寬頻擴散可促進國家之生產力、就業、經濟成長及國家競爭力等，若能精準找出促進寬頻擴散之關鍵影響因素，將有利於政府集中資源有效率地推動寬頻發展。本研究提出研究問題與假說，以Rogers (2003)及Hall (2006)所提出影響創新擴散速率之社經因素、採用成本、採用效益、網路效應、資訊及不確定性及產業環境等6大因素面向為基礎，蒐集OECD國家及台灣等31國家相關資料，挑選Gompertz模型進行固定寬頻擴散Panel資料迴歸分析，發現各因素在全期及不同擴散階段有不同之顯著性與影響程度，表示分階段分析有其必要性。擴散初期之關鍵影響因素為收入、教育水準、平台競爭程度、人口密度及實施LLU累積年度等5項，而擴散後期之關鍵影響因素為寬頻價格、網際網路內容、決定採用時固定寬頻用戶比例、撥接用戶比例及擁有PC家庭比例等5項，可作為政府及業者於不同擴散階段精準投入資源以有效推動寬頻擴散之參考。 本研究續以前述分析結果選取日本、南韓、美國、丹麥、瑞士及台灣進行實際擴散比較，確認前述關鍵影響因素挑選之有效性。擴散初期，台灣有高人口密度優勢，若能提早推動寬頻並推動促進競爭措施，可促進初期之快速擴散。擴散後期，台灣國際排名退步，原因為寬頻價格過高，故此階段政府及業者應特別確保寬頻價格能夠使潛在採用者有能力並願意付費採用，才能促使寬頻持續有效擴散。 最後，本研究採用與固定寬頻相同迴歸分析模型對FTTX及行動寬頻分別進行分析後，有關行動寬頻，教育水準、寬頻價格、決定採用時行動寬頻用戶比例、人口密度、網際網路內容、使用固定寬頻語音服務比例、決定採用時FTTX用戶比例及使用網際網路家庭比例等8項變數有顯著效應；有關行動寬頻，收入、寬頻價格、網際網路內容、決定採用時行動寬頻用戶比例、使用網際網路家庭比例及人口密度等6項變數有顯著效應。因此，政府及業者若擬促進特定寬頻服務發展，仍須針對其服務特性推動特定之政策或策略。其中，寬頻價格、網際網路內容、網路效應及使用網際網路家庭比例等4項因素對FTTX及行動寬頻服務之影響類似，而此4個因素與固定寬頻後期擴散之關鍵影響因素較相近，因此，對於已存在市場的服務，即使是後來以較佳品質或功能之新服務型式提供，新服務之關鍵影響因素仍較接近已存在市場服務關鍵因素。 總之，本研究不同於過去文獻，以創新擴散理論為基礎，以國家層級資料量化分析與探討寬頻擴散之關鍵影響因素，除分別提供政策及管理建議供政府及業者參考外，亦補強Rogers (2003)及Hall (2006)所提出創新擴散理論未釐清與比較創新擴散影響因素在不同擴散階段影響之不足。 / Broadband diffusion may enhance innovation, productivity, employment, economic growth, and, ultimately, national competitiveness. If key determinants for broadband diffusion are identified, governments can align its resources with them to effectively promote the diffusion. Based on the determinants of the diffusion rate identified by Rogers (2003) and Hall (2006), this research compiled data available about OECD countries as well as Taiwan to implement overall and staged panel regressions on fixed broadband diffusion by adopting Gompertz model. The findings indicate that the significance of the determinants varies between overall and staged analysis, which consequently justifies the necessity of a staged analysis. The key determinants in the early stage are income, education level, platform competition, population density, and the accumulated years of implementing LLU policy; however, in the late stage they are broadband price, Internet content, network effect, the penetration of dial-up users, and percentage of household with computer. Governments may more accurately promote broadband diffusion according to different key determinants in different stages. This research further compared the real fixed broadband diffusion of Japan, South Korea, USA, Denmark, Switzerland, and Taiwan based on the previous analysis results. The findings generally justify the choice of key determinants in the previous analysis. In the early stage, Taiwan had the advantage of high population density. If the government could have promoted fixed broad banded services and market competition earlier, the penetration would have grown much faster. In the late stage, since the broadband price was too high in Taiwan, its international ranking of fixed broadband penetration declined. Therefore, in order to further promote the diffusion of fixed broadband, the government should have ensured that the price was low enough to convince the potential adoptors to purchase broadband services. Finally, this research adopted the same approach as that of previous fixed broadband to analyze the diffusion of FTTX and mobile broadband, respectively. Education level, broadband price, network effect of FTTX, network effect of mobile broadband, Internet content, population density, percentage of household with computer, and the penetration of fixed VOIP users have significant effect on FTTX diffusion. However, income, broadband price, network effect of mobile broadband, Internet content, population density, and percentage of household with computer have significant effect on mobile broadband diffusion. Therefore, governments or operators should tailor their policies or strategies for specific services. The effects of broadband price, Internet content, network effect, and percentage of household with computer are similar in both FTTX and mobile broadband, and they are also similar to the key determinants of fixed broadband diffusion in the late