The efficient optimisation of vehicle suspension systems is of increasing interest for vehicle manufacturers. The main aim of this thesis is to develop a methodology for efficiently optimising an off-road vehicle’s suspension for both ride comfort and handling, using gradient based optimisation. Good ride comfort of a vehicle traditionally requires a soft suspension setup, while good handling requires a hard suspension setup. The suspension system being optimised is a semi-active suspension system that has the ability to switch between a ride comfort and a handling setting. This optimisation is performed using the gradient-based optimisation algorithm Dynamic-Q. In order to perform the optimisation, the vehicle had to be accurately modelled in a multi-body dynamics package. This model, although very accurate, exhibited a high degree of non-linearity, resulting in a computationally expensive model that exhibited severe numerical noise. In order to perform handling optimisation, a novel closed loop driver model was developed that made use of the Magic Formula to describe the gain parameter for the single point driver model’s steering gain. This non-linear gain allowed the successful implementation of a single point preview driver model for the closed loop double lane change manoeuvre, close to the vehicle’s handling limit. Due to the high levels of numerical noise present in the simulation model’s objective and constraint functions, the use of central finite differencing for the determination of gradient information was investigated, and found to improve the optimisation convergence history. The full simulation model, however, had to be used for the determination of this gradient information, making the optimisation process prohibitively expensive, when many design variables are considered. The use of carefully chosen simplified two-dimensional non-linear models were investigated for the determination of this gradient information. It was found that this substantially reduced the total number of expensive full simulation evaluations required, thereby speeding up the optimisation time. It was, however, found that as more design variables were considered, some variables exhibited a lower level of sensitivity than the other design variables resulting in the optimisation algorithm terminating at sub-optimal points in the design space. A novel automatic scaling procedure is proposed for scaling the design variables when Dynamic-Q is used. This scaling methodology attempts to make the n-dimensional design space more spherical in nature, ensuring the better performance of Dynamic-Q, which makes spherical approximations of the optimisation problem at each iteration step. The results of this study indicate that gradient-based mathematical optimisation methods may indeed be successfully integrated with a multibody dynamics analysis computer program for the optimisation of a vehicle’s suspension system. Methods for avoiding the negative effects of numerical noise in the optimisation process have been proposed and successfully implemented, resulting in an improved methodology for gradient-based optimisation of vehicle suspension systems. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering / unrestricted

The purpose of this study is to develop a Learner Thermal Comfort Protocol (LTCP) for the assessment of thermal comfort in naturally ventilated public school classrooms occupied by primary learners aged between 7 and 14 years and to establish whether there is a relationship between the thermal comfort standards (ASHRAE 55-2004 and ISO 7730-2005) and the learners’ perception thereof. The study tests the LTCP on two primary school case studies in Mamelodi Township, City of Tshwane (CoT), South Africa, by following the adaptive or field study method to collect quantitative data from the classroom and the learners. The classrooms’ actual temperature is measured and recorded by HOBO pendant data loggers while the learners’ thermal comfort perception is surveyed using questionnaires. The actual classroom indoor temperatures are compared to the ASHRAE 55 and ISO 7730 standard temperature range recommendations of ±22°C to ±27°C, based on the heat balance model, and ±20°C to ±27°C temperature range based on the context related adaptive model. To establish whether there is a relationship between standards and learners’ perception, the learners’ perception results are compared to the predicted percentage that occupants would find acceptable. This predicted percentage is based on the heat balance model (i.e. 80%) and adaptive model (i.e. 80% - 90%). The results indicate that the indoor temperature range did not meet the recommended temperature range of either of the thermal comfort models. However, the thermal perception scale shows that the indoor temperatures were accepted by most of the learners. A relationship between the learners’ perception, the thermal comfort standards’ recommended temperature range and predicted percentage of acceptance was established. However, a wider temperature range is suggested for the thermal comfort assessment of classrooms located in the South African climate. This study will contribute to the body of knowledge on thermal comfort in schools and provide the Department of Basic Education (DBE) with an assessment tool for the evaluation of school classroom indoor environments. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2015. / Architecture / Unrestricted

