Au Royaume-Uni, les politiques d’intégration ont fait l’objet de redéfinitions successives depuis les émeutes urbaines de 2001 en Angleterre. Ces événements et les attaques terroristes de Londres de 2005, qui ont largement été décrits comme les résultats de la ségrégation ethnique de la société britannique, ont conduit à une remise en question des politiques multiculturalistes mises en œuvre depuis les années 1980, et à un réexamen des politiques d’intégration. L’objet de cette recherche est de déterminer les ruptures et les continuités dans les nouvelles définitions des politiques d’intégration, tant au niveau du discours politique que dans les modalités de mise en œuvre des politiques publiques, et de déterminer dans quelle mesure une véritable rupture avec le multiculturalisme s’est opérée entre 2001 et 2014. L’analyse des discours, des rapports officiels ainsi que notre enquête de terrain sur les réformes et les nouvelles modalités de la procédure de naturalisation ont abouti à plusieurs conclusions : d’un côté, on observe la cristallisation progressive d’une approche assimilationniste de l’intégration, particulièrement visible avec l’arrivée des conservateurs au pouvoir depuis 2010 ; de l’autre, on s’aperçoit que le discours et les politiques multiculturalistes persistent sous diverses formes. Ainsi, une vision nouvelle de l’intégration comme la « community cohesion » peut être interprétée comme ayant reconduit ce paradigme sous diverses formes. Quant à la reconnaissance continue du pluralisme religieux dans l’action publique, elle procède de ce que nous pouvons appeler une « confessionnalisation » du multiculturalisme britannique. / In the United Kingdom, integration policies have undergone a constant process of redefinition since the urban riots in northern England in 2001. These events, and the London bombings of 2005, which were widely described as resulting from the ethnic segregation of British society, have led to a questioning of the multiculturalist policies implemented since the 1980s and to a review of integration policies. The objective of this research is to determine the ruptures and the continuities in the new political definitions of integration, both at the level of political discourse and of the actual implementation of policy guidelines, and to determine whether there has been indeed a break with multiculturalism between 2001 and 2014. Analysis of speeches and official reports, as well as a field survey on the reforms and on the new arrangements for naturalization lead to several conclusions: On the one hand, it is possible to observe the gradual crystallization of an assimilationist approach to integration that has become more visible since the Conservatives came to power in 2010. On the other hand, however, multiculturalist discourses and policies subsist in various guises; in fact, innovative visions of integration such as ‘community cohesion’ can be understood to have renewed this paradigm in new ways. Likewise, the increasing recognition of religious pluralism in public action suggests what we call a ‘confessionalisation’ of British multiculturalism.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work deals with the study of the text and its linguistic uses, discussing issues of reference and sequential cohesion, in an approach focused on elementary school. Through fairy tale adaptation "Hansel and Gretel", we will try to show how the textual development process depends on how the referents will be resumed in the text and how the segments will focus on textual connectors on the discursive thread formulation. Under the perspective of Textual Linguistics, we elucidate some thoughts involving the field of textual cohesion based on scholars such as Koch (2003, 2013, 2014th, 2014b), Koch and Elias (2008 and 2012), Favero and Koch (2012), Koch and Travaglia (1996), Marcuschi (1999 and 2008), Antunes (2005 and 2009), Santos (2003), Cavalcante (2013), among other authors. As a product associated with this study, we present a digital courseware providing means for elementary school teachers to develop analysis of texts and their cohesive resources. Such research points out teaching alternatives which explore in small text fragments reading work, text production and linguistic analysis. This study presents the following sequence: at first it contemplates the textual language, a discussion regarding its phases and contribution to the current text of the study in the classroom and approached the criteria of textuality and interactional socio-cognitive perspective to design of text; then we present the cohesion among its resources, as many references as sequential, in a didactic analysis through examples of various genres that dialogue with the classic tale used; Finally, we explain the methodology for the digital platform application with some activities proposed to be undertaken in the classroom. Overall, the research aims to improve the reading and students' text production, and thus it aims to contribute to the teaching of Portuguese language, making it pleasant, effective and meaningful. / Este trabalho contempla o estudo do texto e seus usos linguísticos, discutindo questões de coesão referencial e sequencial, numa abordagem voltada para o ensino fundamental. Por meio da adaptação do conto de fadas “João e Maria”, buscamos mostrar de que forma a condução textual dependerá da maneira como os referentes serão retomados no texto e de como os segmentos serão articulados em conectores textuais na formulação do fio discursivo. Sob a perspectiva da Linguística de texto, elucidamos algumas reflexões que envolvem o campo da coesão textual à luz de estudiosos como Koch (2003, 2013, 2014a, 2014b), Koch e Elias (2008 e 2012), Fávero e Koch (2012), Koch e Travaglia (1996), Marcuschi (1999 e 2008), Antunes (2005 e 2009), Santos (2003), Cavalcante (2013), entre outros autores. Como produto associado a este estudo, apresentamos um material didático digital que forneça meios ao professor de ensino fundamental para a análise de textos e seus recursos coesivos. Tal pesquisa aponta alternativas pedagógicas que explorem em pequenos fragmentos textuais um trabalho de leitura, produção de texto e análise linguística. Assim, este estudo apresenta a seguinte sequência: a princípio contemplamos a linguística de texto, numa discussão quanto as suas fases e contribuição para o atual estudo do texto em sala de aula, bem como abordamos os critérios da textualidade e a perspectiva sociocognitiva interacional para concepção do texto; em seguida, apresentamos a coesão junto a seus recursos, tanto referenciais quanto sequenciais, numa análise de cunho didático por meio de exemplos de diversos gêneros textuais que dialogam com o conto clássico utilizado; por fim, expomos a metodologia para aplicação da plataforma digital com algumas propostas de atividades a serem realizadas em sala de aula. De modo geral, a pesquisa visa ao aprimoramento da leitura e produção de texto do aluno, e, portanto, pretende contribuir com o ensino da língua portuguesa, fazendo-o aprazível, efetivo e significativo.