stage. Therefore, even though a new service with better quality or function is introduced in an existing market, its key determinants are more similar to those of the existing service depending on its diffusion stage. In conclusion, different from previous research, this one applied national-level data to quantatively analyzed and explore the key determinants of broadband diffusion based on innovation diffusion theory. The research findings not only propose policy and management suggestions to governments and service providers, but also supplement the the theory proposed by Rogers (2003) and Hall (2006), which did not identify and compare the determinants of innovation in different diffusion stages.

This thesis presents an exploratory study into the development of digital societies and it examines public sector modernization and innovation from a technology management perspective. The study presents reasons why most city-wide or council-wide development of wireless broadband access networks currently end in failure or are unsustainable. It also suggests its links with wider problems of innovation management and the commercial failure of otherwise technically competent solutions It explores the modernisation of society, government, the underlying theories that influence it as well as the innovations triggered by its wake. The exercise reveals a myriad of innovations; firstly in the modernisation of the infrastructure of government and secondly in the development of societal infrastructure in the form of broadband networks.

近年來，資訊社會的典型現象紛紛浮現，資訊量爆炸對於人類在經濟、政治與文化等生活各層面上的重大影響性，皆促使人類對於網路頻寬和傳輸速度的渴求程度越來越強烈。於是，窄頻網路已無法再滿足龐大且多元的資訊傳輸，取而代之的是寬頻網路的應用。在許多國家陸續推動寬頻網路建置與接取政策的同時，也重新關注普及服務的定位以及其所能發揮的功能，開始思考是否可運用普及服務機制以達到寬頻網路普及接取的目標。OECD早在2003年就曾探討將寬頻網路接取制定為普及服務義務的先決條件。歐盟自2005年起也開始正式討論是否要修改普及服務指令以將寬頻網路的接取納入普及服務的義務當中。瑞士、芬蘭、英國和美國則已經陸續開始推行寬頻普及服務的相關政策。而我國國家通訊傳播委員會則於2007年開始相繼推動「村村有寬頻」與「部落(鄰)有寬頻」政策，要求普及服務提供者提供偏遠地區居民2 Mbps的寬頻網路接取服務。 然而，將寬頻接取定義為普及服務目前卻受到廣泛探討與爭論，最關鍵的問題就是寬頻網路究竟是不是資訊社會中的基本電信服務。因此，本研究旨在探討普及服務機制在各國推動寬頻網路建置與接取政策上的定位，以及目前寬頻普及服務的相關推動方式。這其中牽涉的範圍廣泛，包含寬頻普及服務接取速率的認定、政策推動單位、業者的範圍界定、經費來源的規劃與調整等，在在都牽動著國家寬頻網路的發展。 本研究歸納我國目前數據普及服務與寬頻政策之間的關係，並依據國外推動寬頻普及接取政策的綜合經驗，對於我國未來推動寬頻普及服務的政策提出以下研究建議：（一）確立我國寬頻普及服務的政策目標，政府應該將寬頻普及接取的目標納入「數位匯流發展方案」，確立在2012年之前可以讓我國所有家庭都能接取基本的寬頻網路服務；（二）整合各部會資源，由NICI負責統籌與協調各部會的力量與資源，最重要的是要求各部會配合以達到資源整合的效果；（三）政府與業者合力推動寬頻普及服務，數據普及服務提供者負責建置寬頻網路，政府則負責電腦設備或是網路教育訓練等的後續補助；（四）整合有線與無線技術達成目標；（五）考量是否挹注公共經費以促進寬頻建置的目標。 / With the advent of information society, people become eager for the greatest degree of bandwidth and highest transmission rate on the Internet. Obviously since narrow bandwidth can neither meet the service demands of the masses, nor transmit all data efficiently, broadband has taken on ever greater importance. When implementing policies in regard to broadband infrastructure and access, many countries start to pay their attention again to the role and function of universal service and the feasibility of promoting universal broadband access by universal service mechanism. Starting in 2003, OECD has debated the preconditions for widening the scope of universal service obligation to include broadband. The EU also began in 2005 the formal public consultation to discuss the possibility of revising Universal Service Directive to include broadband as part of universal service obligation. However, redefinition of the scope of universal service to include broadband now faces many challenges. Among them, whether broadband is an essential telecommunications service necessary for information society has become the most crucial issue. Therefore, this study aims to explore the role of universal service in policies of promoting broadband infrastructure and access, as well as current approaches to accelerate implementation of universal broadband access in different countries. Relevant issues include determination of data transmission rate, involvement of government and service providers, sources of funding, among other issues yet to be resolved. By comparison of the approaches among foreign governments