Orientadores: Irenilza de Alencar Nääs, Daniella Jorge de Moura / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T00:21:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_SilviaReginaLucasde_D.pdf: 2823600 bytes, checksum: 559235ef57bb2a95048ac80bb33c0165 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A tendência atual é que o segmento de produção de leite se torne uma atividade mais precisa e economicamente viável. Sabe-se que as diferenças do microclima promovem mudanças no comportamento animal, entretanto, as medidas convencionais, da forma como foram feitas hoje, são evasivas, podendo levar a eventuais erros na interpretação dos resultados. O presente experimento foi realizado em uma fazenda comercial em São Pedro- SP, onde vacas leiteiras são monitoradas através de seis microcâmeras coloridas com 420 linhas de resolução e lente de 120 graus para avaliar seu comportamento. Foram realizadas observações visuais indiretas paralelas às análises do software e também observações visuais indiretas instantâneas para analisar o comportamento. O galpão foi dividido em 18 quadrantes para o mapeamento das distribuições climáticas e os dados foram processados no programa computacional Surfer® 6.0 para analisar a sua homogeneidade. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de avaliação comportamental de vacas leiteiras confinadas, em função do microclima de alojamento em galpão de freestall, utilizando análise de imagens. Os resultados obtidos da análise multivariada com os dados das observações visuais instantâneas, apontaram no gráfico de Componentes Principais, os comportamentos considerados importantes, por se obterem respostas visualmente expressivas quando afetadas pelo ambiente de alojamento, tais como; bebendo água, comendo e deitadas na cama. As distribuições climáticas dentro do galpão não foram homogêneas, quando os equipamentos de climatização não estavam ligados. Fez-se correlação com as preferências térmicas apresentados pelos animais através dos gráficos de Componentes Principais e Índice de Temperatura e Umidade (ITU) das visualizações indiretas instantâneas, espaçadas e através da visão computacional. Concluiu-se que a metodologia de visão computacional desenvolvida para avaliação comportamental, apresentou algumas limitações, onde necessitam-se de ajustes nos algoritmos / Abstract: The current tendency of the milk production sector is to become more precise and economically feasible. It is known that differences in microclimate cause changes in animal behavior; however, conventional measures taken nowadays are evasive and can produce misinterpretation of the results. The current experiment was carried out in a commercial farm in São Pedro- SP, where milking cows were monitored using a total of six color micro-cameras with spatial resolution of 420 horizontal lines and 120 degrees lenses for behavior analysis. Indirect visual observations were performed parallel to the software analysis, as well as instantaneous indirect visual observations. The barn was divided into 18 quadrants in order to perform the climatic distribution mapping. The data gathered were processed using the software Surfer ® 6.0 to check for homogeneity. The primarily objective of this work was the development a milking cow?s behavior evaluation methodology as a function of freestall housing micro-climate, using image analysis. The results obtained through the multivariate analysis of the data from instantaneous observations pointed through the graphic of main components, the behaviors considered important for obtaining visually expressive responses when affected by the housing environment, such as: drinking water, feeding and laying down. The climatic distributions within the barn were not homogeneous when the cooling systems were not on. Correlations with the preset thermal values presented by the animals through the main component charts and THI from indirect visual instantaneous observations were performed and was concluded that the methodology for computational vision has been developed with few limitations and pending adjustments on its algorithms / Doutorado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Orientador: Lucila Chebel Labaki / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T17:16:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rancura_RaquelLeticia_M.pdf: 15771429 