This work deals with Multi-Criteria Analysis which represents an effective tool for solving complex decision-making situations. This paper describes the various methods of multi-criteria evaluation. One of the chapters also focuses on the software support. The main objective of this document is to demonstrate how to apply Multi-Criteria Analysis in real life. The practical part of this study refers to the structural policy and deals with the evaluation of regions of the Czech Republic after its entry into the European Union. The study mainly concentrates on the detailed analysis of South Bohemia region.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:33:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wagner Serpa Junior.pdf: 749353 bytes, checksum: 6f3256a4644565c39acbca7f14e25325 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-08 / This work deals with the principle of protection of legitimate expectations on tax matters and modulation effects of the ruling. At first, we made an approach about the relationship between state and society, exploring the formation of the confidence. Further, we studied the relationship of taxation and pointed the need to protect the citizen, as a taxpayer, in spite of acts emanating from the state. We explain the concept of confidence, whose protection is moving up to the level of principle, discussing their relationship with other principles and including other sciences such as accounting and economics. We also developed the need to use the balance (proportionality and reasonableness) on the relationship between principles. Later, we move to analysis of the principle of protection of confidence in Brazil, especially by the judiciary and particularly in the sphere of taxation. From this point, we started thinking about the meaning and scope of expression jurisprudence, explaining that there are situations where its modification is necessary or even inevitable, necessitating the analysis of their effects in relation to citizens, even when it comes of tax matters. In addition, we seek plea in modulating effects of the judicial decision to justify the protection of legitimate expectations of taxpayers. Finally, we analyze some cases tried in both the administrative and the judicial tax, than we could conclude by the need to safeguard the citizen's right not to be surprised by the abrupt change of jurisprudence, to the extent that there are effective tools to prevent this violation of a constitutionally protected right to life. / O presente trabalho trata do princípio da proteção à confiança legítima em matéria tributária e a modulação de efeitos da decisão judicial. Em um primeiro momento, fizemos uma abordagem a respeito da relação entre o Estado e a sociedade, explorando a formação da relação de confiança. Na sequência, estudamos a relação tributária e apontamos a necessidade de proteção do cidadão, na qualidade de contribuinte, em face dos atos emanados do Estado. Explicitamos o conceito de confiança, cuja proteção é galgada ao nível de princípio, discorrendo sobre sua relação com outros princípios e inclusive outras ciências, tais como a contabilidade e a economia. Também desenvolvemos a necessidade do uso da ponderação (proporcionalidade e razoabilidade) na relação entre princípios. Posteriormente, avançamos para análise da aplicação do princípio da proteção à confiança no Brasil, especialmente pelo Poder Judiciário e particularmente no âmbito tributário. A partir desse ponto, iniciamos a reflexão a respeito do significado e da abrangência da expressão jurisprudência, esclarecendo que há situações em que sua modificação se torna necessária ou mesmo inevitável, tornando necessária a análise de seus efeitos em relação aos cidadãos, inclusive quando se trata de matéria tributária. Ademais, buscamos fundamento na modulação de efeitos da decisão judicial para justificar a proteção da expectativa legítima dos contribuintes. Ao final, são analisados alguns casos julgados tanto na esfera judicial quanto administrativa tributária, do que pudemos concluir pela necessidade de se resguardar o direito do cidadão de não ser surpreendido abruptamente pela mudança jurisprudencial, na medida em que há instrumentos eficazes para evitar essa violação a um bem da vida constitucionalmente protegido.

