Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to compare the potential for foreign direct investment (FDI) in Angola and Nigeria. The investment criteria of WAIPA (World Association for Investment Agencies) and UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) were used as framework for comparison. FDI is of great importance to developing countries in as far as the inflow of foreign capital to host countries, transfer of knowledge and technology takes place thereby strengthening the economy of host countries to compete in the global economy. The point of departure was that Angola and Nigeria do not meet the WAIPAIUNCTAD investment requirements, but yet they receive large amounts of FDI. This reason for these inflows of FDI, was one of the key questions that needed to be answered. The study showed that both Angola and Nigeria have large oil and natural gas reserves, and that the majority of FDI that they receive, are invested in these sectors. Natural resources are one of the WAIPAIUNCTAD investment criteria. Die conclusion of the study was that Angola and Nigeria do not meet the majority of the investment criteria, and this is also the explanation that there is very little FDI investment outside of the oil sector in these two countries. The most important conclusion is that multi-national companies will invest in countries if conditions are not ideal, but that the returns are higher than the risk associated with the investment. This is the case in Angola and Nigeria with their large oil and natural gas reserves. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie werkstuk is, om die potensiaal vir direkte buitelandse investering (DFI) van Angola and Nigeria te vergelyk. Die investerings kriteria van WAIPA (World Association for Investment Agencies) en UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) is gebruik as vergelykings raamwerk. DFI is van groot belang vir ontwikkelende lande deurdat buitelandse kapitaal in die gasheer land belê word, oordrag van kennis en tegnologie plaasvind en dus daardeur die gasheer land se ekonomie versterk en meer kompeterend maak om in die globale ekonomie te funksioneer. Daar is van die veronderstelling uitgegaan dat Angola en Nigeria nie aan die vereistes voldoen van WAIPA/UNCTAD nie, maar ten spyte daarvan ontvang hierdie lande nog steeds groot bedrae DFI. Die rede vir hierdie verskynsel is een van die kernvrae wat beantwoord moes word deur die werkstuk. Dit blyk uit die werkstuk dat beide Angola en Nigeria oor groot bronne olie en natuurlike gas besit en dat die oorgrote meerderheid van die DFI wat hierdie lande ontvang, in hierdie sektor belê word. Natuurlike hulpbronne is een van die WAIPA/UNCTAD kriteria vir DFI. Die gevolgtrekking van die studie is dat die Angola en Nigerie nie aan die meerderheid van hierdie belegings kriteria voldoen nie, en dat dit die verklaring is dat daar uiters min DFI beleggins buite die olie sektor in hierdie twee lande is. Die belangrikste gevolgtrekking is egter dat multi nasionale maatskapye wel in lande sal belê indien die opbrengs op investerings groter is as die risiko verbonde daaraan, soos in die geval van Angola en Nigeria met hul groot olie hulpbronne.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / In 1999, a study was conducted by Christo Nel within the People Management and Leadership domain. His research was based on responses to a questionnaire regarding the application of people management practices as a means of competitive advantage. The study was implemented to investigate and elicit opinions and reasons vis-a-vis the importance of specific people management practices to globally competitive organisations. In early 2001, building on Nel's research, Bekker and de Villiers embarked on a comprehensive study of literature regarding the nine people management practices within organisations. This was done by exploring each of the specific people management practices with a view to gleaning information about programmes that best-in-class organisations have implemented to ensure that employees are aligned with the following factors: Knowledge development (or knowledge management) - How to best "partner technology with a corporate culture and business processes, and using this as a vehicle to manage and deliver the business information and expertise of fellow workers to the most fundamental driver of business growth: the knowledge worker." Service excellence - Ensuring that organisations are fully accountable to their customers and providing a strong level of service. Focus on goals - Ensuring that organisations are emphasising the conversion of overall organisational objectives into specific objectives for organisational units or individual members (i.e. a process whereby objectives are "cascaded" down the organisation). Participation Encouraging employees to "take ownership and responsibility for business results," through programmes such as ESOP plans, representative participation and employee empowerment. From the vast amount of information that has been synthesised pertaining to the topic, a clear thread runs through the dissertation: Agility! An agile firm manages change as a matter of routine. By combining a competitive vision with internal and external initiatives, and the application of technology, an enterprise can deliver on the four key competitive priorities - cost, quality, dependability, and flexibility. The proposed model suggests that being focused on organisational goals is central to effectively utilising an organisation's biggest asset, namely its people. By linking goals to all the other people management practices, an organisation becomes increasingly agile and more adept at outperforming its competition.