with that of Taiwan, this study suggests the following: (1) The Government should include the goal of universal broadband access into its “Digital Convergence Development Plan,” providing every household in Taiwan access to basic broadband service by 2012. (2) NICI should take charge of coordinating resources among Governmental Departments so as to make effective use of all resources. (3) The Government and telecommunications operators should cooperate closely and strive to deliver broadband universal service. (4) Both wireline and wireless technologies should be fully utilized. (5) The role of public funding for this goal should be highly considered.

In this dissertation, we study energy efficient transmission in wireless communication networks. The general problem of energy efficient transmission over wireless networks is formulated into optimization problems for the following distinct (but inter-related) settings: Problem Setting 1: The minimization of energy (power) consumption given a system throughput and other constraints, and Problem Setting 2: The maximization of system throughput given energy (power) constraints. Under Problem Setting 1, we focus on energy efficient transmission problems over wideband channels. The first result we obtain is as follows: We consider a two user multiple access channel. In this multiple access channel, previous research shows that cooperation with respect to block error rate is only possible if two transmitters share their sources completely. However, we find that a modified pulse position modulation with synchronization enables cooperation without complete sharing of their sources between two transmitters if we replace a block error rate requirement with a normalized error rate constraint. Normalized error rate, a quantity that resembles bit error rate, is developed in this work as an error metric that is of value in practical communication systems. We show full cooperation between two transmitters without sharing their sources by deriving that the minimum energy per bit required for reliable transmission reduces by quarter compared with the minimum energy per bit required for point-to-point channels. Next, we generalize this analysis to a cognitive communication framework with a wideband cognitive transmitter, which can causally sense signal levels over multiple frequency bands, and a cognitive receiver. We assume that multiple legitimate users already exist in the system and each one transmits in its own non-overlapping frequency band. In this setting, from order statistical analysis, we show that the wideband cognitive transmit-receive pair is able to communicate reliably with minimum energy as if the legitimate users were absent from the system, while causing negligible interference to bandlimited legitimate users. The wideband cognitive transmit-receive pair employs a strategy defined as opportunistic group orthogonal signaling to achieve the minimum energy per bit. Under Problem Setting 2, we investigate the impact of correlation and transmit and receive strategies on the throughput of multiple antenna broadcast channels in cellular networks. With perfect channel state information at the transmitter, it is well known that dirty paper coding (DPC) is the optimal multi-user broadcast transmission method. However, with partial channel state information at the transmitter, the picture changes significantly. Specifically, since multi-user transmission is unable to employ DPC perfectly, singleuser transmission strategies can have a better performance than multi-user transmission strategies when we have a small number of users and correlated antenna gains. We explore the trade-offs between the single-user and multiuser MIMO transmission strategies. Order statistical analysis provides us with both analytical expressions and insights about these trade-offs. We verify that the analytical framework that we develop is accurate by checking the values obtained against numerical results. From this analysis, we confirm that 'mode switching' between single-user and multi-user MIMO transmission schemes is necessary for maximizing throughput for emerging MIMO solutions. Finally, we suggest an adaptive mode switching algorithm between single-user and multi-user MIMO transmission strategies based on this analytical framework. / text

