Τα παράκτια μεταβατικά οικοσυστήματα όπως οι λιμνοθάλασσες και οι αλυκές, αποτελούν δυναμικά οικοσυστήματα και παρουσιάζουν έντονες χωρικές και χρονικές διακυμάνσεις, αφού ως οικότονοι μεταξύ ξηράς και θάλασσας, δέχονται την ταυτόχρονη επίδραση χερσαίου και θαλάσσιου περιβάλλοντος. Παράλληλα είναι οικοσυστήματα υψηλής παραγωγικότητας, αφού φιλοξενούν είδη με υψηλή πρωτογενή παραγωγικότητα. Τα υδρόβια μακρόφυτα αποτελούν δομικά και λειτουργικά στοιχεία των οικοσυστημάτων αυτών και σύμφωνα με την Οδηγία Πλαίσιο 2000/60/ΕΕ, αποτελούν ποιοτικά στοιχεία και χρησιμοποιούνται ως βιοδείκτες για την εκτίμηση της οικολογικής ποιότητας των υδάτινων οικοσυστημάτων. Στα πλαίσια της παρούσας μεταπτυχιακής διατριβής, διερευνήθηκαν οι σχέσεις μεταξύ αβιοτικών και βιοτικών παραμέτρων της υδάτινης στήλης, στις λιμνοθάλασσες Κοτύχι και Πρόκοπο της ΒΔ Πελοποννήσου και στις αλυκές Λάρνακας και στον υγρότοπο Ακρωτηρίου (Αλυκές Ακρωτηρίου, λιβάδι Φασουρίου) της Κύπρου. Πραγματοποιήθηκαν μηνιαίες δειγματοληψίες κατά την βλαστητική περίοδο των ετών 2006, 2007 και 2008, στην διάρκεια των οποίων καταγράφηκαν οι φυσικοχημικές παράμετροι των υδάτων, όπως βάθος (m), διαφάνεια (m), θερμοκρασία (οC), αλατότητα (‰), αγωγιμότητα (mS/cm), διαλυμένο οξυγόνο (mg/l), pH, ολικά αιωρούμενα στερεά (mg/l), φωτοσυνθετικά ενεργή ακτινοβολία- PAR ενώ υπολογίστηκαν οι συγκεντρώσεις της Chl-α (mg/m3) η αλκαλικότητα (mg/l), η συγκέντρωση των θρεπτικών αλάτων φωσφόρου-SRP (mg/l) και αζώτου - NO2-N, NO3-N και ΝΗ4-Ν (mg/l), καθώς και η σταθερά απορρόφησης Κ (m-1) της υδάτινης στήλης. Παράλληλα συλλέχθηκαν ποσοτικά και ποιοτικά δεδομένα που αφορούν τη δομή των μακροφυτικών κοινωνιών, καθώς και την χωρική και χρονική διακύμανση της κατανομής και της ανάπτυξης των μακροφυτικών ειδών που απαντώνται στις λιμνοθάλασσες και στις αλυκές. Τέλος διερευνήθηκαν οι σχέσεις μεταξύ αβιοτικών παραμέτρων και ειδών μακροφύτων και εξετάστηκαν οι πιθανοί παράγοντες που επηρεάζουν την ανάπτυξη και την κατανομή των μακροφύτων. Για την διερεύνηση της δομής των μακροφυτικών κοινωνιών, την ταξινόμηση της υδρόβιας βλάστησης σε ευδιάκριτες ομάδες, καθώς και την ομαδοποίηση των σταθμών δειγματοληψίας ανάλογα με την σύνθεση της βλάστησης τους, εφαρμόστηκαν οι μέθοδοι ταξινόμησης TWINSPAN και MDS. Χρησιμοποιήθηκαν επίσης οι συντελεστές συσχέτισης Pearson (r) και Kendall (tau-b), προκειμένου να εξεταστεί η ύπαρξη πιθανών συσχετίσεων μεταξύ των φυσικοχημικών παραμέτρων, αλλά και μεταξύ βιοτικών και αβιοτικών παραμέτρων, ενώ πραγματοποιήθηκε ανάλυση διασποράς (one-way ANOVA) προκειμένου να διαπιστωθούν στατιστικά σημαντικές διαφορές μεταξύ των περιοχών μελέτης, αλλά και μεταξύ των διαφορετικών ομάδων βλάστησης. Τέλος, για την διερεύνηση των αβιοτικών παραμέτρων που επηρεάζουν την ανάπτυξη και την κατανομή των μακροφύτων, εφαρμόστηκε η μέθοδος ανάλυσης κανονικών αντιστοιχιών CCA (Canonical Correspondence Analysis). Στις τέσσερις περιοχές μελέτης καταγράφηκαν συνολικά 29 taxa μακροφύτων, τα οποία ταξινομήθηκαν σε έξι ομάδες βλάστησης. Πέντε taxa από αυτά, αναφέρονται για πρώτη φορά στην Κύπρο. Τα είδη με την μεγαλύτερη αφθονία στις περιοχές μελέτης ήταν τα Ruppia cirrhosa, Potamogeton pectinatus, Najas marina ssp. armata, Althenia filiformis, Lamprothamnium papulosum και Ulva lactuca. Η βιομάζα των κυρίαρχων ειδών παρουσίασε εποχικές διακυμάνσεις με τις μέγιστες τιμές να καταγράφονται την άνοιξη και το καλοκαίρι. Στις λιμνοθάλασσες Κοτύχι και Πρόκοπο παρατηρήθηκε οικολογική διαδοχή ειδών στη διάρκεια της βλαστητικής περιόδου, η οποία μπορεί να αποδοθεί σε σημαντικές αλλαγές του αβιοτικού περιβάλλοντος (π.χ. αλατότητας), όπως η αντικατάσταση του είδους Potamogeton pectinatus από το αγγειόσπερμο Ruppia cirrhosa, ενώ η εμφάνιση ευτροφικών φαινομένων με σημαντική αύξηση της βιομάζας ευκαιριακών ειδών (π.