This research addressed the study of entry strategies by Chinese sports-shoe manufacturers into the South African sports-shoe market. The goal of this research is to investigate what are the appropriate entry strategies for Chinese sports-shoe companies to enter the South African sports-shoe market. A Chinese sports-shoe company, Li Ning Limited, was used as a case study to illustrate the methods to explore appropriate entry strategies. The research methodology included: {u10007A} A literature study to explore the popular entry strategies used to enter the South African and also global markets was conducted. In addition, the South African and Chinese market environments were investigated. {u10007A} An empirical study, a survey of sports-shoe customers and sports-shoe shops owners, was done in order to explore the advisable entry strategies for Chinese sports-shoe companies to enter the South African sports-shoe market. According to the literature study as well as the empirical study, the research explored some advisable entry strategies for Chinese sports-shoe companies into the South African domain.

Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The signing of the US-China bilateral trade agreement in November 1999 paved the way for the People's Republic of China (hereafter China) to ascend to World Trade Organisation as a member. China's bid to become part of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) renewed foreign investor interest after a decade of growth in foreign direct investment (FDI) in China. An analysis of FDI to China confirms that foreign firms take an evolutionary approach to enter the Chinese market place. Since the opening of the economy to foreign investors in 1978, foreign enterprises shifted their utilisation of entry modes from contractual joint ventures (CJV), to equity joint ventures (EJV) and since 1994 many entered China without the help of a local partners through wholly foreign owned enterprises (WFOE's). Problems and frustration with joint venture partners gave rise to the growth in WFOE's. However EJV's are still superior in profitability and market share to the WFOE. Foreign investors need guidance in selecting the most appropriate entry mode. However, entry mode frameworks and models offered in literature are contradictory and fragmented. Entry mode alternatives in China can be represented on a continuum of control. CJV's and minority EJV's represent the lowest level of control or ownership while the WFOE, the highest level of control. This study proposes that the entry mode decision can evaluated in terms of the level of ownership that a foreign investor should adopt in a foreign invested enterprise (FIE). Turning to the theoretical foundations of entry mode choice, the transaction cost-, eclectic-. resource based -, strategic behaviour -, institutional- and evolutionary theories are integrated into a framework from which entry mode can be considered. From its theoretical foundations entry mode determinants are reviewed and propositions made regarding the impact of each determinant on the ownership level in a FIE. A review of and application of the framework to the Chinese business environment resulted in the market entry mode decision framework for foreign investors in China (MEMOFFIC). The MEMDFFIC suggest a phased external-, internal-, partner and project analysis when considering entry mode choice. China's high market potential, experience in attracting FDI as well as high level of opportunism and weak intellectual property protection are proposed to motivate foreign investors to adopt high ownership levels when entering into China. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die ondertekening van 'n bilaterale handelsooreenkoms deur die VSA en China in November 1999 het die weg gebaan vir die Volksrepubliek van China (hierna "China" genoem) om lidmaatskap van die Wêreldhandelsorganisasie (WHO) te verkry. China se pogings tot deelname aan die Wêreldhandelsorganisasie het die belangstelling van buitelandse beleggers laat opvlam na 'n dekade van groei in direkte buitelandse belegging in China. 'n Ontleding van direkte buitelandse belegging in China bevestig dat buitelandse firmas 'n evolusionêre benadering volg om tot die Chinese mark toe te tree. Sedert die oopstelling van die ekonomie vir buitelandse beleggers in 1978 het buitelandse ondernemings hul toetreemeganismes verskuif van kontraktuele gesamentlike ondernemings na ekwiteit gesamentlike ondernemings, en sedert 1994 het talle van hulle China binnegegaan sonder die hulp van plaaslike vennote deur middel van ondernemings ten volle in buitelandse besit. Dit was probleme en frustrasies met vennote in gesamentlike ondernemings wat tot die uitbreiding van laasgenoemde tipe ondernemings gelei het. Tog is billike gesamentlike ondernemings nog steeds winsgewender as ondernemings ten volle in buitelandse besit en geniet ook 'n groter markaandeel. Buitelandse beleggers het 'n behoefte aan praktiese leiding in die keuse van die geskikste toetreemeganisme, aangesien toetreeraamwerke en -modelle wat in die literatuur voorgehou word, mekaar dikwels weerspreek en ook gefragmenteer is. Daar is wel toetreevlakalternatiewe in China op 'n kontinuum van beheer. Kontraktuele gesamentlike ondernemings en kleiner ekwiteit gesamentlike ondernemings verteenwoordig die laagste vlak van beheer of eienaarskap, terwyl daar by die ondernemings ten volle in buitelandse besit die hoogste vlak van beheer bestaan. In hierdie studie word voorgestel dat die toetreevlak besluit geëvalueer kan word ingevolge die vlak van eienaarskap wat 'n buitelandse belegger behoort te aanvaar in 'n buitelandse beleggingsonderneming. Wat betref die teoretiese grondslag van keuse van toetreevlak, word die transaksiekoste-, eklektiese, bron-, strategiesegedrag-, institusionele en evolusionêre teorieë geïntegreer in 'n raamwerk vanwaar toetreevlak oorweeg kan word. Vanuit die teoretiese grondslag word toetreevlakdeterminante geëvalueer en voorstelle gemaak oor die impak van elkeen op die eienaarskapvlak in 'n buitelandse onderneming. 'n Oorsig en toepassing van die raamwerk op die Chinese sake-omgewing het gelei tot die marktoetreevlak-besluitnemingsraamwerk vir buitelandse belegg.ers in China. Volgens die raamwerk word voorgestel 'n gefaseerde eksterne, interne, vennoot- en projekanalise wanneer die manier van toetrede oorweeg word. China se hoë markpotensiaal, ervaring van die lok van direkte buitelandse belegging asook hoë vlak van opportunisme en swak beskerming van intellektuele eiendom moet gesien word as aansporing vir buitelandse beleggers om by toetrede tot China hoë vlakke van eienaarskap te aanvaar.