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: When South Africa re-entered the global arena, her immediate priority was to search for and affirm her position in the global economy. In this process, South Africa has witnessed massive job losses that compounded the already existing problem of unemployment. South Africa is considered to be one of the countries with the highest levels of unemployment - a fact that has raised a great deal of concern among Government, Business and Labour. This study project examines the functioning of South Africa's labour market with the intention of establishing whether or not it is linked to the problem of unemployment. The study draws labour-flexibility comparisons between the world's most flexible and deregulated labour market (USA) and Europe; and, relatively, tries to find South Africa's position. The study has revealed that there is a relationship between flexibility and employment - countries with flexible labour markets, ceteris paribus, also have high levels of ~- employment and vice versa. The study has also revealed that a culmination of high levels of illiteracy, trade union activities and the new labour laws has resulted into labour market rigidities which are partly responsible for the high rate of unemployment in South Africa. The study has also revealed that any effort by South Africa to adopt the US-style of labour market flexibility should be accompanied by some other policy checks to ensure maximum benefits. This is based on the finding that flexibility per se could have devastating effects for the economy. It is not only the labour market rigidities that are responsible for the current high rate of unemployment in South Africa. Factors like persistent and systematic decline in labour absorption capacity vis-a '-vis persistent and systematic increase in labour supply, decline in economic growth and globalisation claim a lion's share. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Met Suid-Afrika se hertoetrede tot die internasionale arena was sy eerste prioriteit om sy plek in die wêreldekonomie te vind en te bevestig. Algaande het Suid-Afrika 'n grootskaalse verlies aan werkgeleenthede ervaar, wat die reeds bestaande probleem van werkloosheid vererger het. Vandag word Suid-Afrika beskou as een van die lande met die hoogste vlakke van werkloosheid - wat groot kommer by die regering, besigheid en arbeid wek. Hierdie werkstuk ondersoek die funksionering van Suid-Afrika se arbeidmark met die doel om vas te stel of dit met die probleem van werkloosheid verband hou al dan nie. Die studie maak vergelykings ten opsigte van arbeidsbuigsaamheid tussen die wêreld se mees buigsame en gedereguleerde arbeidsmark (VSA) en Europa, en poog om Suid-Afrika se relatiewe posisie te bepaal. Die studie toon dat daar 'n verband tussen buigsaamheid en werkverskaffing is - dat lande met buigsame arbeidsmark, ceteris paribus, ook hoë vlakke van werkverskaffing het, en omgekeerd. Die studie het ook bevind dat 'n hoë vlak van ongeletterdheid, vakbondaktiwiteite en die nuwe arbeidswette aanleiding gegee het tot arbeidsmarkonbuigsaamheid, wat gedeeltelik verantwoordelik is vir die hoë werkloosheidsyfer in Suid-Afrika. Die studie toon verder dat enige poging deur Suid-Afrika om die arbeidsmarkbuigsaamheid van die VSA toe te pas, met ander beleidsmaatreëls gepaard moet gaan om maksimum voordele te verseker. Dit is gegrond op die bevinding dat buigsaamheid per se verreikende gevolge vir die ekonomie kan hê. Dit is nie net die onbuigsaamheid van die arbeidsmark wat vir die huidige hoë werkloosheidsyfer in Suid-Afrika verantwoordelik is nie. Faktore soos 'n volgehoue en stelselmatige afname in die kapasiteit om arbeid te absorbeer teenoor 'n volgehoue en stelselmatige toename in arbeidsaanbod, 'n afname in ekonomiese groei, en globalisering is vir 'n leeue-aandeel verantwoordelik.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study project was aimed to evaluate a questionnaire designed by AB Reynolds and adapted by Mario Denton that is used to determine the funtionality of an organisation. The object was to determine how reliable the instrument is and if it was testing the necessary areas/processes. As the purpose·ofmost instruments is to help management determine the current position of an organisation , the management itself, the management of the employees and the workplace, it was important to validate a questionnaire by statistically analysing all the processes/factors used in the questionnaire as well as the questions. Although it was found that the twenty-one (21) organisational processes is used in the questionnaire is of major importance to all organisations, the statistical analyses reduced the processes to eight (8) namely: 1. Performance management, development, appraisal, reward and recognition 2. Effective leadership 3. Vision and mission 4. Strategy and structure 