χ. χλωρόφυτα), οδήγησε στην μείωση της βιομάζας των αγγειοσπέρμων. Στις αλυκές Λάρνακας και Ακρωτηρίου η βιομάζα κυμάνθηκε σε πολύ χαμηλά επίπεδα πιθανώς λόγω των πολύ ψηλών τιμών αλατότητας. Τις υψηλότερες τιμές βιομάζας παρουσίασε το αγγειόσπερμο Althenia filiformis τον Απρίλιο. Την βλαστητική περίοδο 2008 οι μεγαλύτερες τιμές αλατότητας που καταγράφηκαν στις αλυκές Λάρνακας και Ακρωτηρίου, δεν ευνόησαν την ανάπτυξη μακροφύτων. Αντίθετα στο λιβάδι Φασουρίου όπου η αλατότητα ήταν σημαντικά χαμηλότερη, η βιομάζα του κυρίαρχου Najas marina ssp. armata κυμάνθηκε σε υψηλές τιμές με τις μεγαλύτερες να καταγράφονται τον Ιούνιο. Από την διερεύνηση των μορφομετρικών χαρακτηριστικών του αγγειόσπερμου Ruppia cirrhosa, προέκυψε ότι η πυκνότητα των πληθυσμών του είδους κυμάνθηκε στα ίδια επίπεδα με άλλες λιμνοθάλασσες της Μεσογείου (449–5120 βλαστοί/m2), ενώ παρουσίασε θετική συσχέτιση με την θερμοκρασία και αρνητική συσχέτιση με την συγκέντρωση ολικού φωσφόρου. Το μήκος των φύλλων συσχετίστηκε θετικά με την συγκέντρωση των όξινων ανθρακικών ιόντων, τα οποία σε χαμηλές συγκεντρώσεις μπορεί να αποτελέσουν περιοριστικό παράγοντα για την ανάπτυξη των μακροφύτων. Η μεγαλύτερη ποικιλότητα μακροφύτων (δείκτης Shannon-Weaner) καταγράφηκε στην λιμνοθάλασσα Πρόκοπο, ενώ οι αλυκές Λάρνακας παρουσίασαν την χαμηλότερη ποικιλότητα, πιθανά λόγω του ότι οι υψηλές τιμές αλατότητας δεν ευνοούν την ανάπτυξη πολλών ειδών μακροφύτων. Η εφαρμογή του δείκτη οικολογικής αξιολόγησης ΕΕΙ (Ecological Evaluation Index) για την εκτίμηση της οικολογικής ποιότητας των υδάτων με την χρήση των μακροφύτων ως βιοδεικτών, είχε ως αποτέλεσμα την ταξινόμηση της ποιότητας των υδάτων της λιμνοθάλασσας Κοτυχίου ως Μέτρια, της λιμνοθάλασσας Πρόκοπος και των αλυκών Λάρνακας ως Καλή, ενώ του υγρότοπου Ακρωτηρίου μπορούν να χαρακτηριστούν ως Υψηλής οικολογικής ποιότητας. Oι σημαντικότερες περιβαλλοντικές παράμετροι που καθορίζουν την σύνθεση των ομάδων βλάστησης, αλλά και την εξάπλωση των ειδών των μακροφύτων στις περιοχές έρευνας, είναι το υδατικό ισοζύγιο, η αλατότητα και οι συγκεντρώσεις των θρεπτικών αλάτων. Στα πλαίσια προστασίας και διατήρησης των παράκτιων αυτών υγροτόπων, προτείνεται ο σχεδιασμός ενός μόνιμου δικτύου παρακολούθησης βιοτικών και αβιοτικών παραμέτρων και η διεξαγωγή συστηματικής έρευνας με την πραγματοποίηση οικολογικών μελετών χρησιμοποιώντας βιοτικά στοιχεία για την εκτίμηση της οικολογικής τους ποιότητας. Επίσης, η λήψη διαχειριστικών μέτρων για τον περιορισμό της εισροής θρεπτικών στους υγρότοπους, κρίνεται επιτακτική αφού η εμφάνιση ευτροφικών φαινομένων αποτελεί διαρκεί απειλή για τα υδάτινα οικοσυστήματα. Η απαγόρευση καταπάτησης των οικοτόπων, της απόρριψης σκουπιδιών, της βόσκησης και της θήρευσης, μπορεί να υλοποιηθεί με την λήψη και εφαρμογή αυστηρών μέτρων, καθώς και με την φύλαξη των περιοχών αυτών. Η περίφραξη και η σηματοδότηση επιλεγμένων σημείων, ο καθαρισμός απορριμμάτων, η απομάκρυνση ξενικών ειδών και ο καθαρισμός των καναλιών που συλλέγουν και διοχετεύουν νερό από την λεκάνη απορροής στους υγρότοπους, μπορούν να βοηθήσουν στην διατήρηση των υγροτόπων και την βελτίωση της οικολογικής τους κατάστασης. Επίσης, η πραγματοποίηση ειδικών περιβαλλοντικών μελετών πρέπει πάντα να προηγείται της υλοποίησης κάθε μορφής έργων. Τέλος η ενημέρωση και ευαισθητοποίηση του κοινού με την απρόσκοπτη λειτουργία κέντρων περιβαλλοντικής ενημέρωσης και φορέων διαχείρισης των περιοχών αυτών, κρίνεται απαραίτητη προκειμένου οι υγρότοποι να προστατευτούν και να αποφευχθεί η σταδιακή υποβάθμιση τους. / Lagoons and other coastal wetlands are shallow aquatic environments located in the transitional zone between terrestrial and marine ecosystems, which can span from freshwater to hypersaline conditions depending on their water balance. They exhibit an extreme spatial and temporal variability of environmental parameters and are recognized as highly productive ecosystems. Aquatic macrophytes are key structural and functional components of aquatic ecosystems. As photosynthetic sessile organisms being at the base of food web, are vulnerable and adaptive to human and environmental stress. They respond to aquatic environment representing reliable indicators of its changes and are mentioned in the WFD as biological quality elements for the ecological classification of transitional and coastal waters. In the present work, the relationships between biotic and abiotic parameters of the water column were investigated in coastal lagoons of Kotychi and Prokopos (NW Peloponnisos, Greece), Larnaca salt lakes and Akrotiri wetland (Cyprus). Monthly samplings were conducted during the vegetative periods of the years 2006, 2007 and 2008 and water parameters such as depth (m), transparency (m), temperature (οC), salinity (‰), conductivity (mS/cm), dissolved oxygen (mg/l), pH, photosynthetic active radiation – PAR and attenuation coefficient K (m-1) were recorded in situ, while Chl-α (mg/m3), total suspended matter (mg/l), alkalinity and nutrients of nitrogen and phosphorus (mg/l) were determined in the laboratory. Quantitative and qualitative data concerning aquatic macrophyte flora were recorded during the same period, such as species composition, community structure, spatial and temporal variations of species abundance and the succession of submerged macrophytes in relation to the main environmental factors. The aquatic macrophytic community was distinguished in different vegetation groups using TWINSPAN and MDS techniques. Correlations between environmental parameters were tested using Pearson and Kendall correlation tests, while One –way ANOVA was used to determine statistical significant differences of environmental variables between different study areas and distinguished plant groups. Finally CCA was performed in order to examine relationships between the species abundance and environmental variables. In total, 29 taxa were recorded in all four study areas and were classified in six vegetation groups. Five species were recorded for the first time in the island of Cyprus. The most abundant species were Ruppia cirrhosa, Potamogeton pectinatus, Najas marina ssp. armata, Althenia filiformis, Lamprothamnium papulosum και Ulva lactuca. The biomass of dominant species showed seasonal variations and maximum biomass values were recorded in late spring and summer. In Kotychi and Prokopos lagoons, the replacement of Potamogeton pectinatus by Ruppia cirrhosa was recorded, probably due to significant increase of salinity. In other parts of the lagoons, the replacement of macrophyte beds due to increased macroalgal proliferation was also recorded. In Larnaca and Akrotiri salt lakes, biomass values were significantly lower as a result of high salinity values. The most abundant species was Althenia filiformis (biomass peak in April). During the vegetative period of 2008, extreme salinity values were recorded as a result of reduced rainfall. High salinity values resulted in scarse occurrence of macrophytes in the salt lakes during this period. In Fasouri marsh, which is characterized by minimum salinity values, the dominant species Najas marina ssp. armata showed high biomass values (peak in June). Regarding the results of Ruppia cirrhosa population’s density in Kotychi lagoon (449-5120 shoots/m2), they were comparable with data from other Mediterranean lagoons. Meadows density was positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with total phosphorus. Leaf length showed positive correlation with bicarbonate ions, which can be a restrictive factor for the growth of macrophytes. The highest macrophyte diversity (Shannon-Weaner index) was found in Prokopos lagoon, whereas Larnaca salt lakes had the lowest values, probably due to high salinity. The implementation of EEI (Ecological Evaluation Index) for the assessment of the ecological quality of coastal and transitional waters, showed that Kotychi lagoon was classified into Moderate ecological class. Prokopos lagoon and Larnaca salt lakes were classified into Good ecological class and finally Akrotiri wetland was classified into High ecological class. Hydrological regime, salinity and nutrient concentrations seem to be the key factors controlling macrophyte composition, community structure and species abundance. For the conservation and management of these coastal and transitional wetlands, we propose the development of a monitoring network for biotic and abiotic parameters. Ecological studies for the evaluation of ecological quality of the wetlands according to the WFD 200/60/EU and implementation of management practices for the reduction of nutrient inflows in the wetlands are needed, in order to reduce eutrophication phenomena, which are a severe threat for the ecological balance of the wetlands. The encroachment of wetlands, hunting and waste discharges, should be prohibited by law. Finally, the increase of public environmental awareness will have significant results in the conservation of coastal wetlands.

