe in an elite approach to university education. There was a substantial divided group who were in a conflict about the priority that should be given to the major values involved, the accessibility and quality of university education. The study contributes to the development of theory about different conceptions of university and distance education and provides insight into the study of disciplinary cultures. It presents a revised conceptual framework for further research on the topic. The results have implications for educational planning and for the development of distance education. / Education, Faculty of / Educational Studies (EDST), Department of / Graduate

The significance of school districts as an object of study lies in the direct manner in which the provision of public education serves the needs of society and is, in fact, a societal undertaking. Public schooling is a major instrument for the expression of the public will in a democratic society, and the school system both models and maintains the essential attributes of that society. As a result, school districts, the basic structural unit in the organization and operation of public schools in Canada, create records which reflect the educational values and concerns of this society at the most fundamental level. Because the effective administration of education requires that records be kept, sometimes by law, it is essential to analyze the functions of school boards as a means of understanding the records they produce and their significance. The aim of this study is to identify and synthesize those facts, laws, historical developments, functions, and competencies common to the local administration of education in British Columbia with the express purpose of establishing a framework in and through which the archival control of their records may be examined. This analysis is undertaken in accordance with the archival methodology of functional analysis. The need to examine and understand the legal foundation upon which school districts and their controlling boards rests is critical because so many of their activities are largely determined by law. Accordingly, the thesis begins with an analysis of the legal framework of school district activity and shows that as political and legal entities school districts are considered to be provincial agents, albeit acting in a local capacity, with the status of quasi-municipal corporations. From this point of departure, an analysis of the relevant statute law, common law, and administrative law is then undertaken in order to determine the historical evolution of British Columbia school boards, their mandate and their functions. This examination reveals that each school board shares three primary or governing functions (legislative, judicial, and executive) and two management functions (education administration and business administration). The thesis concludes by offering an evaluation of the implications of this study for archival practice through an examination of several issues related to the archival management of school board records as well as the reasons for their permanent preservation by an archival agency. / Arts, Faculty of / Library, Archival and Information Studies (SLAIS), School of / Graduate

In my Directed Studies I looked at how architecture can make the experience of time more immediate. This can be done by the use of light that marks the passage of time and the variability of the outside world; the unfolding of and movement through a building's spaces; the juxtaposition of permanent and changing elements; and in the choice of materials and how they wear over time. To explore these ideas, I choose as my project a Gallery of Urban Design for Vancouver. The Gallery would give students and professionals as well as the interested public the chance to learn about the complexity and richness of cities. The site is a vacant 100' x 120' lot on the SW corner of Robson and Homer, across Robson St. from the new Public Library. This area is consolidating as an arts and entertainment district, and a smaller-scale cultural venue would complement larger institutions like the Library, Ford Theatre, BC Place, etc. The site is at a strategic corner of this district, with strong connections to the rest of downtown. Right now, this district is an odd mix of empty lots and large object buildings that dominate most or all of a city block, most of which turn their backs on the sidewalk. The result is a barren and uninviting streetscape. What's missing is a finer grain to knit together these large monuments, the kind of grain seen in nearby Yaletown and on Robson St. The site of the Gallery, across from the Library, has the chance to extend Robson St.'s rhythm, and also to enclose and define Library Square. The Gallery itself is the heart of the project. There are four gallery spaces devoted to different themes: the City's Origins, the City Rises, the City in Crisis, and the City Renewed. In each there is a permanent exhibit on Vancouver around which changing exhibits about other cities are organised. The areas for permanent exhibits are marked by a change in the flooring, from polished concrete to wood. For visitors, the gallery spaces, each a variation on the same palette of materials and light, unfold piece by piece as they move through them, always with glimpses ahead of what's to come and views back to where they've been. The dimension of time is involved in understanding this sequence, and emphasised in the in-between spaces that thicken the transitions. The simple materials serve as a reference for the changing qualities of light that are used to mark a centre and to draw the visitor forward, to imply stability and movement, in a rhythm of light and dark that ends with the dramatic light and city views of the last gallery. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of / Graduate