bytes, checksum: c88f737c60001f5fae7aa4afcaf3cfe4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Nos últimos anos, o conforto térmico em espaços externos têm sido amplamente pesquisado no Brasil e no exterior. Praças, parques, bosques, ambientes de passagem, ruas, bairros, muitas são as possibilidades. Contudo, as situações encontradas nestes ambientes, quando comparadas com ambientes internos, são bem mais complexas, uma vez que envolvem uma maior variação de fatores ambientais. Há poucos estudos envolvendo trabalhadores em ambientes externos, sendo a maior parte voltados a atividades de lazer. A avaliação de conforto térmico em espaços externos necessita que se leve em consideração a radiação solar, não considerada nos ambientes internos. O fator psicológico relacionado às expectativas geradas pelo ambiente ao ar livre também tem sido amplamente estudado. O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar as condições de conforto térmico e sua diferente percepção entre trabalhadores e usuários nas feiras livres que acontecem na cidade de Indaiatuba/SP, nos finais de semana. A metodologia constou da medição de parâmetros ambientais e aplicação de questionários junto aos trabalhadores e usuários, para identificar a atividade desenvolvida, a vestimenta, a sensação e satisfação térmica. Os índices aplicados foram o ASV (Action Sensation Vote) e o PET (Phisiological Equivalent Temperature). O ASV é um índice empírico que indica a sensação real de conforto, obtido através de questionário e o PET é um índice amplamente utilizado para espaços externos. Os resultados permitiram correlacionar o ASV ao PET, observando-se divergência entre o conforto calculado e o real. Também a Temperatura Neutra ao Exterior (TNE), foi calculada e analisada. Determinou-se para a mesma um intervalo de conforto, em função da temperatura do ar externo. A análise estatística demonstrou que há diferença significativa na sensação de conforto de usuários e trabalhadores, bem como permitiu um melhor entendimento da TNE / Abstract: In the last years, the thermal comfort in outdoor spaces has been widely researched in Brazil and abroad. Squares, parks, outdoor leisure areas, passageways, streets, neighborhoods, the possibilities are many, however, a comparative study between indoor and outdoor environments is much more complex, due to a greater variation of environmental factors.There are few studies involving workers in outdoor environments, most of them focused on leisure activities. The evaluation of thermal comfort in outdoor spaces requires that solar radiation be taken into account, unlike the study of indoor environments.The psychological factor related to the expectation generated by outdoor environments has also been widely studied. The aim of this research is to analyze the thermal comfort conditions in the open markets in Indaiatuba / SP, on weekends. The methodology consisted of the measurement of environmental parameters and questionnaires applied to the workers and users, in order to identify the activity performed, clothing, thermal sensation and well being. The indexes used were the ASV (Action Sensation Vote) and PET (Physiological Equivalent Temperature). The ASV is an empirical index that indicates a real sense of comfort, and is obtained through a questionnaire. PET is an index widely used for outdoor spaces. The results made it possible to correlate ASV with PET, once the discrepancy between calculated and real comfort were observed. Abroad Neutral Temperature (TNE) was also calculated and analyzed. A range of a comfort zone was determined by taking into account the outside air temperature. Statistical analysis showed that there is significant difference in user's perception of comfort as opposed to workers'. This study allowed for a better understanding of TNE / Mestrado / Arquitetura e Construção / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

The relations between China and Japan are strained and continue to foster negative emotions partly because of China’s grievances about Japan’s actions during World War II and the allegedly false historiographical accounts found in Japanese history textbooks. This study will utilize historical analysis of the events leading up to the Nanjing Massacre in December of 1937, examine the Japanese Ministry of Education’s (MEXT) critical and contentious role in the selection of textbooks, used for primary and secondary schools, and will also juxtapose the controversial 2001 Atarashii rekishi kyōkasho with current Japanese history textbooks. The study will also include a syntactical analysis of key terms through my own original translations of multiple Japanese history textbooks, which are currently used in the Japanese school curriculum, to reveal that the textbook publishers, MEXT, and regulation councils are involved in adjusting the content causing the information to reveal various degrees of whitewashing.