Marine protected areas (MPAs) cannot be managed outside the context of human societies that are dependent on their associated ecosystems and resources. This means that local people’s perceptions need to be considered in the establishment of MPAs as well as their subsequent management, planning and decision making processes. Accordingly, this study investigated respondents’ perceptions of the Ponta do Ouro – Kosi Bay MPA. The MPA is part of the now proclaimed Lubombo Trans-frontier Conservation Area (TFCA). An interviewer - administered questionnaire was used to obtain primary data from 35 respondents, all resident in the study area and who are involved in various activities based on the coastal area and its marine resources. The focus of the study was on awareness regarding the establishment, impacts of the MPA, the setting of priorities for the MPA and lastly, respondents’ roles and responsibilities The findings from the study reveal low levels of awareness of the establishment of the MPA among respondents, although there was acknowledgement of its potential contribution to biodiversity conservation. Various types of impacts of the establishment of the MPA were noted. The establishment of the MPA was perceived to negatively impact on the access to, and use of, marine resources. It was also felt that the MPA would impact on the exercise of traditional authority. Concerning the setting of future priorities for the MPA, socio-economic considerations, particularly job creation rated highest. Biodiversity conservation ranked highest in terms of factors that should shape the current priorities of the MPA. Overall, tourism and related job creation and biodiversity conservation were identified as the main opportunities associated with the establishment of the MPA. Controlling access to the area, curbing inappropriate resource use, controlling development and ensuring that local people benefit were highlighted as major opportunity benefits. Constraints were mainly considered in relation to the exercise of traditional leadership, access to the area and restrictions in selling of harvested marine resources. Regarding how to collaborate in the MPA, various skills among the respondents were mentioned, with respect to the following areas: enforcement (control, patrols and security) and community relations and awareness (including communication and the translation of documents). Lastly, while the respondents displayed both supportive and unsupportive attitudes as results of perceptions of the intended MPA, in an overall sense, the MPA was considered as a positive development. This was in spite of the perceived weak communications that exist at present between the authorities and local people. Enhanced, communication between authorities in charge of the MPA and local people could help to provide a more positive sentiment towards the MPA. This is particularly true of the local people who, if they understood the rationale for the MPA more fully and how it would impact on their use of the resources of the MPA, would be more likely to support its establishment and existence. / Thesis (M.Env.Dev.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.