Στην εποχή της Κοινωνίας της Πληροφορίας, η υψηλού επιπέδου υγειονομική περίθαλψη αποτελεί σημαντική ανάγκη για τον ανθρώπινο πληθυσμό. Η σύγχρονη τεχνολογία και επιστήμη έχει συμβάλει στην παροχή βελτιωμένων υπηρεσιών υγείας, σε όλες τις ομάδες ατόμων που αντιμετωπίζουν διάφορα και σημαντικά προβλήματα, όπως τα άτομα με κινητικές αναπηρίες,με προβλήματα όρασης, μνήμης, ακοής καθώς και τα άτομα της τρίτης ηλικίας. Εντούτοις, το πρόβλημα στην επαρκή και αποτελεσματική υγειονομική περίθαλψη για τους ηλικιωμένους και τους κατοίκους των νησιών ή άλλων περιοχών με απομακρυσμένη πρόσβαση, δεν ήταν ποτέ πιο επίκαιρο απ’ ότι είναι σήμερα. Τα στοιχεία της Ευρωπαϊκής Στατιστικής Υπηρεσίας «Eurostat», έδειξαν ότι το 2008, στην Ελλάδα, οι πολίτες άνω των 65 ετών αντιπροσώπευαν το 19% του πληθυσμού, ποσοστό που τείνει να αυξηθεί στο 31%, έως το 2050. Τούτο συνεπάγεται ότι ο πληθυσμός «γερνά» και οι απαιτήσεις στο επίπεδο της ιατρικής πρόληψης, διάγνωσης και παρέμβασης, αυξάνουν γεωμετρικά. Προκειμένου να αντιμετωπισθεί το πρόβλημα, αλλά και να βελτιωθεί η υφιστάμενη παροχή υπηρεσιών υγείας, η αναγκαιότητα για την ανάπτυξη της Ευρυζωνικότητας (broad banding), και την αύξηση της χρήσης των Τηλεματικών ιατρικών εφαρμογών, είναι τόσο προφανής, όσο και αναγκαία. Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία αποσκοπεί στην περιγραφή και παρουσίαση ,τόσο της σημασίας όσο και της χρήσης της Ευρυζωνικότητας, καλύπτοντας τις σύγχρονες απαιτήσεις και προκλήσεις στο χώρο της Υγείας. Επίσης, παρουσιάζονται παραδείγματα των ευρυζωνικών τηλεϊατρικών εφαρμογών σε διάφορες ειδικότητες της Ιατρικής επιστήμης, τα πλεονεκτήματα που προσφέρουν, καθώς και τους τρόπους με τους οποίους οι Τηλεπικοινωνίες και τα Eυρυζωνικά Δίκτυα εξασφαλίζουν την αποτελεσματική και ασφαλή συλλογή,επεξεργασία,αποστολή και αποθήκευση των ιατρικών δεδομένων. / In our days, we experience the significance and the power of the free flow of the digital information and that is a fact that depends on the new broadband technologies. The new age technology and science applications offer a wide variety of medical services to all the vulnerable to health problems social groups, such as people with special needs and disabilities, people who are vision impaired, memory impaired, people with motor disabilities or aged people. In addition, the problem for those social groups arises from the distant location of their homes, in cases of living on islands or in remote villages, or at gnarled areas where it is difficult for the local health providers to gain a foothold. The statistics of the European Statistic Service, named “Eurostat”, have informed us that for the year 2008 in Greece, the older than 65 years Greek citizens represent the 19 % of the general population and it is predicted that this percentage will grow up to 31% until the year of 2050. It emerges that the Greeks become elderly and the health requirements such as medical prevention, medical diagnosis and medical intervention, increase with a high rate. To overcome this situation, it is necessary to use the modern broadband technologies in the service of medicine as well as we need to learn and use the telematic applications in medicine with a better degree of effectiveness. This thesis intends to describe, on the one side the significance of using the modern broadband technologies to provide high level health services and on the other side to describe the ways that these technologies are capable of solving daily medical problems, such as remote patient monitoring, telediagnosis, teleconsultation etc. Last but not least, this thesis describes the ways that the telecommunication technologies can secure the collection, transfer, forwarding and elaboration of digital medical images.