Previous research highlights social cohesion and task cohesion, the individual attraction to the group and group interaction is widely debated. Much of the previous research is quantitative and conducted in mens sport. The purpose of the study is to gather information about young female team athletes and their attitude towards cohesion. The purpose is to explore the experiences of cohesion and also search which factors that the individuals experience as crucial to social cohesion and task cohesion in female team sports. The underlying theoretical framework of this study is based on a conceptual model developed by Carron et al. (1985). The study was based on eight interviews done on participants between 18 and 30 years. The interviews were conducted using a self-designed instrument that was created with inspiration from the validated Group Environment Questionnaire. The collected material was analyzed with a content analysis. The result reveals that female team athletes perceived cohesion as an important factor. A lot of attention was aimed at social cohesion and the participants need of inherency. But the participants emphasize that without task cohesion will group goals and purpose be absent. / Tidigare forskning belyser social sammanhållning och uppgiftsorienterad sammanhållning, där individens attraktion till gruppen och gruppinteraktion är omdebatterat. Mycket av den tidigare forskningen är kvantitativ och utförd inom herridrotten. Syftet med studien är att samla information kring unga damlags-idrottares upplevelser till sammanhållning samt undersöka faktorer som individen upplever avgörande för social sammanhållning och uppgiftsorienterad sammanhållning i lagidrott. Det teoretiska ramverk som ligger till grund för arbetet är en begreppsmodell utvecklad av Carron et al. (1985). Under studien genomfördes åtta intervjuer där deltagarna var mellan 18 och 30 år. Intervjuerna utfördes med hjälp av ett egendesignat frågeformulär som skapades med inspiration från mätinstrument Group Environment Questionnaire. Det insamlade materialet analyserades utifrån en innehållsanalys. I resultatet framkommer det att damlags-idrottare upplever sammanhållning som en viktig faktor. Mycket uppmärksamhet riktades mot social sammanhållning och deltagarnas behov av tillhörighet. Deltagarna poängterar dock att utan uppgiftsorienterad sammanhållning saknar gruppen mål och syfte.