5. Communication 6. Competitor analyses 7. Customer needs 8. Core competencies The three hundred and fifty one (351) questions were also reduced to one hundred and thirty four. The validated revised questionnaire can now be used to determine an organisations health and is a two phased technique designed to assist organisational effectiveness. It will give management a foundation to use in strategic planning as it spells out the weaknesses and strengths of an organisation and also indicate area/processes of concern that will need attention. The revised questionnaire is therefore an information gathering instrument that measures the employees perception of the organisation and focuses on all facets of organisational functioning. It is a tool for continuous organisational development and improvement and will help an organisation in correcting the weaknesses identified. The questionnaire is therefore a management tool. It can be highly effective and can be used by all organisations to improve their competitiveness and ensure their survival. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die projek was daarop gemik om 'n vraelys, opgestel deur AB Reynolds en aangepas deur Mario Denton wat die funktionaliteit van 'n organisasie toets, te evalueer. Die doelwit was om vas te stel hoe betroubaar die instrument is en of dit die nodige areas/prosesse toets. Aangesien die doel van die instrument is om bestuur te help om die huidige possisie van organisasie, bestuur self, die bestuur van werknemers en die werksplek te toets, is dit noodsaaklik om so 'n vraelys te valideer deur al die prosesse/faktore in die vraelys, sowel as die vrae statisties te ontleed. Alhoewel daar gevind is dat al die een en twintig (21) organisatoriese prosesse, soos in die vraelys gebruik, van kardinale belang vir organisasies is ,het die statistiese analise dit na die volgende agt (8) prosesse verminder: 1. Prestasie bestuur, ontwikkeling, beoordeling, vergoeding en erkenning 2. Effektiewe leierskap 3. Visie en missie 4. Strategie en struktuur 5. Kommunikasie 6. Analise van mededingers 7. Behoeftes van kliênte 8. Kern vaardighede Die drie honderd een en vyftig (351) vrae is ook verminder na een honderd vier en dertig vrae. Die gevalideerde vraelys kan nou aangewend word om die gesondheid van 'n organisasie te toets en is 'n tegniek wat uit twee fases bestaan wat behulpsaam kan wees om organisatoriese effektiwiteit te bevorder. Dit sal aan bestuur 'n wegspringpunt verleen in strategiese beplanning aangesien dit die vermoëns en gebreke van 'n organisasie uitwys, asook die swak areas/prosesse wat aandag verg. Die gekorrigeerde vraelys is daarom 'n informasie insamelings instrument wat werknemers se persepsie aangaande die organisasie meet en fokus op alle fasette van organisatoriese funksionering. Dit is dus 'n instrument om organisatoriese ontwikkeling en verbetering voortdurend toe te pas, en help 'n organisasie om swakhede wat geidentifiseer is, reg te stel. Die vraelys is dus 'n bestuursinstrument wat effektief deur alle organisasies aangewend kan word om mededingend te word om sodoende hulle voortbestaan te verseker.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A multitude of factors affects the experience of the user on a specific site. Slow downloading, navigational difficulties and complex designs all play a role in destroying what could be an enjoyable experience to the user. Usability exists when the design of the system matches what the intended end users need and want. Most Web site designers agree that great design essentially has the user as its priority. Companies tend to forget that the user's hand is on the mouse. The most successful Web sites are those that not only respond to user feedback, but actively seek it out. We have to realise that the cost of flipping to another Web site is so low, it doesn't make any sense for people to go back to a site that failed them the first time. Most Web sites fail miserably at their prime directive: usability. The best way to run a user test is one-on-one, writes Fleming (1998:1). You don't need a large quantity of users for the tests to be effective. The costs in user testing are often exaggerated and there is no excuse for not performing some sort of user test on your Web site. When a page comes up Jakob Nielsen says, people look only one place, in the middle, at the content. (Head, 1999:2) If a page does not appear relevant to the user's current goals, then the user will ruthlessly click the Back button after as little as two to three seconds. Users rarely look at logos, mission statements, slogans, or any other elements they consider fluff. Usability is practically guaranteed if you have a solid information architecture at the outset. Make sure information is not more than two clicks away from the homepage. (Radosevich, 1997:3) According to the GVU7 survey, speed is the number one complaint of Web users (76,5 %). (Hamilton, 1997:1) Since users need web pages to load quickly, you should make your image files small. Try to limit the size of individual images to 5k, and try to limit the total size of all the images on any single page to 20k. Generally, a user with a 28.8 modem should have a sense of the page content or be able to navigate off the page within 10 seconds of download. The rest of the page