The coastal zone accommodates some of the most diverse ecosystems in the world and offers a wide range of ecosystem goods and services; consequently it has become a focal point of human development. People are attracted to the coast because of access to resources, favourable climate, aesthetic appeal and potential for recreational activities. As pressure for utilisation and development increases, so does the need to manage the coastal system more effectively. This research focuses on the coastal zone of the Ndlambe and Ngqushwa local municipalities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, which are physically and environmentally similar, yet have distinct demographic and socio-economic differences. The research integrates information using GIS, from three time epochs, to determine where development and land use change is occurring. The Ndlambe Local Municipality displays high levels of formal development, while the Ngqushwa Local Municipality exhibits little formal development. These differences in development and land use are related to economic, social and legislative ‘drivers’ based on an adapted Driver-Pressure-State- Impact-Response model. The model identifies that development and land use changes lead to increased pressure on the natural system, which in turn leads to shifts in the natural state of the coastal zone, resulting in adverse impacts on the coastal zone. Changes in the natural functioning of the coastal zone highlight the need for a response in terms of changes in legislation governing coastal management and spatial planning. This research concludes that pressure for development in the coastal zone within the research site is beginning to increase and will adversely affect the coastal zone if not managed effectively. These two local municipalities have the opportunity to move forward and develop in such a way that allows for conservation and sound management of the coastal zone, which will ensure long-term sustainability within the coastal zones of the Ndlambe and Ngqushwa local municipalities

Les Infrastructures de Données Géographiques (IDG) ont été mises en place depuis une vingtaine d’années afin notamment de contribuer aux politiques publiques environnementales en facilitant la mise à disposition et le partage des informations géographiques. Au vu des dynamiques en cours relatives à la fois à la production et à la circulation de l’information géographique environnementale, le questionnement à l’origine de cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre général d’une meilleure compréhension des pratiques de gestion de l’environnement. Il concerne l’étude de la contribution des IDG à la Gestion Intégrée des Zones Côtières (GIZC) française, gouvernance territoriale spécifique et complexe pour laquelle le recueil et le partage, notamment via les IDG, d’informations géographiques ont été identifiés depuis les années 2000 comme des composantes majeures pour fonder la politique de la mer et du littoral. Néanmoins, la contribution effective des IDG dépend des réponses qu’elles apportent à leurs usagers. Du point de vue méthodologique, ce travail de recherche met en oeuvre une stratégie exploratoire se focalisant sur les usages et les besoins des acteurs côtiers ainsi que sur la nature complexe et dynamique des IDG : - Une enquête nationale basée sur un questionnaire en ligne et exploitée par une triple analyse : statistique, par réseaux sociaux (Social Network Analysis) et thématique ; - Une étude de cas infranationale, reposant sur des entretiens semi-directifs auprès de personnes-ressources et analysée thématiquement puis par diagrammes de flux de données (DFD). Ces techniques de recueil et d’analyse ont été choisies et mises en oeuvre de manière intégrée et complémentaire pour permettre une compréhension, une explication et une généralisation du système IDG dans le contexte de la GIZC. Pour chacune des phases de la recherche, trois types de résultats sont dégagés : le profil des usagers, les IDG jouant un rôle dans la gestion des littoraux français, et leur contribution à la gestion de ces territoires. Il ressort de cette série de synthèses, d’abstractions et de modélisations, une contribution à la connaissance des phénomènes d’appropriation des IDG et des flux informationnels associés. / Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs) have been implemented over the last twenty years in particular in order to contribute to Environmental Policy by improving geographic information access and sharing processes. Given the current dynamics of both production and circulation of environmental geographic information, the general aim underlying this research is part of the general framework for a better understanding of environmental management practices. This research focuses specifically on French SDIs and their contribution to Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), a complex form of territorial governance for which the collection and sharing, particularly via SDIs, of geographic information have been identified, since the 2000s, as a major component on which to found coastal and marine public policies. However, the real contribution of SDIs depends on the answers they provide to their users. From a methodological perspective, this PhD is implemented by an exploratory research approach focusing on the usages and needs of coastal stakeholders as well as on the complex and dynamic nature of SDIs. The research approach is divided into two phases: - A national online survey examined by a triple analysis: Statistical analysis, Social Network Analysis (SNA) and thematic analysis;- A sub-national case study based on semi-structured interviews with key informants and analyzed thematically and by Data Flow Diagrams (DFD). These data collection and analysis techniques have been selected and implemented in an integrated and complementary approach to enable understanding, explanation and generalization of the "SDI system" in the context of ICZM. For each phase of the research, three types of results emerged: the profile of users, the type of SDIs playing a role in the management of French coasts, and their contribution to the management of these areas. The above-described research has resulted in a contribution to the knowledge of SDI appropriation and the associated information flows.

Submitted by Alane dos Santos Viana (alane.viana@ucsal.br) on 2016-09-14T19:55:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriella Faria - UCSAL 1.pdf: 9950599 bytes, checksum: 1980f5c7447730fec57c55e215a3a5d4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rosemary Magalhães (rosemary.magalhaes@ucsal.br) on 2016-09-21T22:25:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriella Faria - UCSAL 1.pdf: 9950599 bytes, checksum: 1980f5c7447730fec57c55e215a3a5d4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-21T22:25:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriella Faria - UCSAL 1.pdf: 9950599 bytes, checksum: 1980f5c7447730fec57c55e215a3a5d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-18 / Este estudo, que versa sobre a dinâmica de ocupação territorial da zona costeira de Mata de São João e seus rebatimentos sobre o ambiente natural, na interface de fenômenos históricos, agenciamentos contemporâneos e heterogeneidades culturais, analisa a apropriação da natureza, configurada através da incorporação material e subjetiva por diversos grupos sociais, a partir de relações de poderes hegemônicos ou de focos de resistência, que se efetivaram em diferentes escalas. Através de uma multiplicidade de condicionantes, compreende-se que as alterações ambientais decorrentes de economias globais associadas a mercados de acumulação de capital, alicerçados nas políticas públicas protecionistas, possibilitaram ao mercado turístico e imobiliário a implantação de projetos desvinculados das questões socioambientais, engendrando novos valores que passaram a organizar a vida naquele território.

