This diploma thesis is focused on the environmental management system (EMS). The company can benefit from this system, eg. competition advantage and image increase. The aim of my work is to describe and evaluate two systems of environmental management in Logica CEE company - one is already set up in the Czech Republic and the second one is being established in Slovakia recently. I would like to determine the benefits and impacts of these systems. In practical part of the diploma thesis I describe the complex system implementation and its certification and re-certification.

While student populations are growing, the gatekeeping devices of teacher certification examinations prevent many who want and are trained to teach from entering the profession. If failing these exams predicted failure to teach well, blocking students who do not pass certification exams from entering the profession might be a well-reasoned policy. However, many studies indicate that there is little correlation between certification test scores and quality of teaching. The present study investigated the effectiveness of a program to improve the scores of Texas elementary preservice teachers on a required certification exam. The program consisted of one-on-one coaching of preservice teachers upon the completion of coursework and prior to their taking the state's certification exam. Subjects' scores on a representative form of the certification test were used as pre-treatment measures. The content of the treatment program was individualized for each subject and determined by the specific items missed by each subject on the representative form. The post-treatment measure was the subject's score on the certification exam. Scores on the representative form and on the certification examination were compared to determine if there were significant differences between scores of preservice teachers who had been coached and those who were not coached. Since subjects voluntarily enrolled in the treatment, initial differences between coached and uncoached groups were controlled through analysis of covariance and pairwise matching. Descriptive statistics, t-tests for dependent samples, repeated measures analysis of variance, and univariate analyses of variance and covariance all indicated that there were statistically significant differences between the scores on the certification test of coached and uncoached students. Coached students showed greater improvement in scores than uncoached, with Hispanic subjects showing greater improvement than Caucasian subjects. Analyses that examined the differences between the coached and uncoached subjects on the domain and competency scores that make up the raw scores failed to indicate the sources of the differences in raw scores.

La qualité de la formation professionnelle continue pose de multiples questions. Pour les traiter, nous les abordons sous l’angle du modèle économique de la servuction, rencontre d’acteurs co-producteurs de la formation. Le système est caractérisé par une pluralité d’enjeux et de pilotes ; chacun d’eux, malgré des modalités institutionnelles de concertation, développe ses politiques spécifiques et élabore ses propres normes, marquant ainsi son territoire d’action. De leurs côtés, des organismes de formation créent leurs labels de la qualité pour mieux affirmer leur identité face à leurs partenaires et concurrents et asseoir leur légitimité à intervenir. Les signes de la qualité prolifèrent donc sur le marché de la certification, chacun portant une conception singulière de la formation et des critères de sa qualité. Quelle valeur leur accorder ? Un accord est-il possible sur la qualité de la formation et son évaluation ? En nous appuyant sur les théories des conventions et de la régulation, nous construisons un cadre d’intelligibilité des concepts de qualité, normalisation et certification mis en œuvre aux niveaux macro-économique et microsocial. Nous interrogeons la catégorie de marché de la formation, eu égard aux caractéristiques de l’acte de formation. Nous étudions les pratiques d’institutions chargées de la gouvernance du système, d’entreprises et de bénéficiaires sur ce qui fonde la qualité de la formation de leur point de vue. Nous analysons les raisons pour lesquelles les normes élaborées par consensus entre professionnels du secteur ne font pas l’unanimité et étudions les propositions portées par des réseaux d’organismes, dont les Greta de l’Education nationale. / The quality in adults’ vocational training raises many questions. To treat them, we address the perspective of the economic model of servuction, and meet actors co-producers of the training. The system is characterized by a number of issues and drivers, each of them, despite the institutional arrangements for consultation, develops specific policies and develops its own standards, marking its territory for action. For their part, training organizations create their own quality labels to better assert their identity against their partners and competitors and establish their legitimacy to intervene. As a result, signs of quality are proliferating in the market for certification, each with a unique design of training and criteria for quality. What value are they? Is it possible to reach an agreement on the quality of training and its way of being assessed? Using the theories of conventions and regulation, we build a framework of intelligibility of quality concepts, standardization and certification implemented at the macro-economic and micro-social. We question the category of the training market, given the characteristics of the act of training. We study the practices of institutions on governance of the system, companies and recipients based on what a quality of training is according to them. We analyze the reasons why the standards developed by consensus among industry professionals are not unanimously accepted and we study the proposals made by networks of organizations, including Greta of French National Education.