A busca por um calçado adequado à prática de futsal e que promova conforto ao usuário são circunstâncias que nos levam ao tema central deste estudo: investigar o calçado de futsal em seus parâmetros mecânicos, biomecânicos e perceptivos. O estudo constou de 4 etapas. Foi aplicado um questionário a 206 atletas e foram avaliados três modelos de calçado para prática de futsal em seus aspectos de construção, respostas biomecânicas e percepção. Participaram 10 voluntários, atletas de futsal e foram avaliados: a) massa, resistência e dureza do calçado; b) temperatura de aquecimento do pé (termo-higrômetro digital); c) variação da radiação térmica do calçado (câmera térmica Eletrophyiscs PV320T); d) pressão plantar (palmilhas Pedar Novel System); e) força de reação do solo (plataforma de força AMTI) e f) percepção do usuário (escala visual). O aquecimento do pé e do cabedal foi analisado após corrida em esteira a 10km/h. Para coleta dos parâmetros de pressão plantar e força de reação do solo os voluntários realizaram 10 tentativas válidas dos movimentos de corrida a 15km/h±5% e 5 tentativas para o movimento de passe a 8km/h±5%. Após isso os voluntários avaliaram os calçados testados por uma escala com pontuação de 1 a 10 para conforto e calce. O questionário apontou que o conforto e a flexibilidade são as principais características do calçado na opinião dos atletas. Lesões do tipo calos e bolhas são freqüentes, concentradas no calcanhar e dedos. Verificaram-se diferenças significativas entre os três modelos na massa, dureza e resistência dos calçados à flexão. O incremento de temperatura do pé foi de 4,8°C e a variação de emissão de radiação térmica pelo cabedal de 68,7%, sem diferenças entre os modelos para estas variáveis. Para o movimento de corrida, o gradiente de crescimento da componente vertical foi menor no Modelo A, sendo 16,7% maior para o modelo B e 22,6% maior para o modelo C. Para o movimento de passe o segundo pico de força vertical e a força horizontal mínima foram respectivamente 12,6% e 20,2% maiores nos modelos B e C em relação ao modelo A. Os picos de pressão para o passe foram 25% superiores nos modelos B e C na região do calcanhar, enquanto para o médio pé e hálux foram, respectivamente, 10% e 35% superiores no modelo A. O modelo A obteve pontuação significativamente maior para o conforto, flexibilidade do calçado e sensação de seco em relação aos modelos B e C. O modelo A, percebido como mais confortável, foi também aquele que apresentou as maiores dimensões, maior massa, menor resistência a flexão, menor dureza de solado, menor gradiente de crescimento da componente vertical da força de reação do solo e menores picos de pressão plantar para o calcanhar. Concluí-se que as diferenças nas respostas biomecânicas entre os diferentes modelos foram poucas, assim como as diferenças na confecção dos calçados. Acredita-se que tais resultados possam fornecer informações pertinentes ao calçado de futsal e subsídios às empresas calçadistas para melhoria na confecção do calçado esportivo / The search for suitable shoes to practice futsal and that provides comfort are circumstances that lead us to the theme of this study: to investigate the indoor soccer shoes in the mechanical, biomechanical and perceptual parameters. The study consisted of four phases in which three models of indoor soccer shoes (A, B, C) were examined in the aspects of construction, biomechanical responses and perception. Then volunteers participated and were evaluated: a) shoes mass, resistance of bending and hardness; b) shoes upper warm up temperature (infrared camera Eletrophyiscs PV320T), c) foot skin temperature (digital thermo-hygrometer), d) plantar pressure (Pedar insoles Novel System), e) ground reaction forces (AMTI force plate) and f) perception during the use (VAS). The foot and shoe upper temperatures were analyzed after each volunteer running on a treadmill at 2.7m/s. The data acquisition of plantar pressure and ground reaction force the volunteers performed 10 valid running trials at 4.2m/s ± 5% and 5 valid pass movement trials at 2.2m/s± 5%. Perception test was giving by score feedback volunteers. The scores were from 1 up to 10. A significant difference in the resistance to bending, the hardness among the three models was found. No differences were observed between the temperature of shoe upper and of the foot skin. To the running, the loading rate was lower in Model A, and 16.7% higher for the model B and 22.6% higher for Model C. To the pass movement the second peak of vertical force and the minimum horizontal force were 12.6% and 20.2% higher in Models B and C compared to the Model A, respectively. The peak pressure to the pass were 25% higher in Models B and C in the heel area, while the peaks for the hallux and midfoot area were respectively 10% and 35% higher than in Model A. The comfort score, flexibility and shoe dry score were as higher in Model A, in comparison the Models B and C. The shoe model A was considered as more comfortable, it was that one with more mass, lower resistance of bending, lower loading rate and lower peak of pressure in the heel. As conclusion, was verified that it is possible to observe differences in the biomechanical and perceptual responses to different mechanical characteristics of the indoor soccer shoes. We believe yet, that these results can provide relevant information about the indoor soccer shoes and give information to the footwear companies to improve the manufacture of sports shoes