Master of Regional and Community Planning / Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Katherine Nesse / Rural communities continue to consolidate and close schools across the country at an alarming rate. Debates surrounding school district consolidation have been known to cause deep tension throughout many communities. It is widely held that, schools in rural areas not only provide education, but create jobs, provide entertainment, and bolster social relationships within a region. Social relationships are necessary for the health and cohesiveness of any community. This in-depth case study of the rural community of Mount Hope identifies the change in cohesion over time. This research shows that there is a relationship between the closing and opening of the school and levels of community cohesion amongst some, but not all, of the groups. The key findings are that a range of social activities not directly related to the school have been affected by the closure. Personal interviews were conducted with local officials, school employees, group leaders, parents, and community members of Mount Hope. This study is relevant to planners, school administrators, and educators alike, as local communities across the state debate the value of district consolidation. The findings are beneficial to communities and school districts to help determine what is best for a community when considering school consolidation or closure.

Evaluation is an institutionalized practice in the western public sector with several applications and uses. At the same time, the effectiveness and use of evaluation is seldom demonstrated. This evaluation paradox is due to the fact that evaluation is constrained and shaped in relation to, among others, a political context.  In this dissertation, the political context is examined from the assumption that governance shapes evaluation. The aim is to analyze the relationship between governance and evaluation, by studying the translation (i.e. inter­pretation) of the European Union evaluation approach ongoing evaluation in Sweden, in the context of Cohesion policy 2007-2013, which in Sweden aims at reinforcing competitiveness and employment. The relation­ship is examined through documents and interviews on a European union and a Swedish level, and in the translation process in between. With key concepts such as steering logics, participatory evaluation and translation through framing, the formation of evaluation in relation to governance has been mapped. This is particularly interesting in Sweden where the approach puts forth ideals of learning and interaction that seem to depart from ongoing evaluation.    Results show that governance cannot fully explain the shape of evaluation. Instead, Swedish agencies and other implementing actors have promoted their evaluation norms while at the same time fulfilling the Swedish ministries’ learning frame. It is an actor perspective comple­menting the relation­­ship between gover­nance and evaluation previously presented. The evaluation approach in Sweden has been translated to a practical participatory evaluation approach within a larger group of collabora­tive inquiry. In conclusion, evaluation on both levels has functioned as a relatively un­critical supportive resource for decision making within predetermined boundaries, more connected to the object of evaluation than to a larger gover­nance context. Evaluation in Sweden is being separated from questions of accounta­bility, and participation in evaluation is for goal fulfillment rather than for critical examination of basic assumptions underpinning projects and programs. Results made possible through the lens of trans­lation show that the Swedish approach was made possible by the vague borders of the field of evaluation, the rhetorical use of evaluation terminology in translation, skilled institutional entrepreneurs using legitimizing strategies, and the framing by the Commission and state ministries that opens up for national variation.

The IKEA customers are looking for new solutions to mount products in their homes and IKEA has embraced the request for this type of applications in bathroom environments as it is of the largest challenges for the customer. Double sided tape has been identified as a possible solution, hence why this project was put together. The research aims to give the reader a deeper understanding regarding double sided tape and the influences of external variables such as material, substrate and surface tension to mention a few. Extensive tests have been carried out where samples from double sided tape suppliers are examined. The test that was developed and carried out in this project aimed to include some of IKEA´s most commonly used materials together with common substrates in bathroom environments. The test data was compiled and the outcome was used to give recommendations to IKEA regarding future product development when using double sided tape and also recommend suitable tape suppliers for continued cooperation.