The certification of systems in the medical domain aims to ensure that a system is acceptably safein order to bear the CE mark. Such process is exhaustive, expensive, time-consuming and safety-critical.Medical devices shall be re-certified under Medical Device Regulations. The first de-facto platform for re-certification is delivered by AMASS project. This thesis is expected to fill the specific gap: evaluate the compliance re-certification efficiency of the platform in the medical domain during the re-certification effort required as a consequence of a change in the normative space. Due to the lack of demonstrations in this safety-critical domain, the standard for medical devices, ISO 14971 with its versions and the Notified Bodies Recommendation Group (NBRG) Consensus paper are considered. There are several differences among them, in terms of the normative part and the fact whether they are international or only applicable in Europe. The evaluation will be conducted on acase study and the research has followed best practicing in case study design/execution. The focus is on two changes. The first change in the normative space is represented by the introduction of the EU directives (EU Medical Device Directives (MDDs): 90/385/EEC, 93/42/EEC, and 98/79/EC.) in relation to ISO 14971:2007, which required the introduction of ISO 14971:2012 (which applies only to manufacturers placing devices on the market in Europe). The second change is represented by the introduction of ISO 14971:2019, an international standard. Through the tool-chain (EPF Composer-BVR Tool), the families of standards and processes are modeled. The reuse of components is assessed through the application of selected metrics creating the measurement framework.The aim is to increase evidence according to the usefulness of the tool-chain in other domains. This master thesis will contribute with a case study evaluation of the tool-chain (a subset of the platform), considering cross-jurisdictional challenges. This work could represent the starting point for an evaluation where not only reference-processes are considered, but also the processes actually modelled in industrial settings.

The purposes of the study were (1) to describe the historical rationale for teacher certification, (2) to survey and report the present requirement of the states for certification as a vocational office education teacher-coordinator, (3) to survey leading business and office education educators for recommendations for vocational office education teacher-coordinator certification requirements, (4) to examine, survey, and report the characteristics and qualifications of employed vocational office education teacher-coordinators, and (5) to develop a model of criteria representing ideal standards for initial and continuing certification requirements for vocational office education teacher-coordinators.

Cette thèse porte sur la notion de certification locale, un sujet central en décision distribuée, un domaine du calcul distribué. Le mécanisme de la décision distribuée consiste, pour les nœuds d'un réseau, à décider de manière distribuée si le réseau est dans une configuration correcte ou non, selon un certain prédicat. Cette décision est dite locale, car les nœuds du réseau ne peuvent communiquer qu'avec leurs voisins. Après avoir communiqué, chaque nœud prend une décision, exprimant si le réseau est correct ou non localement, c'est-à-dire correct étant donné l'information partielle récoltée jusque-là. Le réseau est déclaré correct globalement s'il est déclaré correct localement par tous les nœuds.Du fait de la contrainte de localité, peu de prédicats peuvent être vérifiés de cette manière. La certification locale est un moyen de contourner cette difficulté, et permet de décider tous les prédicats. C'est un mécanisme qui consiste à étiqueter les nœuds du réseau avec ce que l'on appelle des certificats, qui peuvent être vérifiés localement par un algorithme distribué. Un schéma de certification locale est correct si seuls les réseaux dans une configuration correcte peuvent être certifiés. L'idée de la certification locale est non seulement séduisante d'un point de vue théorique, comme une forme de non-déterminisme distribué, mais c'est surtout un concept très utile pour l'étude des algorithmes tolérants aux pannes, où une étape-clé consiste à vérifier l'état du réseau en se basant sur des informations stockées par les nœuds.Cette thèse porte sur quatre aspects de la certification locale : la sensibilité aux erreurs, l'uniformité, la redondance et l'interactivité. L'étude de ces quatre sujets est motivée par une question essentielle : comment réduire les ressources nécessaires à la certification et/ou permettre une meilleure tolérance aux pannes? Pour aborder cette question, il est nécessaire de comprendre le mécanisme de certification en profondeur. Dans cette optique, dans cette thèse, nous apportons des réponses aux questions suivantes. À quel point les certificats doivent-ils être redondants, pour assurer une certification correcte? Les schémas de certification classiques sont-ils robustes à un changement de la condition de correction? Le fait d'introduire de l'interactivité dans le processus change-t-il la complexité de la certification? / This dissertation is about local certification, a central topic in distributed decision, a subfield of distributed computing. The distributed decision mechanism consists, for the nodes of a network, in deciding in a distributed manner whether the network is in a proper configuration or not, with respect to some fixed predicate. This decision is said to be local because the nodes of the network can communicate only with their neighbours. After communication, every node outputs a decision, stating whether the network is locally correct, that is, correct given the partial information gathered so far by this node. The network is declared to be globally correct, if and only if, it is declared to be locally correct by every node.Most predicates cannot be verified by this type of computation, due to the locality constraint. Local certification is a mechanism that enables to circumvent this difficulty, and to check any property. It consists in providing the nodes of the network with labels, called certificates, that can be verified locally by a distributed algorithm. A local certification scheme is correct if only the networks that satisfy the predicate can be certified. In addition to its theoretical appeal, as a form of distributed non-determinism, the concept of local certification is especially relevant in the study of fault-tolerant distributed algorithms, where a key step consists in checking the status of the network, based on information stored at the nodes.This dissertation deals with four aspects of local certification: error-sensitivity, uniformity, redundancy, and interactivity. The study of these four topics is motivated by the same essential question: How to reduce the resources needed for certification, and/or ensure a better fault-tolerance? In order to tackle this question we have to understand fundamental properties of certification. In particular, in this dissertation we answer questions such as: How redundant the certificates need to be for a proper certification? Are the classic certification protocols robust to a strengthening of the acceptance condition? and, How does introducing interactivity in the process changes the complexity of certification?

