No / The family as a social institution is often said to be undergoing rapid change or even crisis. Commentary in the media and by policy-makers sometimes claims a `breakdown¿ of the family, asserting that intimate ties of loving and caring are becoming more individualised and self-centred, even selfish. Some scholars see this as part of a broader process whereby traditional social ties such as class, religion and family are fading away. Instead, they argue, people are `compelled to choose their own biographies¿ and personal relationships are being individually and actively chosen from a diverse range of possibilities. Statistically speaking, marriage is decreasing in popularity, whilst living alone, cohabitation and births outside marriage are increasing. But what do trends like this mean? Does this mean `family breakdown¿ or, as much in-depth family research has argued, just that the outward form of families is changing but the inner core - the value people attach to their family relationships ¿ remains central? This project tried to answer this question by examining the British public¿s attitude to different family relationships and parenting arrangements. It looked particularly at cohabitation and marriage, partnering, divorce, solo living, living apart together, same sex relationships and friends.

‘Cohabitation’ has become another form of ‘marriage’. It appears to be challenging what is regarded by many as a traditional marriage practice. As a trend cohabitation has found resistance from those who cling to traditional marriage practices such as Christian marriage and African marriage. It has raised moral concerns, especially among the churches. The New Testament has been used to address moral issues, and consequently, there is a tendency to regard the New Testament as an authority on such issues. The first letter of Paul to the Corinthians, chapter seven, one text among many, in both the Hebrew Scriptures and the New Testament, has been used authoritatively to address issues surrounding marriage, divorce, marriage annulments, celibacy and sexual conduct. Richard Hays sees the New Testament as being ‘normative’ in dealing with such ethical issues. In this dissertation I argue that when dealing with issues of ethics the New Testament is insufficient to address contemporary moral issues. On its own the New Testament cannot be taken as normative as other sources offer influential views that must be taken into account including the role of conscience as well as how Paul links a theology of the body with his moral theology. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / M. Th. (New Testament)

Bacillary Necrosis of Pangasius (BNP) caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri is considered to be the most serious disease occurring in farmed striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) in Vietnam. This disease has had an increasing impact over the last ten years and has been reported to cause 50-90% mortality of stocks during a single outbreak. Data obtained from natural outbreaks of E. ictaluri in striped catfish showed the role of environmental factors in the establishment and progression of this disease. At present, factors affecting the virulence and transmission of E. ictaluri in striped catfish are poorly understood. The central hypothesis of this thesis focuses on the complex picture of the environmental factors and infectivity of E. ictaluri in striped catfish. In this study, 80 isolates of E. ictaluri recovered from natural clinical disease outbreaks occurring in striped catfish farms between 2002 and 2011 located in 4 distinct geographical areas within Vietnam were characterised using a variety of methods. The biochemical profiles showed that E. ictaluri isolates from striped catfish in Vietnam have similar phenotypic characteristics to other E. ictaluri isolates from other infected fish species. These data showed high levels of phenotypic homogeneity between the E. ictaluri isolates investigated. The status of isolates recovered from natural infections over time and from geographically distinct farms was evaluated using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), plasmid profile identification and antibiotic sensitivity tests. The PFGE results showed 6 main groups with a similarity of 82% and the corresponding genotypes of the prevalent isolates illustrated annual differences. Three plasmid groups were identified distributed among the isolates investigated, in which high molecular weight plasmids of approximately 35 and 140 kb were found in two of the groups. Plasmid profiles of the present study did not show any trend of geographical region or year of isolation. The 140 kb plasmid has been considered as a multi-antibiotic resistance plasmid which confers resistance to tetracycline, trimethoprim and sulphonamides. All Vietnamese isolates showed a high level of resistance to Oxolinic acid, Sulfadimethoxine/Ormetoprim (Romet), Oxytetracycline and Amoxicillin. A reproducible bacterial immersion challenge model was developed and the LD60 estimated prior to performing subsequent experimental challenge studies. Fish were exposed to 107 cfu ml-1 of E. ictaluri by immersion for up to 30 seconds, resulting in a cumulative percentage mortality of 63%. Edwardsiella ictaluri was recovered and identified from all the dead and moribund fish during these experiments and affected fish showed similar clinical signs and pathology to those reported from natural E. ictaluri infections. The present study resulted in a successful experimental immersion challenge model for E. ictaluri infection in healthy striped catfish. Cohabitation challenges were also developed and produced 15-40% mortality, typical clinical signs and pathology, and successful recovery of the challenge organism demonstrating horizontal transmission of E. ictaluri in striped catfish. Experimental studies were then conducted to investigate the association between pH or salinity of water and susceptibility to E. ictaluri infection in striped catfish. The first experiments were performed in in vitro conditions in which E. ictaluri isolates were cultured in a variety of pH and salt concentrations. In vivo experiments were then designed where striped catfish were exposed to 107 cfu ml-1 of E. ictaluri for 30 seconds and then held at 4 different water pHs (5.5, 6.5, 7.5 and 8.5) or NaCl concentrations (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5%). The results of in vitro experiments showed that a pH value between 5.5 to 6.5 and salt concentration between 0-0.5% were optimal for the growth of E. ictaluri. The in vivo experiments demonstrated that the cumulative mortality of striped catfish in water at pH 5 and pH 6 was significantly higher than that of fish maintained in more alkaline water (p<0.05). By contrast, the cumulative mortality of the striped catfish maintained in 0.5% salt concentration was significantly lower than those kept in 0%, 1% and 1.5% salt concentration (p<0.05). Clinical signs, lesions and histopathological changes in the affected fish were consistent with those reported in natural infections. This study highlighted the use of pH 8.5 and salinity of 0.5% NaCl as a means of decreasing the susceptibility of striped catfish to E. ictaluri. In conclusion, this study used a variety of methods in order to enhance the understanding of the biochemical, biophysical characteristics, plasmid profile and antibiotic resistance as well as the relatedness of E. ictaluri isolates recovered from farmed striped catfish in Vietnam. This study provided two reliable and reproducible bacterial challenge models (immersion and cohabitation) and emphasised the link between pH and salinity with the infectivity and pathogenicity of E. ictaluri in striped catfish.

