À notre époque où le matérialisme est plus que présent et où l’enseignement supérieur s’obstine à s’orienter vers les besoins économiques et la compétition mondiale, le bien-être des étudiants reste un terrain négligé. En France, nous constatons une diminution des capacités de gestion du stress et la détérioration du bien-être chez les étudiants. Le Tai Ji Quan (Tai Chi Chuan), art martial basé sur la pensée du Tao, connu comme une pratique associant le corps et l’esprit, peut-il être introduit dans les curricula universitaires afin d’apporter l’aide dont ont besoin les étudiants pour gérer leur stress et parvenir au bien-être ? Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons exploité les sources de la théorie du Tai Ji Quan et sa contribution à l’éducation ; étudié les fondements de cette pratique et analysé les avantages et les inconvénients de formations similaires existant en Chine, afin de réfléchir à l’intégration d’un curriculum de Tai Ji Quan dans le système universitaire français. A partir d’une réalité clinique de terrain, des stages de Tai Ji Quan style Chen de 18 heures ont été organisés, sur une durée de huit semaines, en 2012 et en 2013. Une étude pilote quasi expérimentale et une étude qualitative à l’aide d’entretiens semi directifs a été menée. La première de ces études monte des effets bénéfiques du Tai Ji Quan sur la réduction du stress et l’augmentation du bien-être des étudiants. De plus, les scores attribués au stage à la question finale ont montré une forte motivation des étudiants. Les résultats des entretiens, complétés par les témoignages écrits du groupe expérimental de la première recherche, montrent les bienfaits physiologiques et mentaux acquis lors de la formation. Des bénéfices ont été constatés qui se prolongent dans la vie quotidienne des étudiants. Ces données qualitatives ont permis d’identifier les points sur lesquels le curriculum du Tai Ji Quan pouvait satisfaire les besoins des étudiants et d’évaluer son programme : contenu et durée, supports matériels, situation de travail chez soi, désir de persévérer, difficultés rencontrées pendant la pratique du Tai Ji Quan et remédiations, qualification des enseignants, ainsi que les valeurs de ce curriculum apportées aux apprentis, sur le plan éducatif et sociétal. / In a world driven by globalisation and materialism, higher education struggles with preparing students to excel in competition by offering extensive intellectural training, while how to nurture the well-being of students is still underexplored. In France, associted with the decrease of skills in stress management, French students’ well-being has been deteriorated year by year. Tai Ji Quan (Tai Chi Chuan), the martial art that is based on Taoism philosophy and traditional Chinese medicine and kown as a typical body-mind practice, has been proven to be effective in improving physical and mental health. How could Tai Ji Quan be integrated into university curricula to improve students’ well being ? To answer this question, we reviewed the theoretical roots of Tai Ji Quan and its contribution to education, we also examed its essential principles and analyzed the avantages and disadvantages of Tai Ji curriculum compared with other trainings courses in China. In order to explore means to integrate teaching Tai Ji Quan into French university system, we organized an 18-hour Chen style Tai Ji Quan training courses during an eight-week period at the University of Limoges (France) in 2012 and in 2013. We adopted a quasi-experimental pilot study and semi-structured interviews to collect data. Results show a strong motivation of students to engage in this practice, and show that our participants benefit physically and mentally from this training. They also reported that how this practice benefit them greatly in their daily lives. This study allows us to analyze at what extend that the Tai Ji Quan ‘s curriculum can satisfy the need of students ; discuss the design of curriculum programme. They also sheds lights how this curriculum can benefit students, the educational terms and the society overall.