À l’interface terre/mer et nature/société, les littoraux sont des territoires complexes et très attractifs où se déploient divers usages et pratiques qui génèrent de nombreux conflits et dégradations. Il existe aujourd’hui un consensus global quant à la nécessité de préserver ces espaces et la biodiversité qu’ils abritent. Depuis plusieurs décennies, c’est la gestion intégrée de la mer et du littoral (GIML) qui est prônée à l’échelle internationale comme la solution pour répondre aux problématiques rencontrées sur les zones côtières. L’approche s’inscrit dans la démarche du développement durable et elle tente de réconcilier l’usage des ressources et la conservation de la biodiversité. Une profusion de projets a vu le jour un peu partout à travers le monde et beaucoup de moyens humains et financiers ont été mobilisés à cet effet. Mais elle rencontre des difficultés importantes aussi bien dans sa mise en pratique que dans son évaluation. Or ce dernier point est largement reconnu comme un outil indispensable dans la planification et la gestion des projets et des programmes. Cette thèse propose donc une méthode d’élaboration d’indicateurs pour le suivi et l’évaluation des politiques de GIML qui permet d’apprécier les écarts entre les ambitions de protection de l’environnement, de développement économique et de bien-être social qui sous-tendent l’approche et les actions réalisées sur le terrain. Pour ce faire, quatre études de cas dans la Caraïbe ont été choisies. Il s’agit du Parc marin de Saba, de la Soufrière Marine Management Area (Sainte-Lucie), du groupe Nature Seekers (Trinidad) et du contrat de baie de Fort-de-France (Martinique). Ces expériences sont toutes citées comme des réussites en termes de gestion intégrée du littoral et comme des exemples à suivre. Mais répondent-elles réellement aux objectifs de la démarche ? La grille d’analyse proposée permet d’avoir une autre lecture des résultats de ces processus et de tirer des enseignements plus généraux pour la mise en pratique de la GIML. / At the interface of land and sea, and at the interface of nature and society, coastal areas are complex and very attractive territories where diverse uses and practices generate many conflicts and degradations. There is now a global consensus on the need to preserve these areas and their biodiversity. For several decades, Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management (ICOM) has been advocated internationally as the approach to address the problems encountered in coastal areas. The approach is a key paradigm for the sustainable development of coastal zones and it tries to reconcile the use of resources with the conservation of biodiversity. A large number of projects have been implemented around the world and many human and financial resources have been mobilized for this purpose. But ICOM implementation and evaluation remain much of a challenge. This last point is widely recognized as an indispensable tool in project and program planning and management. This thesis therefore proposes a methodology for the development of indicators for the monitoring and evaluation of GIML initiatives, which makes it possible to appreciate the gaps between ambitions for environmental protection, economic development and social welfare. Underpin the approach and the actions carried out on the ground. To do so, four case studies in the Caribbean were selected. These include the Saba Marine Park, the Soufrière Marine Management Area (Saint Lucia), the Nature Seekers Group (Trinidad) and the ‘Contrat de baie’ of Fort-de-France (Martinique). These experiences are all cited as success stories in terms of integrated coastal management and as examples to follow. But do they really respond to the objectives of the approach? The proposed analysis grid provides a further reading of the results of these processes and provides more general lessons for the implementation of GIML.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:29:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4175.pdf: 5543574 bytes, checksum: 6ad253555867a94756824560171065d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-29 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / In this study we present the case of Ilha Diana caiçara community (Santos, Brazil), which is passing through significant transformations as the artisanal fishing activity declines and the industrial-port complex expands through this territory. We discuss which elements configure adaptability and resilience to the social-ecological system that evolves the Ilha Diana caiçara community in order to build resilience. The aims were the qualitative identification of caiçara cultural aspects, of social mechanisms and management traditional practices of the fishing resources and their transformations (1), as well as the analysis of the social-technological net logique d action composed by the emergent controversy of the environmental licensing of a modern port terminal (2). Proceeding the first analysis, we adopted an ethnoecological approach interviewing 20 Ilha Diana inhabitants (9% of the resident population), with ages varying from 18 to 90 years, respecting the equity between genders. Proceeding the second analysis, ten social stakeholders evolved at the controversy of port expansion were interviewed. Particular aspects of caiçara culture were identified at Ilha Diana territory, as its social organization linked to fishery and the self-recognition of this culture. We identified seven fishing management practices based on the local ecological knowledge, four social mechanisms connected to those practices, three innovation technological practices and the extinction of a traditional practice of selective fishery. The intergenerational loss of ecological knowledge and its linked social mechanisms can decrease resilience in this social-ecological system. However, the social mechanisms here identified may be a counterbalance to the negative aspects of crisis, promoting the re-organization of the system. We also noticed that the commercial and industrial logique d action , dominant worldviews within the ambit of the studied territory exert a negative influence for the maintenance of fishing practices and caiçara social mechanisms of Ilha Diana. The civic, domestic and opinion logics are only the counterpoint to the dominant views, as social-environmental conditions to licensing process of significant environmental impact undertakings. Thus we could not observe a real