This diploma work deals with parents and grandparents in education of preschool age. First theoretical part of the work examines sociological data about family and education of children. The work further deals details of the position and role of the grandparents when these findings are then compare in the context of a child where the main importance is focused to presence grandparents in education. The second part of the work is focused to research. It examines how the parents and grandparents work together in education and how feels this help young parent. This part of the work finds what education methods repeat of our children and how has changed the education today against of past. It deals if grandparents affect their children and if these children perceive they are influence by parents.

Cette thèse de doctorat étudie la séparation des époux princiers sous ses différentes formes, ainsi que les pratiques mises en oeuvre par les conjoints de la haute noblesse en de telles occasions. L’expression séparation conjugale permet de désigner des cas de figure divers : suspensions plus ou moins durables de la cohabitation entre mari et femme, ou désunions définitives, ces situations étant judiciairement sanctionnées ou non. La recherche s’appuie sur l’observatoire privilégié que constituent les couples mariés de la deuxième Maison d’Orléans aux XIVe-XVe siècles, car les vies maritales de ces ducs et duchesses permettent d’envisager un échantillon très diversifié de situations. Cette analyse permet de montrer que mariage et vie de couple renvoient à des réalités complexes, bien plus diverses que ce que suggèrent les prescriptions de l’Église et des laïcs sur le lien matrimonial et la vie conjugale. L’objectif de ce travail est également d’améliorer notre compréhension de la structure mari-femme et du fonctionnement des couples dans l’aristocratie princière. L’étude éclaire par conséquent les solidarités à l’œuvre entre les époux, lorsque ceux-ci se retrouvent séparés sans que cette situation ait été provoquée par leur volonté de ne plus se côtoyer. Elle montre que le couple se définit avant tout par des liens économiques entre mari et femme. La thèse permet aussi, en retour, de souligner les marges d’action dont peuvent disposer les conjoints, l’un par rapport à l’autre et dans la société, lorsqu’au moins l’un des époux entend mettre fin à la vie commune ou au mariage. / This PhD thesis deals with the topic of marital separation in its various forms; it aims at analyzing the behaviors which are implemented by spouses of higher nobility on such occasions. The phrase marital separation may be used to designate a wide range of configurations: for example, when husband and wife, though still married, are not living together, or when a marriage comes to an end, all these situations being reached through a legal process or not. This research is especially based on a thorough analysis examining the couples of the Second House of Orleans in the 14th and 15th centuries, as the marital lives of these Dukes and Duchesses provide a large sample of possible cases of separation. The research shows that the realities associated with marriage and married life are much more complex than what ecclesiastical and secular rules suggest on these matters. Another purpose of this thesis is to improve our understanding of the conjugal structure in princely aristocracy and of how married couples work. Therefore, the study sheds light on the solidarities shared by spouses when their separation does not derive from their own will to part. It shows that married couples are primarily defined by economic bonds between husband and wife. This work also highlights the possible autonomy enjoyed by spouses, in society and towards each other, in the cases where at least one of them intends to adjourn cohabitation or wants to put an end to their marriage.

Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 20-21).

My diploma thesis "The changes of a current Czech family from the mothers´ point of view" deals with turning points in today´s families and mother´s opinions on a current changing family. The theoretical part deals with the history and current state of Czech families. In this part I drew from the publications reflecting the evolution of Czech family, sociological conceptions delimiting the basic changes of family and sociological studies dealing with current trends in a family life. The empirical part of the diploma thesis is based on a qualitative sociological research which tries to show the current mothers´ attitude to the changes of current Czech family. The main topics of the interviews are cohabitation, the phenomenon singles and childless couples, single mothers, and fathers taking care of their children.

Le droit éprouve des difficultés à appréhender la notion de famille en raison d’une part, de l’absence de définition légale de cette notion et, d’autre part, de la diversité des situations familiales existantes. Cependant, la nécessité de garantir les droits familiaux des personnes impose la recherche de sa compréhension et de sa rationalisation. C’est en appréhendant la notion de famille en tant que notion indéterminée mais conceptuelle que cette thèse vise à identifier son élément irréductible, c'est-à-dire son unité conceptuelle. Pour ce faire, le juge judiciaire a été désigné comme l’observateur efficace de l’unité conceptuelle de la notion de famille et ce, en raison de la structure de l’acte juridictionnel par lequel il accomplit son office. Il sera donc démontré que, lorsque le juge décide de créer un lien familial ou de reconnaître en France un lien familial créé à l’étranger, il identifie l’unité conceptuelle de la notion de famille dans le concept de lien familial et met en évidence les éléments constitutifs de celui-ci, ainsi que la manière dont ils s’articulent. / The law finds it difficult to apprehend the notion of the family because, on the one hand, to the absence of legal definition of this term, and on the other hand, the diversity of existing family situations. However, the necessity of guaranteeing the family rights of the people imposes the research for its understanding and for its rationalization. It is by the apprehension of the notion of the family as an indefinite but abstract notion that this thesis aims to identifying its irreducible element, that is its conceptual unity. In order to do this, the judicial judge has been designated as the effective observer of the family notion's conceptual unity and it is true because of the structure of the jurisdictional act by which he achieves his duty. It will be shown that, when the judge decides to create a family bound or to recognize a family bound created abroad, he identifies the family notion's conceptual unity in the concept of family bound and highlights its constituent elements, as well as the way they are connected.

Cohabitation is a complex phenomenon with a multifaceted trajectory. It carries different meanings for couples. It is not a permanent state but a transition, which is characterised by uncertainty pertaining to its future. Its future lies with men who still have the prerogative to decide its progression. Women can only live in hope. A qualitative, phenomenological, explorative, descriptive, and contextual study was undertaken with 21 participants whose ages ranged from 25 to 35 years. The goals of this study were threefold: (i) to develop an in-depth understanding of the place of cohabitation in the context of changing family patterns and lessons for social work intervention; (ii) to gain insight into the participants’ experiences in cohabiting relationships in relation to the benefits, challenges, and mechanisms to address any challenges; and (iii) to proffer lessons for social work intervention based on the participants’ perspectives. Data was gathered through semi-structured interviews and analysed following Tesch’s (in Creswell, 2009) framework. Lincoln and Guba’s model was utilised for data verification. The major findings of this study indicate that the majority of dating couples slide into cohabitation without a clear agreement on the progression of the transition or relationship. The meaning of cohabitation is gendered as most women regard it as a transition to marriage, hoping that one day their partners will propose marriage. Conversely, men simply enjoy the presence of a woman in the house. Surprisingly, none of the participants consulted social workers when they were experiencing challenges in their relationships. / Social Work / D. Phil. (Social Work)

The objective of this study is to create comprehensive overview of the development of partner forms in the Czech republic from 1961 to 2016 and their own analysis. This thesis is divided into two parts, where the first part deals with analyzes of individual partner forms, namely in the form of analysis of primo-nuptiality, especially from generation perspective, analysis of divorce rate, analysis of marriages of divorced and analysis of cohabitation. This diploma thesis is so independently connected to my bachelor thesis, using the same primo-nuptiality life tables which had been calculated by a uniform methodology for absolute mutual comparability. These life tables, supplemented by another two years, were also used here to calculate the indicators in the already mentioned generational view of primo-nuptiality. The second part of this thesis is then devoted to the analysis of the International Social Survey Programme for the Czech Republic, focusing only on the part of the Family for 1994 and 2012 and their mutual comparison and transitions. Keywords: primo-nuptiality life tables, cohort, nuptial, marriage, divorce, cohabitation, ISSP, Czech Republic, IBM SPS