No presente trabalho, considerou o estudo do potencial de utilização de sacos de cimento e embalagens de longa vida com o intuito de agregar valor a esses resíduos, mediante a fabricação de painéis de partículas para uso como forro em protótipos de galpões avícolas. Para fabricação desse material foi utilizado sacos de cimento descartados nas obras civis, embalagens longa vida residuais e resina poliuretana bicomponente à base de óleo de mamona. O estudo foi dividido em quatro etapas: 1) Caracterização da matéria-prima (sacos de cimento); 2) Efeito da densidade e teor de resina nas propriedades físicas, mecânicas e térmicas de painéis de partículas de saco de cimento; 3) Avaliação do desempenho de embalagens longa vida e verniz como revestimentos dos painéis selecionados na etapa anterior; 4) Determinação do desempenho térmico de protótipos de aviários executados em escala reduzida e distorcida com forro de painel de saco de cimento e embalagem longa vida. Os resultados obtidos indicaram: Em razão do painel com 0,6 g.cm-3 e 12% de resina ter apresentado melhor desempenho nas propriedades investigadas, essa combinação foi selecionada para avaliar o desempenho do material (físicas, mecânicas e térmicas) quando revestido com embalagens longa vida, adotando a testemunha e o verniz como um revestimento comparativo. Dentre os revestimentos avaliados, os painéis com embalagens de longa vida, foram superiores aos revestidos com verniz, quando comparados as suas propriedades físicas, mecânicas e térmicas. Dessa maneira, painéis com 0,6 g.cm-3 e 12% de resina revestidos embalagens longa vida, foram testados como forro quanto ao desempenho térmico (primavera, verão, outono e inverno) em protótipos em escala reduzida e distorcida, mediante a determinação de índices de conforto térmico (Entalpia e IAPfc) para aves de corte. A associação do forro sob o protótipo permitiu reduzir a temperatura interna do ar e dos índices de conforto térmico na primavera, verão e outono, enquanto que no inverno não foi constatado eficácia do material. Dentre as estações estudadas, o verão e a primavera, demonstraram serem as épocas mais críticas para criação de aves corte em instalações avícolas que apresentem características semelhantes aos protótipos experimentais. / In this study, the study of the potential use of cement bags and long-life packaging is considered in order to add value to this waste, by manufacturing particleboards as insulating panels in poultry house facilities. For the production of this material cement bags discarded in civil works, long-life packaging discarded by consumers and two-component polyurethane resin based on castor oil base were used. The study was structured in four steps: 1) Characterization of the raw material (cement bags), 2) Effect of the density and the level of resin on the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of cement particles bag panels, 3) Evaluation of long-life packaging and varnish as a coating of selected panels in precedent step and 4) Evaluation of thermal performance of poultry prototypes in reduced and distorted scale with the long-life packaging as a coating material. The cement bags were disintegrated and transformed into particles with the 8% of moisture content. Subsequently, these particles were mixed with bicomponent polyurethane based on castor oil resin and taken into a planetary mixer (MT120) in order to homogenize the mixture of the particles with the resin. Panels were made for three different densities (0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 g.cm-3) with two resin levels (12 and 15%) and their physical, mechanical and thermal properties were evaluated. Because the panel with 0.6 g.cm-3 and 12% resin have shown a better performance in the investigated properties, this combination has been selected to evaluate the performance of the material (physical, mechanical and thermal) when coated with long-life packaging, adopting the control and the varnish as a comparative coating. Among the evaluated coatings, panels with long-life packaging, presented higher performance than those coated with varnish regarding their physical, mechanical and thermal properties. Thus, the combination of 0.6 g.cm-3 and 12% resin coated long-life packages were tested as lining according the thermal performance (spring, summer, autumn and winter) in prototypes and small-distorted scale by determining thermal comfort indices (Enthalpy and IAPfc) for broilers. The association of lining under the prototype reduced indoor air temperature and thermal comfort indices in spring, summer and autumn, while during the winter no effectiveness of the material was observed. Among the studied seasons, the spring and summer, proved to be the most critical time for cut birds breeding in poultry houses that have characteristics similar to experimental prototypes.