translation process of the analyzed licensing merely a process of negotiating conditions resulting in suspicions and conflicts which demonstrated that the concerning net is not wide, strengthened, attentive and clear. Then, we conclude that the promotion of resilience within the ambit of the studied social-ecological system will depend on the adaptive ability of the community, starting with sustainable socioeconomic practices, as, for instance, those based on their cultural upgrading. We think that it will also depend on debates with wide popular participation about the Santos estuarine portuary development projects, on a clear way, in terms of strengthening the concerning nets and elevate the vigilance upon them. / Apresentamos neste estudo o caso da comunidade caiçara da Ilha Diana, a qual passa por transformações devido ao declínio da pesca artesanal e à expansão do complexo industrialportuário no estuário de Santos - SP. Discutimos quais elementos configuram adaptatividade e resiliência no sistema socioecológico que envolve a comunidade da Ilha Diana para que a sustentabilidade seja construída. Para tal, foram objetivos: (1) a identificação qualitativa dos aspectos da cultura caiçara, dos mecanismos sociais e práticas tradicionais de manejo dos recursos pesqueiros e suas transformações; (2) a analise das lógicas de ação da rede sociotécnica formada pela emergência da controvérsia do licenciamento ambiental de um moderno terminal portuário. Para a primeira análise, nos valemos de uma abordagem etnoecológica entrevistando 20 residentes da Ilha Diana (9% da população total), com idades variando de 18 a 90 anos, respeitando-se a equidade entre gêneros. Para a segunda análise, foram entrevistados dez atores sociais envolvidos na controvérsia da expansão portuária. Foram identificados aspectos próprios da cultura caiçara no território da Ilha Diana, como sua organização social interligada à pesca e o auto-reconhecimento de sua cultura. Identificamos sete práticas de manejo pesqueiro baseadas no conhecimento ecológico local, quatro mecanismos sociais atrelados às tais práticas, três processo de inovação tecnológica e a extinção de uma prática de pesca tradicional seletiva. A perda intergeracional de conhecimento ecológico e dos mecanismos sociais atrelados pode ocasionar na redução de resiliência. Todavia, os mecanismos sociais identificados poderão contrabalançar aspectos negativos do processo de mudança e crise, promovendo a reorganização do sistema. Também identificamos que as lógicas de ação comerciais e industriais, visões de mundo dominantes no território estudado, interferem negativamente na manutenção das práticas pesqueiras e mecanismos sociais caiçaras da Ilha Diana. As lógicas cívica, doméstica e de opinião apenas exercem o contraponto às visões dominantes, na forma de condicionantes socioambientais aos processos de licenciamento de empreendimentos com significativo impacto ambiental. Desta forma, não foi observado um real processo de tradução do licenciamento analisado, apenas um processo de negociação de condicionantes, que resultou em desconfianças, conflitos, demonstrando que a rede em questão não é ampla, fortalecida, vigilante e transparente. Conclui-se que a promoção de resiliência no sistema socioecológico estudado dependerá da capacidade adaptativa da comunidade, a partir de práticas socioeconômicas sustentáveis, como aquelas baseadas na valorização de sua cultura. Dependerá também de que os projetos de expansão portuária no estuário de Santos sejam debatidos com ampla participação popular, de forma transparente, com vistas a fortalecer as redes e elevar sua vigilância.

O presente trabalho pretende contribuir para a análise do processo de gestão costeira no Brasil, ao acompanhar e analisar a implementação de um projeto local de gestão costeira integrada - o projeto Ecomanage, que está sendo desenvolvido na região estuarina de Santos - São Vicente, SP (em fase final) e que pretende fornecer ferramentas gerenciais práticas e eficientes para auxiliar na tomada de decisão. A gestão costeira integrada, atual paradígima da gestão costeira mundial e cujos princípios foram incorporados pelo Programa Nacional de Gerenciamento Costeiro do Brasil, é um processo interativo que vai se redefinindo ao longo do tempo e de acordo com a experiência. Para tal, é necessário que se concretizem avaliações quanto às dificuldades e oportunidades encontradas, de maneira a que os seus procedimentos sejam retificados de acordo e suas metas sejam cumpridas para se concretizar o seu objetivo maior, o de promover o desenvolvimento sustentável das zonas costeiras. Na avaliação efetuada do projeto Ecomanage verificou-se que a sua implementação foi fortemente influenciada por condicionantes de natureza político-institucional, técnico-administrativo e sócio-cultural, em muito comuns aos que têm sido apontados para o gerenciamento consteiro nacional e também mundial. No entanto, apesar das dificuldades, foi possível estabelecer uma importante colaboração com atores locais da região, tendo sido, inclusive, firmado parcerias com atores governamentais que irão possibilitar continuar o trabalho iniciado pelo projeto. / The present work intends to promote the debate about coastal management in Brazil by analyzing the implementation of a local project of integrated coastal management - the Ecomanage project, that is being developed in the Santos - São Vicente estuarine system, SP, Brazil, (in its final phase), which main goals are to provide effective and practical management tools to assist in decision-making. Integrated coastal management is the actual paradigm in coastal management and its principles have been incorporated to Brazil\'s National Coastal Management Programme. Being an iterative process that redefines itself as it is developed and practice is acquired, evaluation of its main difficulties and opportunities is essential to guide its procedures in order to achive its main objective, the sustainable development of coastal zones. The evaluation made to project Ecomanage showed that there were important political, institutional, technical and socio-cultural obstacles to its implementation and that these were at a large extent similar to those that have been identified in coastal management practiced in Brazil and in the world. Nevertheless, important cooperation relationships with local parties could still be established and partnerships carry on the work initiated by the Ecomanage project in the region.