La Méthode B est une méthode formelle de spécification et de développement de logiciels critiques largement utilisée dans l'industrie ferroviaire. Elle permet le développement de programmes dit corrects par construction, grâce à une procédure de raffinements successifs d'une spécification abstraite jusqu'à une implantation déterministe du programme. La correction des étapes de raffinement est garantie par la vérification de la correction de formules mathématiques appelées obligations de preuve et exprimées dans la théorie des ensembles de la Méthode B. Les projets industriels utilisant la Méthode B génèrent généralement des milliers d'obligation de preuve. La faisabilité et la rapidité du développement dépendent donc fortement d'outils automatiques pour prouver ces formules mathématiques. Un outil logiciel, appelé Atelier B, spécialement développé pour aider au développement de projet avec la Méthode B, aide les utilisateurs a se décharger des obligations de preuve, automatiquement ou interactivement. Améliorer la vérification automatique des obligations de preuve est donc une tache importante. La solution que nous proposons est d'utiliser Zenon, un outils de déduction automatique pour la logique du premier ordre et qui implémente la méthode des tableaux. La particularité de Zenon est de générer des certificats de preuve, des preuves écrites dans un certain format et qui permettent leur vérification automatique par un outil tiers. La théorie des ensembles de la Méthode B est une théorie des ensembles en logique du premier ordre qui fait appel à des schémas d'axiomes polymorphes. Pour améliorer la preuve automatique avec celle-ci, nous avons étendu l'algorithme de recherche de preuve de Zenon au polymorphisme et à la déduction modulo théorie. Ce nouvel outil, qui constitue le cœur de notre contribution, est appelé Zenon Modulo. L'extension de Zenon au polymorphisme nous a permis de traiter, efficacement et sans encodage, les problèmes utilisant en même temps plusieurs types, par exemple les booléens et les entiers, et des axiomes génériques, tels ceux de la théorie des ensembles de B. La déduction modulo théorie est une extension de la logique du premier ordre à la réécriture des termes et des propositions. Cette méthode est parfaitement adaptée à la recherche de preuve dans les théories axiomatiques puisqu'elle permet de transformer des axiomes en règles de réécriture. Par ce moyen, nous passons d'une recherche de preuve dans des axiomes à du calcul, réduisant ainsi l'explosion combinatoire de la recherche de preuve en présence d'axiomes et compressant la taille des preuves en ne gardant que les étapes intéressantes. La certification des preuves de Zenon Modulo, une autre originalité de nos travaux, est faite à l'aide de Dedukti, un vérificateur universel de preuve qui permet de certifier les preuves provenant de nombreux outils différents, et basé sur la déduction modulo théorie. Ce travail fait parti d'un projet plus large appelé BWare, qui réunit des organismes de recherche académique et des industriels autour de la démonstration automatique d'obligations de preuve dans l'Atelier B. Les partenaires industriels ont fournit à BWare un ensemble d'obligation de preuve venant de vrais projets industriels utilisant la Méthode B, nous permettant ainsi de tester notre outil Zenon Modulo.Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus sur cet ensemble de référence sont particulièrement convaincant puisque Zenon Modulo prouve plus d'obligation de preuve que les outils de déduction automatique de référence au premier ordre. De plus, tous les certificats de preuve produits par Zenon Modulo ont été validés par Dedukti, nous permettant ainsi d'être très confiant dans la correction de notre travail. / The B Method is a formal method heavily used in the railway industry to specify and develop safety-critical software. It allows the development of correct-by-construction programs, thanks to a refinement process from an abstract specification to a deterministic implementation of the program. The soundness of the refinement steps depends on the validity of logical formulas called proof obligations, expressed in a specific typed set theory. Typical industrial projects using the B Method generate thousands of proof obligations, thereby relying on automated tools to discharge as many as possible proof obligations. A specific tool, called Atelier B, designed to implement the B Method and provided with a theorem prover, helps users verify the validity of proof obligations, automatically or interactively. Improving the automated verification of proof obligations is a crucial task for the speed and ease of development. The solution developed in our work is to use Zenon, a first-orderlogic automated theorem prover based on the tableaux method. The particular feature of Zenon is to generate proof certificates, i.e. proof objects that can be verified by external tools. The B Method is based on first-order logic and a specific typed set theory. To improve automated theorem proving in this theory, we extend the proof-search algorithm of Zenon to polymorphism and deduction modulo theory, leading to a new tool called Zenon Modulo which is the main contribution of our work. The extension to polymorphism allows us to deal with problems combining several sorts, like booleans and integers, and generic axioms, like B set theory axioms, without relying on encodings. Deduction modulo theory is an extension of first-order logic with rewriting both on terms and propositions. It is well suited for proof search in axiomatic theories, as it turns axioms into rewrite rules. This way, we turn proof search among axioms into computations, avoiding unnecessary combinatorial explosion, and reducing the size of proofs by recording only their meaningful steps. To certify Zenon Modulo proofs, we choose to rely on Dedukti, a proof-checker used as a universal backend to verify proofs coming from different theorem provers,and based on deduction modulo theory. This work is part of a larger project called BWare, which gathers academic entities and industrial companies around automated theorem proving for the B Method. These industrial partners provide to BWare a large benchmark of proof obligations coming from real industrial projects using the B Method and allowing us to test our tool Zenon Modulo. The experimental results obtained on this benchmark are particularly conclusive since Zenon Modulo proves more proof obligations than state-of-the-art first-order provers. In addition, all the proof certificates produced by Zenon Modulo on this benchmark are well checked by Dedukti, increasing our confidence in the soundness of our work.