This thesis is an amalgamation of and a contribution to the knowledge of the Ephemeroptera of British Columbia, an order which has been largely neglected in Canada, and particularly in this province. The three families Heptageniidae, Ephemeridae, and Baetidae are replaced by the five superfamilies Heptagenioidea, Leptophlebioidea, Caenoidea, Ephemeroidea, and Prosopistomatoidea proposed by Edmunds and Traver (1954). 146 species in 23 genera have been recorded in British Columbia. Of these, 62 as yet unidentified species are designated by number. A checklist of all recorded species, and keys and descriptions of taxonomically important criteria of the species and higher ranks are included herein. A preliminary investigation of the ecology of the nymphs collected by the author in the Alouette River and by Dr. G.G.E. Scudder in the lakes of the Chilcotin, Cariboo, and Nicola Valley regions revealed no "preference" of the nymphs for the middle or edges of the river or for particle size of the substrate. An accurate determination of the latter, however, is not obtainable with the type of collecting equipment employed during this study. Some "preference" was shown by a number of species for specific rates of current flow. No correlation between the species of nymphs and the pH or the salinity of the environment was determined. Suggestions are put forward for the extension of our knowledge of the taxonomy, ecology, and biology of the Ephemeroptera. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

The problem of alcoholism is a major health concern in many countries of the world. The "skid row" alcoholic represents a minority of all alcoholics and shows deterioration to the extreme. This study is a survey of a group of "hard core" alcoholics who live in the downtown area of Vancouver, B.C. While recognizing the importance of physiological, psychological and psychiatric factors, the study evaluates the problem mainly within a sociological frame of reference. In particular, the concept of "retreatism" as set forth by R.K. Merton is related to specific characteristics of the skid row alcoholic's social functioning. The chief source of the data used is the records kept by the Vancouver City jail for the year I960 and before. These data are limited to such factors as age, education, and marital status. Consequently, evaluation of the data is limited to establishing the fact of retreatism and relating this to possible etiological factors in the light of information from other studies. A survey of treatment facilities and resources available to the skid row alcoholic illustrates a negative community attitude toward the problem. It is noted that while the public attitude toward alcoholism as a medical and social problem is changing, this is not reflected in services provided. Both government and private agencies regard the skid row alcoholic as "hopeless", and no coordinated program is in operation. Evaluation of the study indicates that while the facts do not serve as "proof" of Merton's theory, they appear to be consistent with the formulation of the phenomena of retreatism, and imply a need for further detailed research. Further, the results are compared with similar studies and appear to be sufficiently consistent to indicate that the skid row alcoholic represents a national problem which is costly and wasteful of human resources. The greatest need is for proper assessment, combined with long-term treatment and rehabilitation facilities, to supplant the present "revolving door" policies. Prerequisite to this, public education must be accelerated, since changes in community attitudes are needed if the skid row alcoholic is to be regarded as the product of cultural inadequacies and not simply as example of individual "moral weakness". / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