The city of Pirambu, located in the north shore of the Sergipe state highlights itself because of the relatively preserved natural characteristics. Inside the area of the county, the coastal zone concentrates the biggest interest of the realty agents due to its 23km of shoreline, including some parts that are protected by the environmental law. In the interphase zone the presence of dunes, mangroves, rivers and lagoons stand out, for example, the Sangradouro Lagoon and the Redonda Lagoon. This study has evaluated the environmental risk and vulnerability, with urban focus, of this county. In order to do that a theoretical review approach was made with the fundaments of the Geosystemical method, starting with the theoretical contributions of Bertrand (1971) and the Ecodynamical analysis of Tricart (1977), addressing the mapping and diagnosis techniques proposed by the INPE (National Institute of Space Research), which were adequately adapted to the local reality, complemented by mapping campaigns. As results, a thematic map was made with the interpretations of the geofacies of the studied area, introducing the natural and anthropic risks and the legal restrictions existents in the area, with the finality of subsidize the planning of the soil use and occupation, with suggestions of aptitude for urban purposes in future studies. / O município de Pirambu localizado no litoral norte do estado de Sergipe se destaca dentre os demais devido às suas potencialidades naturais, relativamente preservadas. Dentro da área do município, a zona costeira é a que desperta maior interesse imobiliário, devido aos 23 km de praias, sendo algumas dessas protegidas por Lei. Na zona interfásica o destaque fica por conta da presença de dunas, manguezais, rios e lagoas, como por exemplo, Lagoa do Sangradouro e a Lagoa Redonda. Este estudo avaliou a vulnerabilidade e o risco ambiental, com enfoque urbano, nesse município. Para tanto foi realizado uma abordagem teórica “estado-da-arte” fundamentada no método Geossistêmico, partindo inicialmente nas contribuições teóricas de Bertrand (1971) e na análise Ecodinâmica de Tricart (1977), passando pelas técnicas de mapeamento e diagnósticos propostos pelo INPE - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (Zoneamento Ecológico Econômico – ZEE), as quais foram devidamente adaptadas à realidade local, complementadas por incursões de campo. Como resultados, obtive-se um mapa temático com as interpretações das geofácies da área de estudo, introduzindo os riscos naturais e antrópicos, as restrições legais em algumas dessas áreas, tendo como finalidade subsidiar o planejamento do uso e da ocupação do solo, com sugestões de aptidão para fins urbanos em trabalhos futuros.

Marine and coastal ecosystems face widespread degradation largely because market failure hides the economic value of the goods and services provided by them. Marine protected areas (MPAs) can serve as a structure that ensures the continuing function of marine and coastal ecosystem goods and services. Yet, to be effective and sustainable, MPAs must be able to prove their economic worth and generate revenue. User-fees are a common system used to partially finance multi-use MPAs. This study applies contingent valuation as a method of economic valuation within an MPA in southern Mozambique. The objectives of this study are to determine the willingness to pay of combined user groups and of individual user groups for use of the Ponta do Ouro Partial Marine Reserve and to investigate the potential for the reserve to increase revenues for conservation through the implementation of a user-fee for marine based activities. The payment card contingent valuation method was employed to determine willingness to pay of dolphin swim tourists, scuba divers and fishermen. Data was collected by face-to-face interviews of 120 respondents within two popular tourist locations in the PPMR. Results show that visitors within the PPMR are mainly South Africans, loyal to the area. Probit and OLS regressions were used to determine the effects of various independent variables on willingness to pay. Results from the Probit model indicate that African residency, activity and environmental awareness were significant factors that influenced visitors being WTP more than R20 per person per day as a user fee within the PPMR. The OLS model examined independent variables that influenced visitors being willing to pay as well as the impact of the variables on the amount visitors were willing to pay. The OLS model found income, African residency and environmental awareness to be significant factors influencing visitors being willing to pay. The mean WTP was R43.75 per person per day. Using data supplied by the PPMR, conservative estimated annual revenues based on the implementation of this fee amount would range between R1.46m – R 3.3m.