The main purpose of this master's thesis is to create electronic mail room of The BUT. First of all I described problems concerning a digital signature, its use and safety, and as well as sphere of qualified certificates and method of their issuing by certification authority. The next part of the thesis deals with systems enabling electronic submission (so-called "Electronic Mail Room"). I have focused on available applications providing electronic submission service to civil offices, and subsequently analyzed functions that individual applications offer to the Mail Room clients as well as to authority staff. On the basis of gained knowledge and according CVIS requirements I created project of electronic submission for needs of the Brno University of Technology. Result of this thesis is the application of electronic mail room, implemented in BUT portal.

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Introduction – This study examines the environmental certification NollCO2, which manages and sets requirements for a building's carbon dioxide emissions during its life cycle. Emissions of carbon dioxide are one of the greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming. This affect opportunities to achieve national and global climate goal. By building according to the requirement of net zero carbon dioxide emissions, the climate impact from the construction sector can be reduced and greenhouse gas emissions in Sweden decrease. Method – The survey is a two-case study of the pilot projects Hyllie Terrass in Malmö and the Lidl store outside Visby, two of the first climate-neutral buildings with NollCO2 certification. The study has a qualitative approach, and the empirical data is collected with the help of semi-structured interviews and an in-depth literature search. Results / Analysis – The results of the study showed that the NollCO2 certification is about reducing carbon dioxide emissions with a focus on the climate issue. Each new NollCO2 project contributes to a reduced amount of carbon dioxide emissions. The certification differs from the other certifications by setting a CO2 budget in line with the climate goal. An obstacle that exists when implementing the NollCO2 certification is that the production cost increases. Meeting the CO2 budget set by Sweden Green Building Council is also a challenge. The certification is completely new in its kind, which created doubts about feasibility and untested methods. There is also a risk when the design work is to be handed over to the construction contract that decisive choices may be affected. Some property owners find that the certification process is lengthy and advanced, due to structural and technical barriers. There can also be problems with profitability for property owners where higher certification ratings outweigh the actual climate impact. There is also criticism that the certification is called zero, as carbon dioxide emissions in practice do not end up at net zero. Sweden is far ahead in the development towards carbon-neutral construction because of the environment and nature being deeply rooted in the culture and history that the country has. The Nordic region has a goal to be the world's most sustainable integrated region by 2030, which will accelerate development. Commitment to building more carbon dioxide-efficient indicates a widespread international interest in the industry for reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Discussion – Based on the study, it is stated that the certification NollCO2 sets requirements for construction projects to build with less climate impact. The certification is the only existing tool to demonstrate a reduced climate impact. It is not possible to achieve zero carbon dioxide emissions today, but the measures of the certification are efforts to achieve the environmental goals. By using and developing the NollCO2 certification, the conditions will be improved. To gain more commitment, more demands are needed from authorities and organizations. There are requirements when it comes to energy, but climate requirements are also needed. If Sweden continues to take the lead, the country will set a good example that can spread knowledge and tools for climate grazing in other countries. Keywords: NollCO2 certification, climate-neutral construction, environmental certification, carbon dioxide emissions, SGBC