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2018-08-09T18:51:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Angelica Felicidade Guiao Marcato Costa.pdf: 6983771 bytes, checksum: e089e3b3d7f78909e4f38042918f6ae1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T18:51:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Angelica Felicidade Guiao Marcato Costa.pdf: 6983771 bytes, checksum: e089e3b3d7f78909e4f38042918f6ae1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-28 / This research aimed to compare the thermal performance provided in experimental modules, one of these was performed with conventional cover, made of asbestos cement tiles, and another with green cover. As an experimental research proposal of methodology, we sought alternatives of a sustainable nature to elaborate the studied modules, opting for the use of dry construction in Light Steel Frame. From the construction of the modules, in a wide place and without the interference of shading, measuring instruments were installed in the inner part of themselves, where the of air temperature and relative humidity were collected. From the data, representative episodes were determined for the studies, which were evaluated for the degree of thermal comfort provided to the modules by the cover systems under study. As a result, it was observed that the module with green roof had better performance than the module with conventional cover, in all the selected episodes, maintaining with lower internal temperature fluctuation throughout the days, indicating that the green roof has characteristic Thermal insulation, reducing the heat flow from the roof. / Esta pesquisa visou comparar o desempenho térmico proporcionado em módulos experimentais, sendo um executado com cobertura convencional, constituída por telhas de fibrocimento, e outro dotado de cobertura verde. Como pesquisa experimental, buscou-se alternativas de cunho sustentável para elaboração dos módulos estudados, optando-se pelo uso de construção seca, em Light Steel Frame. A partir da construção dos módulos, em local amplo e sem a interferência de sombreamento, foram instalados instrumentos de medição na parte interna destes, onde foram coletados dados de temperatura do ar e umidade relativa do ar. A partir dos dados, foram determinados episódios representativos para os estudos, que foram avaliados quanto ao grau de conforto térmico proporcionado aos módulos pelos sistemas de cobertura em estudo. Como resultado, constatou-se que o módulo com telhado verde, teve melhor desempenho que o módulo com cobertura convencional, em todos os episódios selecionados, mantendo-se com menor flutuação de temperatura interna ao longo dos dias, indicando que o telhado verde possui característica de isolante térmico, reduzindo o fluxo de calor proveniente da cobertura.

O desenvolvimento urbano recente produziu cidades que frequentemente são inconsistentes com os princípios do crescimento sustentável. Devido ao alto índice de urbanização, ocorrem problemas recorrentes de mobilidade, poluição, carência de áreas verdes e altos custos de infraestrutura. Nesse contexto, a verticalização, tanto para o alto quanto o aproveitamento de espaços subterrâneos, tem o potencial de desenvolver cidades mais compactas e eficientes, reduzindo distâncias devido à maior concentração das funções. Em Porto Alegre, existem propostas em discussão que trazem o uso do subsolo como alternativa, a exemplo de inúmeros projetos pelo mundo onde os espaços subterrâneos são, muitas vezes, considerados atrativos e qualificados pela população. O grande limitador da utilização desses locais é a dificuldade de levar ao subsolo as condições de conforto ambiental e psicológico equivalentes às da superfície, principalmente em relação à forma como a luz é utilizada. Por isso, este trabalho visa levantar a percepção da iluminação em espaços subterrâneos de uma amostra da população de Porto Alegre, com objetivo de verificar o potencial de atratividade desses espaços no contexto local Utilizando a metodologia de estudo de campo, foram selecionadas três passagens subterrâneas na cidade para coletar dados sobre a percepção de uma amostra de usuários - homens ou mulheres, entre 15 e 65 anos - escolhidos de forma aleatória. O estudo considerou variáveis como iluminância, dimensões e revestimentos dos espaços, bem como o tempo de percurso dos usuários. Os dados foram organizados e analisados utilizando os softwares Microsoft Excel 2007, Word Art 2017 e Sigma Plot 13. A pesquisa concluiu que, alinhado com o encontrado na revisão da literatura, os espaços subterrâneos em Porto Alegre são percebidos como locais com características muito negativas. Apesar disso, a maioria dos usuários relatou não sentir falta de contato com o exterior e não se sentir enclausurada, possivelmente pelo fato de as estações serem locais pouco profundos e de fácil acesso à superfície. O estudo de como iluminar subsolos em clima subtropical ainda é incipiente, e espera-se, com este trabalho, ampliar o conhecimento sobre como os usuários de Porto Alegre percebem esses lugares, estimulando a criação de subsolos atraentes e que valorizem a iluminação, fator indispensável para a saúde e bem-estar. / Recent urban development has produced cities that are frequently inconsistent in regard to the principles of sustainable growth. Due to the high level of urbanization, problems pertaining to mobility, pollution, lack of green area and high infrastructure costs are frequent. In this context, verticalization – regarding the use of both elevated and underground spaces – has the potential of developing cities that are more compact and efficient, reducing distances due to a higher concentration of functions. In the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil, there