An animation system gives a dynamic and life-like feel to character motions, allowing motion behaviour that far transcends the mere spatial translations of classic computer games. This increase in behavioural complexity however does not come for free as animation systems often are haunted by considerable performance overhead, the extent of which reflecting the complexity of the desired system.  In game development performance optimization is key, the pursuit of which is aided by the static hardware configuration of modern gaming consoles. These allow extensive optimization through specializing the application, at whole or in part, to the underlying hardware architecture. In this master's theses a method, that efficiently utilizes the parallel architecture of the PlayStation®3, is proposed in order to migrate the process of animation evaluation and blending from a single-thread implementation on the main processor to a fully parallelized multi-thread solution on the associated coprocessors. This method is further complimented with an in-depth study of the underlying theoretical foundations, as well as a reflection on similar works and approaches as used by other contemporary game development companies.

New digital distribution and value capture models have emerged on the global music industry scene in the last ten years. These models are highly dependent on a strong underlying communications and broadband internet infrastructure which is largely present in most developed markets. South Africa, however, is a developing country whose broadband infrastructure is still nascent and not as widely available or accessible. Due to the permeation of mobile technology, most broadband internet access is likely to occur through the mobile networks in most developing markets. This stands in stark contrast to developed markets where broadband internet access occurs primarily via fixed line infrastructure with mobile as a secondary option.This research set out to investigate whether digital value distribution and value capture models which succeeded in developed countries would be suitable for the South African music industry given the broadband infrastructure constraints and the different internet access methodologies prevalent in this developing market. This research employed an exploratory research methodology in order to investigate this question and found that a mixture of value distribution and value capture models would address the entire market requirement, with mobile-centric digital distribution models being most suitable for mass market deployment. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

This thesis presents an exploratory study into the development of digital societies and it examines public sector modernization and innovation from a technology management perspective. The study presents reasons why most city-wide or council-wide development of wireless broadband access networks currently end in failure or are unsustainable. It also suggests its links with wider problems of innovation management and the commercial failure of otherwise technically competent solutions It explores the modernisation of society, government, the underlying theories that influence it as well as the innovations triggered by its wake. The exercise reveals a myriad of innovations; firstly in the modernisation of the infrastructure of government and secondly in the development of societal infrastructure in the form of broadband networks.