辛棄疾與姜夔雄踞詞壇，各為南宋豪放與婉約派的代表人物。歷來對二人之研究頗多， 然合而觀者則少，乃興筆者將其作比較之企圖；蓋美的型態是多面的，世上本多相反相 成之物，藉由比較研究的方式，應會激發對詞作藝術及詞人心靈之美更深切的體會，如 此，對詞派、詞美學之研究亦將更具意義。在研究方法上，主要乃以形構主義的批評法 為主，即以作品文本（ Text ）為分析的中心；另又輔以歷史批評法，從文學發展的縱 軸中去解讀詞體風格淵源與發展之跡。全文除前言外，共分七章：前四章可視為理論篇 ，而以一、三、四章為主，第一章緒論乃詞體風格論，從詞史角度分析詞之風格本質與 豪放、婉約二派之源。第二章作者論，評述二人之家庭出身、思想遭遇與詞作流傳。第 三章為詞作主旨探索理論，從中西理論與詞體演進，評估詞作主旨探索與分類之可能。第四章為詞作分類論，敘述對辛、姜二人本於同樣基準上所作的詞作分類項目（全部有 十五類），與筆者對每首詞作主旨之評定。五、六兩章為詞作比較；前章為內容，後章 為形式。內容依前面的分類，分「豪放愛國詞」、「婉約愛國詞」、「友朋別情詞」、 「婉約愛情詞」及「節序詠懷與退隱詞」五節，作比較分析。形式則分修辭與格律兩類 ，主要從意象、造句、章法及詞調、用韻等，作比較分析。第七章為結論。本文研究的 主要成果，第一是在詞作主旨評析與分類模式方面，有較深入的理論思辨，第二是對兩 人詞作風格與內涵關係的解析，如將表現愛國情感的詞作從形式上劃分為「豪放的」與 「婉約的」二類。經由本研究，對辛姜詞作因何表現豪放與婉約之風，就有了較深的理 解，然美學理論的淺昧、引證參考之微薄，則是本文所不足者。

The main purpose of this thesis is to consider usual statistical tests for discrete data and to present some recent developments around them. Contents can be divided into three parts. In the first part we consider the general issue of misclassification and its impact on usual test results. A suggested diagnostic examination of the misclassification process leads to simple and direct investigation tools to determine whether conclusions are very sensitive to classification errors. An additional probabilistic approach is presented, in order to refine the discussion in terms of the risk of getting contradictory conclusions whenever misclassified data occur. In the second part we propose a general approach to deal with the issue of multiple sub-testing procedures. In particular, when the null hypothesis is rejected, we show that usual re-applications of the test to selected parts of the data can provide non-consistency problems. The method we discuss is based on the concept of decisive subsets, set as the smallest number of categories being sufficient to reject the null hypothesis, whatever the counts of the remaining categories. In this framework, we present an iterative step-by-step detection process based on successive interval building and category count comparison. Several examples highlight the gain our method can bring with respect to classical approaches. The third and last part is consecrated to the framework of item response theory, a field of psychometrics. After a short introduction to that topic, we propose first two enhanced iterative estimators of proficiency. Several theoretical properties and simulation results indicate that these methods ameliorate the usual Bayesian estimators in terms of bias, among others. Furthermore, we propose to study the link between response pattern misfit and subject's variability (the latter as individual latent trait). More precisely, we present "maximum likelihood"-based joint estimators of subject's parameters (ability and variability); several simulations suggest that enhanced estimators also have major gain (with respect to classical ones), mainly in terms of estimator's bias.