should load within the next 30 seconds. Any site needs a good search feature since even the best navigation support will never be enough. (Nielsen, 1996a: 1) A search function should be provided if the site has more than 100 pages. Even if you haven't created perfect navigation, at least be consistent. (Berst, 1998: 1) The Back button is the lifeline of the Web user and the second-most used navigation feature (after following hypertext links). People rarely read web pages word by word - they scan pages to find the information they want. Make the text scannable with bulleted lists, highlighted keywords, meaningful headings, and short sections of text. The essential purpose of graphics, especially animated graphics, is to set the tone and communicate the company's personality in a unique and fun way. (Heath, 1997:1) / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Menigte faktore beïnvloed die gebruiker se ondervinding van 'n spesifieke Webblad. Aflaai spoed, navigasie en komplekse bladontwerp kan almal 'n gebruiker se belewenis van 'n Webblad verongeluk. Bruikbaarheid (Usability) bestaan wanneer die ontwerp van die sisteem voldoen aan die behoeftes van die eindgebruiker. Web ontwerpers het dit eens dat goeie ontwerp die gebruiker se behoeftes as prioriteit sien. Maatskappye vergeet dikwels dat die gebruiker se hand die muis beheer. Die mees suksesvolle Webblaaie is nie net die wat reageer op verbruiker terugvoer nie maar dit selfs aanmoedig. Ons moet verstaan dat dit so maklik is om na 'n volgende Webblad te spring dat dit nie sin maak om terug te keer na 'n Webblad wat jou eenkeer in die steek gelaat het nie. Die meeste Webblaaie misluk tragies in hul poging tot bruikbaarheid. Die beste gebruikerstoets metode is een-tot-een, skryf Heming (1998: 1) Die toets lewer betekenisvolle resultate selfs met enkele gebruikers. Nielsen sê gebruikers stel deesdae net in inligting belang. Indien inligting irrelevant voorkom sal die gebruiker nie skroom om die "Back" sleutel te gebruik nie. Gebruikers kyk selde na logos, missie stellings en slagspreuke en beskou dit as onbenullighede. Maak seker dat inligting nie meer as twee klikke vanaf die tuisblad is me. (Radosevich, 1997:3) Die GVU7 studie het bevestig dat aflaaispoed die gebruikers se grootste beswaar is.(Hamilton, 1997: 1) Enige Webblad benodig 'n goeie soek ("search") funksie veral as die Webwerf meer as 100 bladsye het. Die "back" sleutel is die reddingslyn van die gebruiker en die tweede mees gebruikte sleutel op navigasiestelsel. Gebruikers lees selde woord vir woord wat voor hulle staan, maar skandeer eerder 'n blad. Hou dus teks kort, met kort sinsnedes en kort kragtige begrippe. Grafieke se hoofdoel is om Webblad atmosfeer op unieke wyse te skep.(Heath,1997:1)

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The past decade saw increasing prominence put on teams in the workplace and concurrently a proliferation in the use of adventure-based programmes to develop teams. The study provides a description of an adventure-based team development intervention into the executive team of the Health and Racquet Club's Gauteng region. The team consisted of fourteen executives that all took part in a three-day team development programme. As a qualitative study it refers to the nature of the intervention as characterised by the participants through their experience thereof and as a descriptive study it learns about the who, what, when, where, and how of the adventure-based team development intervention. The study is done from a phenomenologicalconstructionist perspective and therefore focuses on the meaning attached to the experience by the participants while it recognises the involvement of the researcher. The study is accomplished by describing: • the principles underscoring the intervention and illustrating how the intervention is based on recent literature applying the principles to adventure-based team development; • intervention (and research) context by recounting the activities that were used; and • meaning attached to the intervention with regards to the impact thereof on individuals and team development. In Chapter One an overview of the study, the scope thereof and a formulation of the research problem are given. Chapter Two presents an overview of the team within its context and explains the process of contracting, the team's needs and the fit between the intervention and the strategic aims of the organisation. "The following Chapter provides the principles that were applied in the design and construction of the intervention and gives the theoretical underpinnings of the programme as stemming from recent literature. In Chapter Four a description of the course design as well as the activities that were used is given. This is followed by a description of the impact of the intervention on the individual members and on the team respectively. An overview of the phenomenological method of analysis of Georgi is given and it is used to analyse partlcipant's presentation of the most memorable moments they experienced during the course. The study is concluded by presenting the research outcomes, suggestions on future research and final comments. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gedurende die afgelope dekade is aansienlik meer prominensie aan spanne in die werkplek toegeken. Daarmee saam is daar ook 'n toename in die gebruik van avontuur-gebaseerde ontwikkelingsprogramme vir spanne. Hierdie studie verskaf 'n beskrywing van 'n avontuur-gebaseerde spanontwikkelingsintervensie waaraan die uitvoerende span van die Health and Racquet Club se Gautengstreek onderwerp is. Die span het bestaan uit veertien bestuurders wat almal aan 'n drie-dag spanontwikkelingsprogram deelgeneem het. Die studie is kwalitatief van aard in die wyse waarop die aard van die intervensie deur die deelnemers gekenmerk word deur hul belewenis daarvan. As 'n beskrywende studie beskryf dit die wie, wat, waar en hoe van die avontuur-gebaseerde spanontwikkelingsintervensie. Die studie word vanaf 'n fenomenologies-konstruksionistiese perspektief aangepak. Dit behels dat daar op die betekenis wat aan die ervaring deur die deelnemers geheg word, gefokus word. Die betrokkenheid van die navorser word terselfdertyd erken. Die studie is voltooi deur 'n beskrywing aan te bied van: - die beginsels wat die intervensie onderlê en hoe die intervensie gebaseer is op 'n toepassing van resente onwikkelings in navorsing rakende avontuur-gebaseerde spanontwikkeling; - die intervensie- (en navorsings-) konteks deur die aktiwiteite wat gebruik is te skets; - die betekenis wat aan die intervensie geheg is met betrekking tot die impak daarvan op individue en spanontwikkeling onderskeidelik. In Hoofstuk Een word 'n oorsig van die studie, die omvang daarvan en 'n formulering van die navorsingsprobleem verskaf. Hoofstuk Twee bied 'n oorsig van die span binne sy konteks aan en verduidelik die proses van kontraktering, die span se behoeftes en die belyning van die intervensie met die strategiese doelwitte van die organisasie. Die volgende Hoofstuk bied die beginsels wat toegepas is in die ontwerp en daarstelling van die intervensie en gee die teoretiese onderbou van die program soos dit put uit resente literatuur. In Hoofstuk Vier word 'n beskrywing van die kursusontwerp asook die aktiwiteite wat gebruik is verskaf. Dit word gevolg deur 'n beskrywing van die impak van die intervensie op individuele deelnemers en die span onderskeidelik. 'n Oorsig van die fenomenologiese metode van Georgi word verskaf en dit word aangewend om 'n analise van die deelnemers se weergawe van die mees betekenisvolle oomblikke wat hulle gedurende die program ervaar het, te doen. Die studie word afgesluit met die navorsingsresultate, aanbevelings oor toekomstige navorsing en finale opmerkings.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The shortage of skilled and high-level managerial human resources are jeopardising economic development and productivity growth in South Africa. It is a critical responsibility of senior management to identify the core competencies of the enterprise and to ensure that the competencies required by managers, specialists and the workforce in general are adequate and appropriate. As more organisations recognise the efficacy of projects and move towards a project-based approach, the demand for project managers has outstripped supply and there is a growing international interest in the selection, training and certification of project managers. The work done in projects has taken on a strategic flavour, and the role of project manager is consequently being redefined as a strategic, professional role. With the tremendous growth and expenditure in this field, training professionals and organizations can no longer ignore their basic responsibility to evaluate programmes and measure the results of such programmes. The aim of this study is to measure the extent of training needs assessment currently applied, the criteria used in the selection of programmes and participants, the extent of evaluation of programmes and other contributions by the organisations. An intensive literature study was undertaken to investigate the current research into training needs assessments, participant and program selection and organisational contributions to training. An additional survey was undertaken in order to assess the use of such programmes by organisations. The following perceptions were examined and found to be a true reflection of the project management training strategies currently applied in South Africa. Few organisations have formal training need assessment policies in place. Programmes are often selected by the participants and seldom evaluated. Participants often do not get the opportunity to implement the skills they have gained. Learning and individual development is not necessarily linked to the organisational development strategy. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ekonomiese ontwikkeling en groei in produktiwiteit in Suid Afrika word in gevaar gestel deur die tekort aan kundige en hoogstaande bestuursvlak menslike hulpbronne. Die kritiese verantwoordelikheid van die identifisering van kern vaardighede by die onderneming en die versekering van voldoende en toepaslike vaardighede by bestuurders, spesialiste en die werksmag in die algemeen berus by die senior bestuur. Toenemende hoeveelheid organisasies herken die suksesvolle werksaamheid van projekte en beweeg na 'n projek gebasseerde benadering. Derhalwe oorskry die aanvraag na projekbestuurders die aanbod en is daar groeiende internasionale belangstelling in die keuring, opleiding en sertifisering van projekbestuurders. Projekte word meer strategies benader en gevolglik vervul die projekbestuurder 'n toenemende strategiese en professionele funksie. As gevolg van die toenemende groei en besteding in hierdie gebied, mag opleidingskundiges en organisasies nie langer hul verantwoordelikheid teenoor die evaluering van die programme en die gevolglike uitkomste vermy nie. Die doel van hierdie studie was om ondersoek in te stel na die omvang van die bepaling van opleidingsbehoeftes asook die evaluering van opleidingsprogramme, die maatstawe in gebruik vir die selektering van programme en deelnemende kandidate en die mate van bydraes gelewer deur die organisasies. 