Modern organisations are facing many challenges that are threatening their survival. These challenges come in the form of social, political, economic and rapid ongoing technological change. As organisations search for appropriate designs for the nineties and beyond, clear schools of thought have developed, vehemently supporting either the organic or mechanistic approach. While these debates rage on, several critical considerations are being ignored. One such consideration is the effect of organisational design on organisational climate, utilisation of power and group cohesiveness. This research sets out to explore this consideration. Various questionnaires were utilized to measure employees' perceptions of climate, power utilisation and group cohesiveness within organistic and mechanistic orientated organisations. A systematic research and design process was undertaken within two business units of a large financial organisation, from which the sample for the study was drawn. Statistical analyses revealed that organisational design does have a significant effect on job satisfaction, work group support and employee support. The employees which perceived the organisation to be more mechanistically inclined reported higher levels of employee empowerment; workgroup support and job satisfaction than their counterparts who perceived the organisation as more organistically inclined. / Psychology / M.A. (Industrial Psychology)

All organizations involved in war are concerned with military cohesion. Yet previous studies have only investigated cohesion in a very narrow manner, focusing almost solely on Western state militaries or on micro-level explanations. This dissertation argues for the need to broaden this perspective. It focuses on three classic sources of cohesion – coercion, compensation and constructs (such as identity and ideology) – and investigates their relevance in the Second Liberian Civil War (1999-2003). More specifically, this dissertation consists of an inquiry of how the conflict's three main military organizations – Charles Taylor’s Government of Liberia (GoL), the Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy (LURD) and Movement for Democracy in Liberia (MODEL) – drew on these three sources to foster cohesion. Based on thirteen months of ethnographic fieldwork with former combatants, this dissertation contains five parts: an introduction, which focuses on issues of theory and method, and four essays that investigate the three sources of cohesion in the three organizations. Essay I focuses on the LURD rebels, and provides an insider account of their strategy. It shows that even decentralized movements like the LURD can execute strategy, and contends that the LURD fought its fiercest battles not against the government, but to keep itself together. Essay II focuses on coercion, and counters the prevailing view of African rebels’ extensive use of coercion to keep themselves together. Since extreme coercion in particular remained illegitimate, its use would have decreased, rather than increased, cohesion. Essay III investigates the government militias to whom warfighting was subcontracted. In a context characterized by a weak state and fragmented social organization, compensation may have remained the only available source of cohesion. Essay IV investigates identities as sources of cohesion. It argues that while identities are a powerful cohesive source, they must be both created and maintained to remain relevant. Taken together, this dissertation argues for a more comprehensive approach to the investigation of cohesion, and one that also takes into account mezzo- and macro-level factors.

Social networks have been essential throughout hominin evolution, facilitating cooperative childrearing, transmission of cultural knowledge and the sharing of information and resources. As hominins dispersed out of Africa, these networks needed to be maintained at progressively higher latitudes. The first part of this thesis explores the impact of latitude on brain organisation and the possible implications for social cognition. I hypothesise that the lower temperatures and light levels found at higher latitudes select for larger bodies and visual systems, which in turn necessitate larger somatic and visual brain areas. Using orbit size to index eye and visual cortex size, I demonstrate a robust positive relationship between absolute latitude and orbit volume in recent humans. I show that Neanderthals, who solely inhabited high latitudes, have significantly larger orbits than contemporary anatomically modern humans (AMH), who evolved in lower latitude Africa and had only relatively recently dispersed into higher latitudes. Since Neanderthals and AMH dated 27-75kya have almost identical endocranial volumes, I argue that if a greater proportion of the Neanderthal brain was required for somatic and visual processing, this would reduce the volume of neural tissue available for other functions. Since, according to the Social Brain Hypothesis, neocortex volume is positively associated with social complexity, I propose that Neanderthals might have been limited to smaller social networks than AMH. The second part of the thesis explores the challenge of maintaining social networks across greater geographic distances at higher latitudes, where high travelling costs seem to prevent whole tribes from bonding during periodic aggregations. Using a gas model I predict that at lower latitudes daily subsistence mobility allows sufficient encounters between subgroups for the tribe to maintain connectivity, whereas in (Sub)Arctic biomes additional mechanisms are required to facilitate tribal cohesion. This may explain the apparent ‘explosion’ of Upper Palaeolithic art in Europe: symbolic representations allowed social ties to be sustained in the absence of frequent face-to-face contact. Overall, this thesis demonstrates that latitude may influence both brain organisation and cultural expression and argues that both can have a substantial impact on the maintenance of hominin social networks at high latitudes.