Enfant de la jurisprudence, le droit à l'image est une prérogative attachée à l'individu qui a longtemps été discutée. Si aujourd'hui une certaine stabilité théorique a été trouvée, celle-ci demeure néanmoins relative du fait de sa non-reconnaissance par la législation française. Il recouvre différentes réalités et ainsi concerner l'image d'une oeuvre, celle d'un bien mobilier ou immobilier, ou encore, être relatif aux traits des individus eux-mêmes. C'est sur cette dernière dimension que la présente étude a entendu s'attarder, celle-ci présentant une certaine complexité juridique liée à la défaillance législative et à la place prépondérante de la jurisprudence au sein du droit à l'image. Le choc résultant de la rencontre entre un droit théorique, dépourvu de régime juridique officiel, et la pratique judiciaire conduit de facto, à une instabilité et une insécurité juridique avérées, en incompatibilité totale avec la notion de droit de la personnalité telle qu'énoncée par la théorie des droits de l'Homme.Les interrogations induites par cette étude ont abouti à des conclusions quelque peu funestes. Tout d'abord, le droit à l'image demeure fondé sur un régime hybride dont la nature apparaît être, plus que jamais, juridiquement contestable et largement contestée. Ensuite, la seconde conclusion met en évidence la place trop importante laissée aux juridictions en cette matière, ce qui conduit à des disparités inconciliables avec les notions d'égalité, d'impartialité et de fiabilité. Dès lors, une révision globale du droit à l'image, et la mise en place d'un régime juridique légal autonome semblent être aussi bien nécessaires qu'inévitables. / Image rights are a concept derived from Nineteenth Century jurisprudence and have been mutating for a long time. If some kind of theoretical stability has now been established, it remains only relative because image rights are in fact excluded from French legislation. Image rights bring together different realities. They could concern the image of a work and derive from copyright, thereby concerning property law; or concern the features of individuals themselves.This study will deal with this second aspect, presenting a degree of legal complexity linked to inadequate legislation and the dominant role of jurisprudence in image rights. The shock of the encounter between a theoretical right having no proper juridical status and judicial practice leads de facto to evident legal uncertainty and instability which are completely incompatible with the notion of rights inherent to the human being as outlined by human rights theory. The questions raised by this study, which involve both the imperfections of the legal framework conferred on image rights and existing incompatibilities between theory and practice, have reached unsatisfactory conclusions. To being with, the first conclusion underlines that image rights remain based on a hybrid which seems more than ever contestable, and often contested, from a juridical point of view. And secondly, the excessively important role left to jurisdictions in image rights leads to disparities which are inconsistent with notions of equality, impartiality and dependability. Therefore, a comprehensive review of image rights, and the establishment of an independent statutory legal regime appear to be both necessary and inevitable.

The aim is to legal, accounting and tax business analysis forms the transition from the individual to company with limited liability and choosing the best option based on the decision matrix for the company. On the base of theoretical frameworks derive recommendations for solving the problems of transition to individual limited liability company in practice.

Diplomová práce "Strategické rozhodování o investičním projektu Kasárna Slatina" je zaměřena na využití metod rozhodovací analýzy při řešení rozhodovacího problému v rámci revitalizace armádního brownfield Kasárna Slatina. V teoretické části je vysvětlena základní terminologie, metody a postupy, které se vztahují k problematice řešeného rozhodovacího problému. V praktické části je řešeno závažné strategické rozhodnutí spojené s otázkou rozvoje konkrétní brněnské lokality. Na základě použitých postupů je v souladu s rozhodovací metodikou navrženo optimální rozhodnutí.

<p dir="ltr">Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), a disease that due to its complexity and rarity, presents challenges in diagnosis. With a focus on integrating expert knowledge into an intelligent diagnostic system, the research explores the intricate nature of axSpA, emphasizing the challenges associated with its diverse clinical presentation. By leveraging a comprehensive knowledge base curated by domain experts, encompassing insights into pathophysiology, genetic factors, and evolving diagnostic criteria of axSpA, the expert system strives to provide a nuanced understanding of the disease. The methodology employs a hybrid reasoning approach, combining both forward and backward chaining techniques. Forward chaining iteratively processes clinical data and available evidence, applying logical rules to infer potential diagnoses and refine hypotheses, while backward chaining starts with the desired diagnostic goal and works backward through the knowledge base to validate or refute hypotheses. Additionally, certainty theory is incorporated to manage uncertainty in the diagnostic process, assigning confidence levels to conclusions based on the strength of evidence and expert knowledge. By integrating knowledge base, forward and backward chaining, and certainty theory, the research aims to enhance diagnostic precision for this less common yet impactful inflammatory rheumatic condition, emphasizing the importance of early and accurate identification for effective management and improved patient outcomes. The results indicate a significant improvement in diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity compared to traditional methods. The system's potential to enhance early diagnosis and treatment outcomes is discussed, along with suggestions for future research to further refine and expand the system.</p>

Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es, den Begriff des Risikos unter den Aspekten seiner Quantifizierung durch robuste Darstellungen zu untersuchen. In einem ersten Teil wird Risiko anhand Kontext-Invarianter Merkmale betrachtet: Diversifizierung und Monotonie. Wir führen die drei Schlüsselkonzepte, Risikoordnung, Risikomaß und Risikoakzeptanzfamilen ein, und studieren deren eins-zu-eins Beziehung. Unser Hauptresultat stellt eine eindeutige duale robuste Darstellung jedes unterhalbstetigen Risikomaßes auf topologischen Vektorräumen her. Wir zeigen auch automatische Stetigkeitsergebnisse und robuste Darstellungen für Risikomaße auf diversen Arten von konvexen Mengen. Diese Herangehensweise lässt bei der Wahl der konvexen Menge viel Spielraum, und erlaubt damit eine Vielfalt von Interpretationen von Risiko: Modellrisiko im Falle von Zufallsvariablen, Verteilungsrisiko im Falle von Lotterien, Abdiskontierungsrisiko im Falle von Konsumströmen... Diverse Beispiele sind dann in diesen verschiedenen Situationen explizit berechnet (Sicherheitsäquivalent, ökonomischer Risikoindex, VaR für Lotterien, "variational preferences"...). Im zweiten Teil, betrachten wir Präferenzordnungen, die möglicherweise zusätzliche Informationen benötigen, um ausgedrückt zu werden. Hierzu führen wir einen axiomatischen Rahmen in Form von bedingten Präferenzordungen ein, die lokal mit der Information kompatibel sind. Dies erlaubt die Konstruktion einer bedingten numerischen Darstellung. Wir erhalten eine bedingte Variante der von Neumann und Morgenstern Darstellung für messbare stochastische Kerne und erweitern dieses Ergebnis zur einer bedingten Version der "variational preferences". Abschließend, klären wir das Zusammenpiel zwischen Modellrisiko und Verteilungsrisiko auf der axiomatischen Ebene. / The goal of this thesis is the conceptual study of risk and its quantification via robust representations. We concentrate in a first part on context invariant features related to this notion: diversification and monotonicity. We introduce and study the general properties of three key concepts, risk order, risk measure and risk acceptance family and their one-to-one relations. Our main result is a uniquely characterized dual robust representation of lower semicontinuous risk orders on topological vector space. We also provide automatic continuity and robust representation results on specific convex sets. This approach allows multiple interpretation of risk depending on the setting: model risk in the case of random variables, distributional risk in the case of lotteries, discounting risk in the case of consumption streams... Various explicit computations in those different settings are then treated (economic index of riskiness, certainty equivalent, VaR on lotteries, variational preferences...). In the second part, we consider preferences which might require additional information in order to be expressed. We provide a mathematical framework for this idea in terms of preorders, called conditional preference orders, which are locally compatible with the available information. This allows us to construct conditional numerical representations of conditional preferences. We obtain a conditional version of the von Neumann and Morgenstern representation for measurable stochastic kernels and extend then to a conditional version of the variational preferences. We finally clarify the interplay between model risk and distributional risk on the axiomatic level.

Erika Cudworth's Developing Ecofeminist Theory provides a helpful foundation for a non-essentialist, properly intersectional ecofeminist account of oppression, marginalization, and domination, but her rejection of what she refers to as "postmodernism" appears to be based on a misreading of Judith Butler. I attempt to provide a synthesis of Cudworth's framework with Butler, particularly through the use of Karen Barad's agential realism, in order to provide possibility for new alliances between ecofeminism and other anti-oppressive frameworks. I then examine what it might look like to do ecofeminist praxis, given the complex view of agency, ontology, and intersectionality rendered by such a synthesis. I draw from bicycling as an example from which to extrapolate what it means to resist oppression, and then draw from the Philosophy for Children movement to consider what such resistance might look like within the classroom. This dissertation thus attempts to move from theory to practice, recognizing that "the real world" is both always at hand and also subject to performative deconstruction.