The extensive literature in the active field of community power studies suffers from a lack of comparative work in areas other than middle-sized North American cities, while the literature on overseas Chinese communities lacks sophisticated methods of study and precise results. This thesis is an attempt to augment the literature in both areas by applying community power study techniques to the overseas Chinese community in Vancouver. An interview schedule was constructed and interviews were conducted with thirty-five leading Chinese who held at least one office in a Chinese association. Information obtained included the personal background of leaders, their opinions on leaders and associations, and their reports on various recent issues in the Chinese community. Responses concerning the influence of leaders, the influence of associations, and the basis of leadership were taken as components of ideology. Unfortunately, these components showed little relationship to each other or to the two variables with which they were expected to be associated: the generation and number of offices of the evaluator. Nominations of generally influential leaders were related to nominations of leaders in the particular areas of welfare, representation of the community, the Chinese language schools, and business. Frequently nominated general influentials were also often named as particularly well-informed about community affairs. There was also a relationship between general nominations and offices held, although the correlation was less than had been expected. The general nominations were slightly biased because second generation leaders were over-represented in the sample, made more general nominations than first generation subjects, and more often nominated leaders of their own generation. Fifty-five men were named as general influentials; twenty-five of these were nominated by at least two men of one generation. Ten were classed as first generation leaders and fifteen as second generation leaders. The two top groups of influentials were distinct in age, occupation, number of offices, and prominence in school activities. Both groups were distinguished from the thirty lesser leaders in the frequency of their nominations in the particular areas of influence, except for business influence. The first generation leaders were also distinguished by a greater number of offices. General nominations of associations were also related to nominations in the specific areas of welfare, schools, and representation, as well as to the total general nominations received by the association officers and to the number of joint-officer links with other associations. First and second generation respondents made much the same associational nominations aside from the greater second generation tendency to nominate associations prominent in welfare. Association nominations were also related to the "distance" between the respondent and the association: his own associations and associations directly linked to them were disproportionately named. Four main issues were isolated. The number of leaders named for an issue was less than that for a specific issue area, in turn less than the number of general leaders named. Leaders overlapped little from issue to issue. Almost all issue leaders were also named as general leaders. Associations were rarely mentioned as influential in the issues; their activities seem to be confined to their own members as a rule. General influence was found to be a useful variable for both associations and leaders. It was closely related to more specific influence and to strategic location on communication channels formed by executive overlaps. Broadly, the thesis indicates that it is useful and feasible to approach Chinese communities with the techniques and findings developed for North American towns. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

The rocks of the Shuswap terrane have been the subject of controversy for more than 65 years. Jones (1959) recently presented evidence that in the Vernon map-area the original rocks and the superimposed metamorphism are all pre-Permian in age and probably pre-Cambrian. Jones also described (1959, pp. 47-4-9 and pp. 28-29) five different localities where unconformities separate Shuswap rocks of the Monashee and Chapperon groups from rocks of the Cache Creek group of Permian age. The present writer mapped in detail three of these localities, near Lavington, at B.X. Creek and at Salmon River. Near Lavington the contact described by Jones as an unconformity is considered to be a fault. However, the relations between metamorphic and non-metamorphic rocks are compatible with the existence of an unconformity which, if it exists, is not exposed. At B.X. Creek, the arcuate path described by Jones as marking an unconformity was found to follow a nearly-straight line in a northerly direction and to coincide with two parallel, steeply-dipping and north-trending faults which truncate the non-metamorphic rocks. At Salmon River the evidence for an unconformity is strong. The rocks below the unconformity are chloritic and argillaceous schists of the Chapperon group and strike northeast with steep dips to the southeast and northwest. The rocks above the unconformity are calcarenites, feld-spathic volcanic wackes and tuffs grading upward into argillites, and have been described by Jones as part of the Cache Creek group; they strike north or slightly east of north and dip gently to the west or west-northwest. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