The ocean symbolizes mystery, passion, and power. However, most of the ocean, about 80 %, is unknown to humans. AUVs (Autonomous Underwater Vehicles) provide a platform where terrain mapping, the biodiversity, and the resource survey of the ocean become accessible. Unlike ROVs (Remotely Operated Vehicle), AUVs operate according to their preset program which specifies the instructions required in different environments. One design aspects of AUVs that must be considered is that the data it acquire needs to be transmitted to a ground station (typically a ship). Although underwater acoustic communication is available nowadays, the low transmission rate and narrow bandwidth makes it unsuitable for large data transmission. For large sets of data, transmission with electromagnetic waves is more suitable. LoLo is an AUV which is designed and assembled at KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden. Its wireless communication system consists of five components: RC (radio communication, 2.4 GHz), RF (radio frequency, 868 MHz), WIFI (wireless fidelity, 2.4 GHz), 4G (4th generation, 800 MHz, 1.8 GHz and 2.6 GHz) and GPS (global positioning system, 1.575 GHz). The goal of this project is to design an antenna board where the five subsystems are integrated. Importantly, due to the influence of seawater and waves, the resonant frequency of the antenna will fluctuate to a certain extent. Therefore, we need a robust, and preferably broadband, antenna system. In this project, we integrated printed dipole and monopole antennas on a single circuit board. The printed dipole antennas operate over a reasonable bandwidth and their radiation pattern is omnidirectional. The monopole antenna is designed to have multiple resonant frequencies which can cover BAND 20 (800 MHz) and BAND 3 (1.8 GHz) of the 4G service in Sweden. The 4G antenna shows good omnidirectional characteristics in the lower frequency band (band 20) and broadband characteristic in the higher frequency band. The upper 4G band is to be used to transmit large sets of data if a signal can be detected. The lower 4G band is added to provide redundancy. The antenna board is manufactured and measured. The results show the consistency with the simulation results and meets the requirement of the project. / Havet symboliserar mysterium, passion och kraft. Men det mesta av havet, cirka 80 %, är okänt för människor. AUVs (Autonomous Underwater Vehicles) är en plattform där terrängkartläggning, biologisk mångfald och resursundersökning blir tillgänglig. Till skillnad från ROVs (Remotely Operated Vehicles) fungerar AUVs enligt sitt förinställda program som specificerar de instruktioner som krävs i olika miljöer. Den data som den förvärvade måste överföras till en markstation (oftast en båt). Även om akustiska kommunikationen under vatten är möjlig idag gör den låga överföringshastigheten och den smala bandbredden den olämplig för stora dataöverföringar. I dessa fall är det bättre att överföra data med hjälp av elektromagnetiska vågor. LoLo är en AUV som är designad på KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sverige. Dess trådlösa kommunikationssystem består av fem delsystem: RC (radiokommunikation, 2.4 GHz), RF (radiofrekvens, 868 GHz), WIFI (trådlös fidelity, 2.4 GHz), 4G (4 generationen av mobilnätverket, 800 MHz och 1.8 GHz) och GPS (global positioning system, 1.575 GHz). Målet med detta projekt är att designa antennerna för dessa fem delsystem. Viktigt att notera är antennernas resonansfrrekvens påverkas till viss del av havsvatten och vågor. Därför behövs vi ett robust, bredbandsantennsystem. I detta projekt integrerade vi dipolantenner och en monopolantenn på ett kretskort. Dipolantennerna har rimlig bandbredd och är omnidirektionella. Monopolantennen ger oss flera resonansfrekvenser som kan täcka Band 20 (800 MHz) och Band 3 (1.8 GHz) av 4Gspektrumet i Sverige. 4Gantennen visar omnidirektionella strålningsegenskaper i det lägre band et (band 20) och har vred bandbredd i det högre band et. Det högre bandet kommer användas för att skicka mycket data om en signal kan säkras. Det lägre bandet ger redundans. Antennen tillverkas och mäts i ett ekofritt rum. Mätresultaten stämmer överens med simuleringsresultaten och uppfyller projektets krav.

ITC/USA 2006 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Second Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 23-26, 2006 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / With the recent broadband upgrades to various cellular infrastructures and the myriad new emerging wireless broadband standards and services offered by carriers, it is often difficult to navigate this sea of technology. In deciding the best choice for broadband telemetry applications, one must look not only at the technology, but also at the economics, market timing, bandwidths, legacy issues, future expandability and coverage, security, protocols, and the requirements of the specific application. This paper reviews the technology roadmap of cellular providers keeping these issues in perspective as they apply to TCP/IP data for images, audio, video, and other broadband telemetry data using CDMA 1xRTT, EV-DO, and EV-DO Rev A systems as well as GSM GPRS/EDGE, UMTS/W-CDMA, HSDPA, and HSUPA networks. Lastly, issues seen by system integrators when using cellular channels for telemetry applications are examined, and a case is presented for overcoming many of these issues through the use of cellular routers.