University of Macau / Faculty of Business Administration / Department of Management and Marketing

University of Macau / Faculty of Business Administration / Department of Management and Marketing

This study of the American business presence in Russia from the late 19th Century to the early Soviet period, focuses on more than twenty individual firms that operated there or otherwise conducted business with Russia. They are presented as primary and secondary case studies in three distinct groups: financial industries, manufacturing industries, and sales, services and light manufacturing industries. / The primary cases, American Express, Case and Vacuum Oil Company, offer a detailed insight into: motives for opening installations in Russia, daily operations, the effects of war, revolution and nationalization as well as business relations under the early Soviet government. The secondary case studies include, Citibank, Chase Manhattan Bank, Morgan Guaranty and New York Life Insurance Company in the financial group; Western Electric, Westinghouse Airbrake and General Electric in the manufacturing group; and United Shoe, Otis, Moline Plow, Kodak, Parke, Davis & Co., Chesebrough-Pond's and Continental Gin in the sales, services and light manufacturing group. / Collectively these firms present a comprehensive account of the largely neglected and misunderstood role of private American business in Russia. The experiences of these companies help dispel conventional notions of U.S. commercial interests in Russia and place American involvement in proper perspective.

This is a qualitative study which seeks to understand how Somali shop owners run successful businesses in the township of Soweto in South Africa. This research report has three sections, namely (1) the academic paper which comprises a shortened literature review, the research method, findings, and the discussion; (2) an extended literature review and (3) the research methodology. It is important to mention that these three sections are related and not necessarily stand-alone sections. Despite the hostilities faced by the Somali shop owners from the host communities in South Africa, it is notable that they are successful, small-sized entrepreneurs in most townships of South Africa (SA). Previous research on Somalis has predominantly focused on their assimilation into the societies in their host countries, and on how they are led into self-employment because of the unfavourable labour markets in the host country. In this vein, there is a need to understand how they run successful businesses in the townships of SA. This study seeks to answer the following research question: How Do Somali Shop Owners Succeed in Running Businesses in Soweto, South Africa (SA)? In pursuit of answers to the above research question, this study was confined to three locations in Soweto, namely Orlando West, Chiawelo and Rockville which have a relatively high number of Somali entrepreneurs who have been in operation for longer than three years. This qualitative study explored the multiple perspectives of reality of Somali shop owners. Purposively, 14 Somali shop owners were identified initially using purposive sampling. Subsequently, theoretical sampling was used to identify Somali shop owners who were interviewed regarding how they successfully run their businesses in the locations of Orlando West, Chiawelo and Rockville in the township of Soweto. A total of eighteen semi-structured, in-depth and face-to-face interviews were conducted with these shop owners as a means of gathering data to the point of saturating their perspectives. Data collection ceased when new perspectives were no longer evident as interviewees were being repetitive. Open-coding and constant comparison was used to analyse the data. The findings of the study show that ethnicity plays a predominant role in the success of the Somali shop owners. The intra-ethnic networks and trust-based support systems are pivotal to how Somali shop owners run successful businesses in Soweto. The key findings manifested showed that various forms of support came from Somali communities, family and fellow countrymen which were also central to their success. Another key finding showed that Somali shop owners run their businesses by complementing, rather than predominantly competing with the other local businesses, which ultimately differentiates them in this way. The study also revealed that responsiveness to local customer needs by enhancing the value of their business to the locality is also characteristic of how Somali shop owners build customer loyalty. This study contributes to our understanding of how Somali entrepreneurs conduct successful businesses in a hostile host country. The findings have implications for business development training and programmes which support immigrant entrepreneurs. The findings may also be extended to inform how business development programmes would be designed to equally support local entrepreneurs.