Temporal changes of seismic velocity and anisotropy in the shallow crust are quantified using local earthquakes recorded at a 200-m-deep borehole station CHY in Taiwan. This station is located directly above the hypocenter of the 10/22/1999, M6.4 Chia-Yi earthquake. Three-component seismograms recorded at this station show clear direct (up-going) and surface-reflected (down-going) P- and S-waves, and S-wave splitting signals. The two-way travel times in the top 200 m is obtained by measuring the time delays between the up-going and down-going waves in the auto-correlation function. The S-wave travel times measured in two horizontal components increase by ~1-2% at the time of Chia-Yi main shock, and followed by a logarithmic recovery, while the temporal changes of S-wave splitting and P-wave are less than 1% and are not statistically significant. We obtain similar results by grouping earthquakes into clusters according to their locations and waveform similarities. This suggests that the observed temporal changes are not very sensitive to the seismic ray path below CHY, but are mostly controlled by the variation of material property in the top 200 m of the crust. We propose that strong ground motions of the Chia-Yi main shock cause transient openings of fluid-filled microcracks and increases the porosity in the near-surface layers, followed by a relatively long healing process. Because we observe no clear changes in the shear wave anisotropy, we infer that the co-seismic damages do not have a preferred orientation. Our results also show a gradual increase of time delays for both the fast and slow S-waves in the previous 7 years before the Chia-Yi main shock. Such changes might be caused by variations of water table, sediment packing or other surficial processes.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever a metodologia do Yôga e do Tai Chi Chuan na composição da partitura cênica do ator, ao relatar a aplicação das duas técnicas orientais nos exercícios de improvisação. Desta forma, foi possível provar a qualidade cênica ao experimentar o método numa livre adaptação do texto Hamlet de Shakespeare. O método, resultado das improvisações com os ásanas do Yôga e os movimentos básicos do Tai Chi Chuan, levou à criação do espetáculo Agora já era...Hamlet!. / The aim of this work is to describe the methodology of Yoga and Tai Chi Chuan to build the actors theatrical piece while reporting the usage of these eastern techniques in exercises of improvisation. This way, it was possible to prove the theatrical quality when experimenting the method in a free adaptation of the text Hamlet by Shakespeare. This method resulted from improvisations with yoga positions (asanas) and basic Tai Chi Chuan movements, which led to the creation of the play Agora já era...Hamlet!.

This study compared the results for McNemar's test, the t test for related measures, and the chi-square test of independence as cell sized varied in a two-by-two frequency table. In this study. the probability results for McNemar's rest, the t test for related measures, and the chi-square test of independence were compared for 13,310 different combinations of cell sizes in a two-by-two design. Several conclusions were reached: With very few exceptions, the t test for related measures and McNemar's test yielded probability results within .002 of each other. The chi-square test seemed to equal the other two tests consistently only when low probabilities less than or equal to .001 were attained. It is recommended that the researcher consider using the t test for related measures as a viable option for McNemar's test except when the researcher is certain he/she is only interested in 'changes'. The chi-square test of independence not only tests a different hypothesis than McNemar's test, but it often yields greatly differing results from McNemar's test.

Participatory Action Research (PAR) was carried out to improve educational practices and environmental sustainability in an International School in Vietnam by undertaking two cycles of PAR to determine how the school community could use paper on a more sustainable basis. The methodology included sorting paper and encouraging the reuse of paper. Practices related to computer printing, report writing and newsletter production were also investigated. Changes in the school community, in terms of accepting responsibility and demonstrating changed attitudes and behaviours, were measured. The school community demonstrated greater awareness, increased responsibility and more action competence. Critical awareness of unsustainable practices increased. Individuals were able to effect change, but it is recommended that such actions should be institutionalised for such changes to be sustainable. Limitations and recommendations emphasise the need for continuing PAR to implement sustainability. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Environmental Education)

Participatory Action Research (PAR) was carried out to improve educational practices and environmental sustainability in an International School in Vietnam by undertaking two cycles of PAR to determine how the school community could use paper on a more sustainable basis. The methodology included sorting paper and encouraging the reuse of paper. Practices related to computer printing, report writing and newsletter production were also investigated. Changes in the school community, in terms of accepting responsibility and demonstrating changed attitudes and behaviours, were measured. The school community demonstrated greater awareness, increased responsibility and more action competence. Critical awareness of unsustainable practices increased. Individuals were able to effect change, but it is recommended that such actions should be institutionalised for such changes to be sustainable. Limitations and recommendations emphasise the need for continuing PAR to implement sustainability. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Environmental Education)

Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2009-2010 / Le présent mémoire décrit les conditions de travail de jeunes serveuses à Phạm Ngũ Lạo, quartier touristique de Hồ Chí Minh Ville, au Việt Nam. Les serveuses, sans constituer un groupe homogène, vivent toutes une surcharge de travail, une grande fatigue, un stress intense face à la maladie et à la faiblesse de leurs revenus. Ces conditions affectent leur santé et leur bien-être. Ce mémoire analyse, dans une perspective féministe, les relations inégalitaires des serveuses avec leurs collègues masculins, leurs patrons et leurs clients. Ces relations, marquées par une forte différence de classe, sont complexifiées par la présence de nombreux étrangers parmi la clientèle. Fréquent, le harcèlement sexuel est omniprésent dans certains établissements. Les serveuses, confrontées à la pauvreté et à la précarité, courent le risque d’être entraînées vers la prostitution. Pour échapper à ce piège et améliorer leurs conditions, elles développent avec plus ou moins de succès diverses tactiques et stratégies. Mots-clés : serveuse, restauration, pauvreté, rapports sociaux de sexe, de classe et de race, genre et développement, quartier touristique, tourisme, tourisme sexuel, prostitution, harcèlement sexuel, tactiques et stratégies. / This thesis describes the working conditions of young waitresses in Phạm Ngũ Lạo, a touristic neighbourhood in Hồ Chí Minh City, Việt Nam. Waitresses, without constituting a homogenous group, are often subjected to heavy workloads and low earnings, which can lead to an intensification of stress, fatigue, and illness. The working conditions affect their health and well-being. This thesis analyzes, with a feminist perspective, the unequal relations between waitresses and their male counterparts, their superiors, and their clients. Those relations, clearly shaped by deep class disparities, are complexified by the presence of a foreign clientele. Sexual harassment is omnipresent in some establishments. Waitresses, confronted with poverty and insecurity, risk being drawn into prostitution. In order to escape this trap and to improve their conditions, they develop various tactics and strategies with mitigated outcome. Keywords: waitress, restauration, poverty, gender, class and race relations, gender and development, touristic neighbourhood, tourism, sexual tourism, prostitution, sexual harassment, tactics and strategies.

Depuis la Réforme économique en 1986, Hô Chi Minh-ville (HCMV) et particulièrement son centre (correspondant à l'ancienne Saigon) connaissent un boom de la construction, dans lequel les interventions du secteur privé jouent un rôle primordial. Or, Saigon, désormais partie de la métropole du Sud du Vietnam, possède un cadre bâti riche, formé par les modes de construction résultant d'une accumulation de cultures urbaines variées qui ont chacune laissé dans la ville leurs traces matérielles ; mais cet espace urbain complexe se trouve aujourd'hui mis en question par l'intense mouvement de construction que les institutions d'urbanisme vietnamiennes avec leurs outils (plans et projets d'urbanisme, documents législatifs et administratifs, programmes urbaines) semblent avoir peine à maîtriser. L'étude des mutations urbaines de cet espace à partir de leurs acteurs et vecteurs conduit cette recherche à une confrontation des outils d'urbanisme à leurs effets sur les transformations typo-morphologiques introduites par les initiatives privées dans le centre de HCMV, à travers l'histoire de sa construction urbaine depuis l'époque coloniale jusqu'à nos jours / Since the Economic Reform in 1986, Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) and its center (corresponding to the ancient Saigon) have in particular experienced a boom in construction, in which the private sector plays the key role. In addition, the city of Saigon, now part of the metropolis of south of Vietnam, has a rich urban structure formed by methods of construction which result from an accumulation of various urban cultures, each of them leaving material traces - a complex urban space now challenged by intense movement of construction which the Vietnamese planning institutions with their tools (plans and urban projects, legislative and administrative documents, urban programs) have not been effective in controlling. By studying the urban change of this space through its actors and vectors, this research leads us to a comparison of planning tools and their effects on the typo-morphological transformations introduced by private initiatives in the center of HCMC, through its history of urban construction since the colonial period until today