are many proposals currently being discussed that address the use of the underground as an alternative, in light of countless projects around the world in which underground spaces are often considered attractive and valued by the population. The use of these spaces is greatly limited, however, by the difficulty of bringing to the underground the environmental and psychological comfort conditions that are equivalent to those of the surface, especially in relation to how light is employed. Therefore, this work aims to survey the perception of lighting in underground spaces of a sample of Porto Alegre’s population, with the objective of verifying the attractiveness potential of these spaces in the local context. Using a field study methodology, we selected three underground passages in the city in order to collect data on the perception of a sample of male or female users, aged 15 to 65 and chosen at random The study took into account variables such as illuminance, dimensions and protective layers of these spaces, as well as the journey time of the users. The data were organized and analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2007, Word Art 2017 and Sigma Plot 13. The study concluded that, aligned to the results reported in the literature, the underground spaces of Porto Alegre are perceived as having very negative aspects. Nonetheless, most users related not feeling any lack of contact with the outside space and not feeling trapped, possibly because the underground stations are not very deep places and with easy access to the surface. The subject of how to provide lighting to underground spaces in a subtropical climate is still incipient, and we hope, with this study, to contribute to the knowledge of how Porto Alegre’s users perceive these places, fostering the creation of attractive underground spaces and the valuing of lighting, which is essential to human health and wellbeing.

Hållbarhet är en stark trend i dagens samhälle vilket avspeglas i bolagens rapportering då hållbarhet ges ett allt större utrymme. Detta har lett till att den traditionella revisorn utför allt mer icke finansiell granskning och en ny roll i form av hållbarhetsspecialister har vuxit fram. Granskningen av hållbarhetsinformation är inte lika reglerad eller strukturerad som denfinansiella. Detta ställer granskaren inför nya utmaningar vilket kan skapa en ökad osäkerheti granskningsprocessen. Området är dock under utveckling vilket således gör det relevant att beskriva och förklara hur en granskare blir komfortabel i granskningen av hållbarhetsinformation. Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva och förklara hur en granskare uppnår känslan av komfort i granskningsprocessen av en hållbarhetsrapport. För att uppfylla studiens syfte och besvara forskningsfrågorna genomfördes en kvalitativ studie med åtta semistruktureradeintervjuer där respondenterna bestod av hållbarhetsspecialister och revisorer. Metodvalet gav utrymme för att skapa en djupare förståelse för granskningsprocessen vilket är centralt för att beskriva och förklara hur en granskare blir komfortabel. Studiens huvudsakliga slutsatser påvisar att det är individuellt hur en granskare uppnår känslan av komfort i sin granskning. Det handlar om i vilken grad de har kunnat avlägsna osäkerhet. Studien visar även att en granskare i grunden blir komfortabel utifrån den kunskapsamt erfarenhet denne besitter. Vidare påvisas det att i en del fall även är faktorer hos kunden och granskaren som påverkar om känslan uppnås. Slutligen konkluderas att hänsyn bör tas till granskarens individuella egenskaper och dess rådande granskningssituation. / In today’s society sustainability is trending, which is reflected in companies reporting as the part for sustainability increases. Resulting in an increase in non-financial auditing for accountants and the introduction of a new profession, in the form of sustainability specialists. Since the review of sustainability information is not as regulated or structured as the financial one, new challenges have appeared in the review process which creates uncertainties. However, the area is under development. Because of this, it is relevant to investigate how a reviewer becomes comfortable in reviewing sustainability information. The purpose of this study is to describe how a reviewer achieves the sense of comfort in the review process of a sustainability report. To fulfill the purpose of the study and answer the research questions, a qualitative study was conducted with eight semi-structured interviews with respondents consisting of auditors and sustainability specialists. The chosen method provided a deeper understanding of the review process, which is central in order to describe and explain how a reviewer becomes comfortable. The main conclusion of the study is that it is individually how a reviewer achieves the feeling of comfort in their reviewing and it is about the extent which they have been able to remove uncertainties. Another conclusion is that a reviewer gets comfortable based on their knowledge and experience. Furthermore, it is shown in some cases that whether the feeling of comfort is achieved is affected by the customer and the reviewer. Finally, it is concluded that the individual characteristics of the auditor should be considered as well as the current review situation.