本論文旨在提供台灣廠商在統合專利制度下之歐洲專利策略建議。本論文首先介紹以歐洲專利公約為主之現行歐洲專利制度，其次再介紹統合專利制度與統一專利法院制度。接著再以現階段我國廠商於歐洲專利申請狀況切入，分析現階段我國廠商於歐洲專利之布局狀況，再針對未來即將施行之統合專利制度，對台灣廠商之申請人及專利權人提出策略建議。 歐洲專利公約自1977年生效後，申請人向歐洲專利局遞交歐洲專利申請後，經過指定國程序，即可在歐洲專利公約之會員國間取得專利保護。某些會員國亦會要求遞交翻譯文件及繳納相關規費。然而，相比於美國、日本及中國，現行的歐洲專利制度是分離破碎的，進而導致申請人須負擔高額的申請費用與訴訟成本，同時亦有許多法律不確定性。在2013年2月，歐盟終於完成協商，正式簽訂確立歐洲統合專利與統一專利法院之條約。統一專利法院將在所有參與之會員國間擁有專屬管轄權。統合專利制度之下，申請人獲得歐洲專利之費用下降、申請程序更為簡化，且提供更有利於申請人之申請方式。如此，統合專利制度預期將提升申請專利之效益與吸引更多的申請者。統一專利法院制度之專屬管轄權，將提升專利有效性與訴訟之法律安定性，且訴訟相關費用之減免，亦有利於專利權人。 統合專利制度的所有準備工作雖已於2015年陸續完成，但仍需要德國、英國及另外任一個歐盟成員國批准歐洲統一專利條約方可生效，預計最快可在2017年達成。統一專利法院亦於2016年3月完成裁判費用之規定，並陸續完成各級法院之選址與訴訟案件性質之分類。專利權人與專利申請人應要謹慎思考在新制度下可能帶來之各種挑戰，特別是台灣廠商需要評估在新制度下之專利策略。因此，本文將針對新制度介紹，希冀能提供欲前往申請的台灣廠商專利佈局之策略建議。 / First of all, this Article overviews current European patent system in particular with the system under European Patent Convention. This Article also summarizes the features of new system and considers the practical steps which should be taking now in preparation for the start of new regime. European Patent Convention has entered into force since 1977. Under European Patent Convention, applicant can deliver their application to EPO and once the mention of the grant is published, the patent has to be validated in each of the designated states to keep its protective effect. In a number of member states, the patent proprietors may have to file a translation of the specification and pay fees. However, the current European patent system has been the fragmentation compared to the United States, Japan and China. This has caused to a high cost of application and lawsuit and also a high level of uncertainty. In February 2013, the European Union formally signed an agreement established a single European patent and the Unified Patent Court. The court will have exclusive jurisdiction for all participating Member States. Through European unitary patent system and Unified Patent Court, this new system reduces the costs of obtaining a patent, simplifies procedures, and regulates the language issue in a user-friendlier manner than before. Therefore, unitary patent system are expected to enhance the efficiency and attractiveness. All preparation of unitary patent system is accomplished before 2015, but still need the Germany, the Untied Kingdom and two other European member states to ratify the agreement. The beginning of 2017 is now said to be the earliest that can be achieved. Owing to the new patent system, patent proprietors and applicants, especially Taiwanese enterprises should be contemplating their patent strategy for meeting the challenge created by this new patent right. Thus, the Article presents patent strategy for Taiwanese enterprises under new patent system in Europe.

The purpose of this study was to develop and test a measuring instrument based on the Gibb’s Defensive Communication Climate Paradigm (1961) to assess the communication climate focus of professional nurses in selected public hospitals in the Gauteng province. This focus involves the communication behaviour orientation of the professional nurses and their perceptions of the communication behaviour orientation of their operational managers. The Gibb’s model comprises six bipolar conceptual continuums, namely Evaluation-Description, Control-Problem orientation, Strategy-Spontaneity, Neutrality-Empathy, Superiority-Equality and Certainty-Provisionalism Continuums. The study consisted of a non-experimental design, including a developmental phase and a testing phase. During the developmental phase the researcher developed a measuring instrument (a Semantic Differential Scale questionnaire); used a simple, random sample method to pre-test the instrument; analysed the data by applying Cronbach’s Alpha reliability analysis and refined the instrument. Further refinement of this new instrument by future researchers is recommended. During the testing phase the researcher also used a simple, random sample, consisting of professional nurses (N = 270) from three selected public hospitals in Gauteng; tested the items against the biographical data and the three research questions and analysed the obtained data by utilising both descriptive and inferential statistics. A Delphi panel of experts were involved in both phases of the study. The results of the study indicated that although the respondents had a predominantly supportive communication behaviour orientation, they were more focused on the communication behaviour of their operational managers than on their own. Furthermore, the results indicated no significant differences in the influencing factors: age, tenure (periods in hospital), gender, language and institution (public hospital), in terms of the six conceptual continuums. Significant differences were found only in the factor: unit/ward, indicating that the supportiveness of the communication behaviour of professional nurses could be dependent on their specific work environment. Guidelines aimed at the development of a supportive climate were drawn up for the National Department of Health, Gauteng Department of Health, public hospitals, operational managers and professional nurses. It is recommended that implementation of the newly developed guidelines be pivotal for public hospitals, to refocus their communication climates towards supportive communication. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)