'n Uitgebreide literatuursoektog is onderneem om die omvang van navorsing in hierdie areas te bepaal. Sekere aannames is ondersoek en bevind om ware weergawes te wees van die huidige ontwikkeling programme in projekbestuur in Suid Afrika. Weinig organisasies het formele beleidsrigtings ten opsigte van opleiding behoeftebepaling. Programme word dikwels deur die kandidate geselekteer en word selde ge-evalueer. Kandidate word selde die geleentheid gegun om nuutgewonde kennis toe te pas en te implementeer. Opleiding en individuele ontwikkeling is nie noodwendig gekoppel aan die ontwikkelings strategie van die organisasie nie.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The need for efficient and equitable health provision remains a challenge for all countries and economies of the world. Defining health, healthcare and health provision are contentious issues, and public debate rages on as governments throughout the world attempt to quell public demands and expectations. Healthcare scenarios differ vastly from country to country, each attempting to accommodate its own needs, given the limitations placed on the systems in terms of human and financial resources. These differences are large as will be seen when countries with developed market economies are compared to those in the less fortunate Third World. The financing of healthcare systems is a complex and challenging task. Affordability of healthcare is an issue for all nations of the world. Most countries enjoy a mix of private and public funding to ensure that some degree of good health is attained by the nation as a whole. South Africa has a unique health system in that it has two distinct and separate health systems. This is not by chance. South Africa is a country that boasts enormous diversity but huge inequalities in terms of race, culture, class and income. Systems had therefore developed along very defined lines where the privileged have had access to expensive, modern and private healthcare while the poor and indigent have had to use a poorly structured public service. The purpose of this literature review is to research and to define those issues and concepts which require clearer perspective. It will also look at healthcare. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die noodsaaklikheid vir effektiewe, billike en regverdige gesondheidsvoorsiening bly 'n uitdaging vir alle ekonomieë van die wêreld. Om gesondheid, gesondheidsorg- en gesondheidsvoorsiening te definieër, is 'n kontensieuse aangeleentheid en die openbare debat duur voort, soos regerings in die wêreld poog om te voldoen aan oorweldigende openbare eise en verwagtinge in hierdie verband. Gesondheidsorg-opsies verskil drasties van land tot land, wat elk poog om sy eie behoeftes te akkommodeer, gegewe die beperkings wat die sisteem belas in terme van menslike en finansiële hulpbronne. Hierdie verskille is beduidend, soos wat gesien kan word wanneer lande met ontwikkelde mark-ekonomieë vergelyk word met die lande in die minder bevoorregte derde-wêreld. Die finansiering van gesondheidsorg-sisteme is 'n komplekse en uitdagende taak. Die bekostigbaarheid van gesondheidsorg is 'n aangeleentheid wat al die lande van die wêreld raak. Die meeste lande van die wêreld het 'n gemengde gesondheidsorg-sisteem wat bestaan uit gedeeltelik privaat en gedeeltelik openbare fondse, sodat toegesien word dat 'n mate van goeie gesondheid bereik word deur die land as geheel. Suid-Afrika het 'n unieke gesondheidsorg-sisteem deurdat twee besondere en aparte gesondheidsisteme bestaan, wat beslis nie toevallig is nie. Suid-Afrika is 'n land wat spog met enorme verskeidenheid, maar beduidende ongelykhede in terme van ras, kultuur, klas en inkomste. Gesondheidsorg-sisteme het dus ontwikkel langs baie beslisde lyne waar die bevoorregtes toegang gehad het tot duur, moderne en privaat vesekerings-gebaseerde gesondheidsorg, terwyl die arm en armlastiges gebruik moes maak van 'n swakker gestruktureerde openbare diens. Die doel van hierde nagevorsde oorsig is om navorsing te doen om sisteme uit 'n globale perspektief te identifiseer en daardie beginsels toe te pas, wat voordelig kan wees in 'n plaaslike konteks. Daar word aanvaar dat die Suid-Afrikaanse gesondheidsorg-sisteem baie het om te leer van ervarings in beide die ontwikkelde en ontwikkelende lande. 'n Besondere begrip hiervoor, is die basis waarop 'n suksesvolle gesondheidsorg-sisteem in hierdie land gevestig kan word. Daar word gehoop dat deur die besondere perspektief te hê, sekere werkbare oplossings gevind en bereik kan word.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this report was the evaluation of the current theoretical knowledge base and to use that to create and evaluate a technique or method to optimise the decision making processes at play in customer relationship management. The report contains much theory and discussions where attempts are made to address the primary problems that often come in the way of successful transformations. Rather than present empirical evidence in an attempt to prove one thing or the other, the focus is more conceptual in nature, but at the same time it is hoped that conceptual arguments put forth, stimulate lateral thought in this field. Initially the report supplies research on the global practises in use on the different dimensions that are relevant to customer relationship management. These dimensions, and the elements therein, are discussed in some transformation plans, which are then evaluated. By means of a survey under South African companies, the alignment between the national, and the international approaches to customer relationship management are discussed. Finally, an attempt is made to supply the reader with the valuable lessons that have already been learned, accompanied by a proposal on how a successful transformation can be managed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doelstelling van hierdie verslag was om die teoretiese kennisbasis wat tot dusver ontwikkel is in oënskou te neem en dan 'n tegniek of metode te ontwikkel en te evalueer om die besluitnemingsproses met betrekking tot die kliëntverhoudingsbestuur transformasie te optimaliseer. Die verslag bevat deurgaans 'n aansienlike hoeveelheid teorie en bespreking waar gepoog word om die primêre probleme wat op die weg van 'n suksesvolle transformasie lê, aan te spreek. Eerder as 'n suiwer empiriese studie wat poog om die een of ander teorie te bewys, is die fokus ietwat meer konseptueel van aard, maar daar word terselftertyd vertrou dat die konseptuele argumente wat aangevoer word, laterale denke sal stimuleer in hierdie veld. Die verslag doen aanvanklike navorsing oor die globale uitkyk op die verskillende dimensies wat op die kliëntverhoudingsbestuur veld van toepassing is. Hierdie dimensies, en die elemente daarin vervat, word dan in 'n paar transformasie planne geplaas en ge-evalueer. Deur middel van 'n ondersoek onder Suid-Afrikaanse maatskappye, word die belyning tussen die nasionale en die internasionale beskouings van kliëntverhoudingsbestuur bespreek. Daar word ten slotte gepoog om die waardevolle lesse wat reeds geleer is aan die leser beskikbaar te stel, tesame met 'n voorstel van hoe 'n suksesvolle transformasie bestuur kan word.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study project was aimed at analysing the factors that account for the difference and intensity with regard to the attraction of FDI inflows by developing countries and the benefits brought about by this FDI. It is believed that economic growth can only be achieved where there are no barriers to trade. Trade liberalisation forms the central part of the structural adjustment programmes advocated by the international financial institutions, the World Bank and IMF. The theory of comparative advantage lies at the heart of trade. There is a strong belief that countries will benefit more when specialising in producing goods and services in which they are efficient, those that they can produce at lower costs than other countries. However, researchers like Madeley, (2000:50) argue that the benefits of free trade can only be realised if trade takes place between countries at equal levels of economic development. This is true when one takes into account the fact that developing countries are not well equipped to cope with more developed countries and when looking at the intensity of trade in both cases, With trade liberalisation and competitive global economy, the developing countries are forced to turn to multinationals because there is hope that through them they can benefit from global trade and be able to compete for the limited resources. It is only through the attraction of foreign direct investment or by influencing the location decisions of multinationals that countries can achieve sustainable economic growth. This is so because globalisation and trade liberalisation have concentrated the power of trade in the hands of the multinationals. Multinationals have advantages in global trade because they possess distinct / superior assets which enable them to compete well in the global market. These assets include efficient production processes and continuous process improvements, the ability to eliminate unnecessary process steps, they enjoy economies of scale because of mass production and standardisation, they possess managerial and marketing skills and they can obtain less expensive financial resources because of their credit worthiness. The use of advanced technology by multinationals gives them the power and advantage in the sense that they can achieve high levels of quality in terms of consistency in production and timeliness. Multinationals have built strong relationships with suppliers, banks and other organisations in different fields, world wide. It is, however, noted that developing countries continue to face problems and challenges with regard to the attraction and maintenance of foreign direct investment because these multinationals favour countries where they are sure that their investments will get sustainable future returns. It is, however, imperative that developing countries position themselves advantageously when competing for FDI. In light of this, some developing countries have opted to enhance their fitness and abilities through the promotion of regional integration and cooperation among themselves and neighbouring countries, for purposes of complementing each othe~'s weaknesses and working together towards achieving common goals. The factors which contribute to the attraction of foreign direct investment include: • Rigorous basic education system plus provision of appropriate education. • Size of the economy and the market. • Cost and quality of local inputs. • Governance, political stability and stable macroeconomic policy. • Infrastructure (telecommunication, roads and the internet). When analysing Botswana, it was noted that the country relies heavily on the mining sector as the major source of foreign direct investment and economic growth. The country needs to diversify the industrial base away from mining. The government needs to pay attention to the factors which deter FDI investment in Botswana. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studieprojek het ten doel die ontleding van die faktore wat verantwoordelik is vir die verskil en intensiteit in die aanlok van invloeie van buitelandse direkte belegging (BDB) deur ontwikkelende lande en die voordele wat deur hierdie BDB teweeggebring word. Daar word beweer dat ekonomiese groei net bewerkstellig kan word wanneer handel nie belemmer word nie. Die liberalisering van handel maak die kern uit van die strukturele aanpassingsprogramme wat deur die internasionale finansiële instansies, die Wêreldbank en IMF, voorgestaan word. Die teorie van vergelykende voordeel is die kern van handel. Daar word geglo dat lande meer sal baat indien hulle spesialiseer in die produksie van goedere en dienste waarin hulle bedrewe is en wat hulle teen laer koste as ander lande kan produseer. Navorsers soos Madeley, (2000:50) beweer egter dat die voordele van vryhandel net verwesenlik kan word indien handel plaasvind tussen lande met dieselfde vlak van ekonomiese ontwikkeling. Dit is wel die geval wanneer 'n mens die feit in ag neem dat ontwikkelende lande nie goed toegerus is om met meer ontwikkelde lande mee te ding nie en wanneer 'n mens na die intensiteit van handel in albei gevalle kyk. Met die liberalisering van handel en mededingende wêreldekonomie word ontwikkelende lande genoop om hulle tot multinasionale maatskappye te wend in die hoop dat hulle sodoende voordeel kan trek uit internasionale handel en om die beperkte hulpbronne kan meeding. Slegs deur buitelandse direkte belegging te lok of deur die besluite oor die ligging van multinasionale maatskappye te beïnvloed kan lande volhoubare ekonomiese groei bewerkstellig. Dit is so omdat globalisering en die liberalisering van handel die handelsmag in die hande van die multinasionale maatskappye geplaas het. Multinasionale maatskappye geniet voordele in wêreldhandel omdat hulle bepaalde / superieure bates het wat hulle in staat stel om mededingend te wees in die wêreldmark. Hierdie bates sluit in doeltreffende produksieprosesse en deurlopende prosesverbeteringe, die vermoë om onnodige prosesstappe uit te skakel, die feit dat hulle skaalbesparings geniet danksy massaproduksie en standaardisering, bestuurs- en bemarkingsvaardighede besit, en goedkoper finansiële hulpbronne kan bekom danksy hul kredietwaardigheid. Multinasionale maatskappye se gebruik van gevordere tegnologie verleen aan hulle die mag en voordeel in dié opsig dat hulle hoë vlakke van gehalte in terme van konsekwentheid van produksie asook tydigheid kan bereik. Multinasionale maatskappye het sterk verhoudings met verskaffers, banke en ander organisasies op ander gebiede wêreldwyd opgebou. Ontwikkelende lande staan egter steeds voor probleme en uitdagings rakende die aanlok en behoud van buitelandse direkte belegging, aangesien hierdie multinasionale maatskappye ten gunste is van lande waar hulle seker is hulle beleggings volhoubare toekomstige opbrengste sal oplewer. Dit is egter noodsaaklik dat ontwikkelende lande hulself voordelig posisioneer wanneer hulle om BDB meeding. In die lig hiervan het sekere ontwikkelde land besluit om hul geskiktheid en· vermoë te verbeter deur die bevordering van gebiedsintegrasie en samewerking tussen hulle en buurlande met die doel om mekaar se swakhede aan te vul en saam te werk om gemeenskaplike doelwitte te bereik. Die faktore wat bydra tot die lok van buitelandse direkte belegging is onder meer: • 'n Streng basiese onderwysstelsel plus voorsiening vir behoorlike opvoeding. • Die grootte van die ekonomie en die mark. • Koste en gehalte van plaaslike insette. • Regering, politieke stabiliteit en stabiele makro-ekonomiese beleid. • Infrastruktuur (telekommunikasie, paaie en die internet). Met die ontleding van Botswana is daarop gelet dat die land baie afhanklik is van die mynbousektor as die belangrikste bron van buitelandse direkte belegging en ekonomiese groei. Die land moet die nywerheidsbasis weg van mynbou diversifiseer. Die regering moet aandag gee aan die faktore wat BDB in Botswana verhinder.