The new South Africa has an amazing economic growth that creates a significant opportunity for international companies to start their businesses in South Africa. For those companies which are interested in the South African market, it is very important for them to understand the factors that influence their entry-mode selection. The objective of this study is to determine the main factors that have an impact on the decision of a foreign business to enter South Africa. To achieve this objective, the researcher used an integrated study method, as follows: {u10007A} A systematic review of the popular entry-modes and the main factors influencing the entry-mode selection, sourced from the relevant literature. In addition, South African business was also introduced. {u10007A} Based on the factors related in the literature, an empirical survey was completed by those foreign companies who had already successfully entered into South Africa, in order to figure out the rank importance of these factors. With an integrated study of literature and empirical research, the rank importance of factors that have an impact on the foreign business entry-mode selection in South Africa is as follows: 1. Firm’s product 2. Control level of entry-mode 3. Ownership of entry 4. Resource commitment of entry-mode 5. Political factor 6. Firm’s objective 7. Technological factors 8. Economic factors 9. Firm’s experience in international marketing 10. Firm’s size 11. Dissemination risk of entry-mode 12. Socio-cultural factors 13. Flexibility of entry-mode Key terms: International market entry-mode South African business environment.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Commerce (specialising in Taxation) Johannesburg, 2015 / The Katz Commission recognised that South Africa could benefit from multinational enterprise (MNE) groups headquartering in South Africa. MNE headquarter companies create jobs and attract highly skilled individuals who impact on the economies in which they reside. These highly skilled individuals are also high taxpayers in the countries where they provide their services. South Africa has a number of attributes which would encourage MNE groups to headquarter in South Africa but the cost of doing business with the rest of Africa is high due to withholding taxes levied by African countries on technical and management fees. Countries with low tax rates attract MNE groups to headquarter in those countries as this effectively reduces the cost of doing business with the rest of Africa. The National Treasury introduced section 6quin of the Income Tax Act to provide effective relief to the South African taxpayer from double taxation on South African-sourced service fees charged to other countries and, in particular, other African countries. An examination is conducted on the impact of double taxation and whether section 6quin provides more effective relief from double taxation compared to other double tax relief mechanisms available to the South African taxpayer which will incentivise MNE groups to headquarter in South Africa. An analysis is performed on the income tax forfeited by the South African Receiver of Revenue (SARS) in the National Treasury providing this incentive to South African headquarter companies compared to if the headquarter is relocated out of South Africa. The results indicate that section 6quin provides a feasible solution to reducing double taxation on South African-sourced services provided to other African countries which incentivises MNE groups to headquarter in South Africa. If section 6quin is withdrawn from the South African Income Tax Act, MNE groups potentially will not headquarter in South Africa and seek low tax jurisdictions to reduce costs of providing headquarter services into Africa. This study indicates that the fiscus stands to lose more income tax if the MNE group headquarters outside of South Africa compared to the relief provided to the MNE group headquarter company in accordance with section 6quin by reducing income tax payable. This study informs MNE groups seeking to headquarter in South Africa and the National Treasury of the effects of double taxation on South African-sourced services provided to other African countries and the requirement for relief against double taxation. This study highlights the need for the National Treasury to retain section 6quin in the Income Tax Act or provide an alternate suitable solution to reducing double taxation on South African-sourced services provided by South African headquarter companies to other African countries. / MT2017

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University of Macau / Faculty of Business Administration / Department of Management and Marketing