For almost a century, British Columbia has exhibited a marked dependence on overseas markets to absorb a large proportion of the provincial, primary and secondary natural-resource production. The geographical location of the province, on Canada's western seaboard, and the bulky nature of many of the export commodities, makes the ocean highway a logical transportation link in the distribution of this commerce to foreign markets. The objective of this study is to trace and quantify, as precisely as possible, the development of this international, seaborne trade. It is impossible to present a complete and comprehensive account of all the items of commerce entering into British Columbia's maritime, foreign trade. However, a detailed analysis of international shipping activity on the Canadian Pacific Coast shows that, throughout the period under review, the export movement has been far more significant than the corresponding import movement. Moreover, a few staple commodities, grain, lumber, pulp and paper, coal, mineral concentrates and refined metals, have formed the mainstay of this outward traffic flow. Consequently, the scope of the study is restricted to a consideration of the distributional patterns of maritime foreign trade associated with export shipments of these commodities. The preponderance of the export movement is also reflected in the traffic balance of the individual ports on the Canadian Pacific Coast. All these ports exhibit a common characteristic in their function to serve the province's basic, export industries, and, to a lesser extent, to tranship bulk commodities from Alberta and Saskatchewan. This common bond constitutes the basis for a collective study of all these shipping points under a single term - The Port of British Columbia. A map showing the distribution of these shipping points, further demonstrates that most of them are located at points in and around the Strait of Georgia which, in effect, constitutes one large, natural harbour and is the core region of the Pacific Coast port. In addition to this central core, the remaining shipping points may be grouped into two export-oriented outports centred on the Alberni Canal area and northern coast respectively. The procedure adopted in this thesis thus attempts to answer the following questions arising out of a study of the maritime foreign trade of the Port of British Columbia. What were the chief commodities exported, and in what quantity? What effect did this trade have with regard to the number, distribution, and relative importance of shipping points within the Port of British Columbia? What were the dominant directional patterns of flow, and which were the most important forelands for these export shipments? The answers to these questions, with respect to the trade in specific commodities, are given in chapters three, four and five. The maritime foreign trade of the Port of British Columbia can be subdivided into four relatively distinct phases. Beginning in the middle of the eighteenth century, trade increased steadily until 1900, and, following a period of stagnation in the first decade of this century, continued to increase slowly until the end of the First World War. Throughout this Phase of Early Development, the principal exports were coal from Vancouver Island, and lumber from the Lower Mainland, and the number of shipping points closely reflected the number of operating mines and mills. Export forelands were confined to markets within the Pacific Basin, chiefly California and Australia. The opening of the Panama Canal, the construction of grain elevators and the first pulp and paper mills, together with an extremely favourable trading environment after the war, stimulated a vast increase in cargo traffic from the Pacific Coast. The Phase of Expansion of the maritime foreign trade of the Port of British Columbia, between 1919 and 1929, was based on the expansion and diversification of the export trade in forest products, and, after 1921, on the spectacular development of the western grain route. Patterns of accessibility in maritime space were drastically altered by the opening of the Panama Canal, and, throughout this phase, the commodity flow through the new waterway dominated the pattern of foreign exports from the province. The United Kingdom emerged as the most important individual, export foreland, and the significance of Atlantic markets was further emphasised by the growth of waterborne lumber shipments to the Eastern United States. In the Phase of Recession, between 1930 and 1945, the magnitude of the export movement underwent marked fluctuations as first depression, and later war, profoundly influenced world commodity trade. The general decline in international shipping activity resulted in only a slight reduction in the number of shipping points on the Pacific Coast. Export forelands showed a marked contraction as tariff barriers excluded British Columbia exports from many foreign markets. The dominant directional pattern of commodity flow was still southward through the Panama Canal, despite the diversion of the grain trade to Eastern Canadian ports, but it now consisted chiefly of lumber shipments destined for the United Kingdom. The final episode in the development of the maritime foreign trade of the Port of British Columbia, the Phase of Post-War Growth, has witnessed an unprecedented expansion in the volume of grain, lumber, newsprint and wood pulp exported from the Pacific Coast. Shipments of iron and copper concentrates, coking coal and aluminum, have given added strength to this export movement. This phase of greatly augmented maritime intercourse has brought a new era of prosperity to all sections of the coast, but especially to the area served by the two outports. The most significant change in the distributional pattern of export forelands has been the development of a large commodity flow to Asian markets, the logical destinations for export shipments from the Port of British Columbia. For the first time since 1920, trade with Pacific countries has exceeded that shipped through the Panama Canal. There is every reason to conclude that the positive trend of the post-war period will be continued over the next decade. Each of the export commodities, investigated in this study, exhibits a common growth potential, and in the future, as in the past, the Port of British Columbia will play an important role in the transportation of these exports to foreign markets. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate