Tesis por compendio de publicaciones / La región de Murcia se ha caracterizado por ser eminentemente agraria, donde la fabricación del queso de cabra ocupa una posición muy importante en la economía regional. El Queso de Murcia al Vino es, sin duda, uno de los principales quesos de cabra elaborados en España, además esta Región en los últimos años ha apostado por el desarrollo de nuevas variedades de quesos (mediante el empleo de nuevas formas de presentación de los cuajos animales o el uso de coagulantes vegetales) o de sistemas de control en línea. De otra parte, el uso de los subproductos agroindustriales en la alimentación animal se ensayado con éxito como una estrategia para reducir los costes de alimentación en rumiantes y también para favorecer el reciclado de los subproductos derivados de la industria, cuyo coste de eliminación es muy elevado. En España la extracción de aceites esenciales de plantas aromáticas genera subproductos que en general están infrautilizados, pero son objeto de investigación de numerosos científicos debido a su alto contenido en compuestos polifenolicos. La inclusión de estos subproductos en dietas de cabras y de ovejas, proporciona resultados de interés en los productos derivados (carne y leche) debido a la trasmisión de compuestos fenólicos de la dieta a los mismos, y que constituye una herramienta que satisface a las necesidades de los consumidores, que cada vez requieren de la industria alimentos más saludables y seguros. El objetivo de esta memoria de Tesis Doctoral es determinar el efecto de la inclusión de plantas aromáticas o sus subproductos en la alimentación de cabras de la raza Murciano-Granadina en las características de leche y Queso de Murcia al Vino elaborados. Como objetivo preliminar, fue necesario determinar los parámetros que determinan la calidad de estos quesos (parámetros fisicoquímicos, proteólisis y lipolísis) en base al tiempo de maduración y establecimiento elaborador. Los resultados obtenidos para este objetivo determinan que el establecimiento elaborador afecta significativamente a todos los parámetros fisicoquímicos estudiados, excepto el contenido proteíco, nitrógeno soluble y la concentración de C4:0, C16:0 y C18:0. Sin embargo, los diferentes niveles de maduración influyeron de forma significativa en el contenido de materia seca, y WSN, PTASN y los aminoácidos libres, excepto la serina. Una vez establecidos los parámetros de variación del Queso de Murcia al Vino se estudio la influencia en la leche de la incorporación de subproductos de romero en la dieta de cabras M-G, observándose una disminución en el tiempo de coagulación, extracto seco y contenido de lactosa así como en la concentración de C10 y C14, sin embargo aumentó el porcentaje de C17, C18:2 y ácidos grasos poliinsaturados después de suplementar a los animales con 20% de subproducto de romero. Mientras que la suplementación con el 10% de este subproducto disminuyó el porcentaje de C14 y aumentó el contenido de C18:2 y el contenido de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados en la leche. En Queso de Murcia al Vino elaborado con esta leche no se observan diferencias significativas en el rendimiento quesero, el recuento microbiológico y parámetros sensoriales, con la excepción del olor en el queso elaborado con leche procedente de animales que habían recibido el 10% de suplementación. La sustitución del 7,5% de la dieta basal de cabra por hojas de tomillo sin destilar modificó significativamente la composición fisicoquímica de leche de cabra (incremento en la grasa, proteína, materia seca y el contenido de PUFA), mientras que el tiempo de coagulación de la leche de cabra disminuyó por la introducción en la dieta de un 20% de hojas de tomillo destilado, lo que aumentó su aptitud tecnológica. El recuento microbiológico, el análisis sensorial y el perfil de textura de los quesos no mostraron diferencias con la introducción de hojas de tomillo destiladas. La introducción de hojas del tomillo destilado y sin destilar en la dieta de cabras disminuido el grado de oxidación de la grasa del queso debido a la transferencia de compuestos fenólicos de la dieta a la leche y al queso. Si comparamos los resultados obtenidos tras la suplementación de la dieta con subproductos de la destilación de tomillo y el romero, observamos que existen diferencias significativas en el contenido de extracto seco, proteína y lactosa, mientras que no influye en los valores de materia grasa, recuento de células somáticas y el punto crioscópico de la leche. En el Queso de Murcia al Vino no se determinan diferencias significativas para los parámetros físicoquímicos y microbiológicos estudiados, sin embargo los resultados del análisis sensorial determinan que el queso mejor valorado era aquel que se obtiene de la suplementación de la dieta de cabras con el subproducto del tomillo. / The province of Murcia is characterized by being largely agrarian, where the manufacture of goat cheese has a very important position in the overall economy of the province. In the last years, many studies have been carried out to develop new cheese varieties or improve cheese quality (new animal or vegetable coagulants, control of cheese syneresis by optical sensors ...). The use of agricultural by-products in animal feed was successfully tested as a strategy to reduce feed costs and also to attempt the need to recycle waste materials which is costly to remove. In Spain the extraction of essential oils from aromatic plants generates high quantity of byproducts that are generally wasted. These residues are of interest to researchers due to their content of polyphenolic compounds, which can be included on the goats and sheep diets with relevant results. Researchers have confirmed a transmission of those phenolic compounds to milk or meat products. Thus, manufacturers can improve products quality and so attempt to consumers demands of healthier and safety products. Based on these results, the first aim of this Thesis was to assess the effect of byproducts introduction in Murciano-Granadina goat’s diet on the characteristics of goat milk and Murcia al Vino cheese, including the effect on cheese’s proteolysis and lipolysis during ripening. The results shown a significant effect in water activity (aw), pH, dry matter and fat content, water soluble nitrogen fractions (WSN), trichloroacetic acid (12% w / v) (TCASN ) and phosphotungstic acid (5% w / v) (PTASN) and also affect the content of free amino acids and free fatty acid content, with the exception of C4:0, C16:0 and C18:0, while different periods of maturation significantly affected dry matter content, and WSN, PTASN and all free amino acids to the amino acid except serine. The inclusion of rosemary byproducts in the diet of goats at two percentages (10% and 20%) shows that a supplementation with 20% significantly reduces the clotting time, dry matter and the lactose content of the milk, decreased the content of C10 and C14, and increased the percentage of C17, C18:2 fatty acids. Supplementation with 10% rosemary byproduct decreased the percentage of C14 and increased C18:2 and the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. No significant differences were found in the protein content, pH and aw of cheeses for 20% rosemary supplementation byproducts. No significant differences were observed in cheese yield, microbiological counts and sensory parameters, except for the smell between the control and the cheese made from the milk supplemented with a 10%. The second aim was to feed goats with distilled thyme leaves and study its (Thymus zygis subsp gracilis) on the physico-chemical composition, technological properties of pasteurized goat milk and physical chemistry, and the phenolic content, oxidative stability, microbiology, sensory profile and texture of Murcia al Vino goat cheese. The physical and chemical composition of goat milk was significantly affected by the replacement of 7.5% of the basal diet with goat undistilled thyme leaves (increase in fat, protein, dry matter and the PUFA content) while the milk clotting time increased significantly with the introduction of 20% distilled thyme leaves, reducing their technological aptitude. Cheese’s microbiological count, sensory analysis and texture profile were not affected by the introduction of distilled thyme leaves. The introduction of undistilled thyme leaves in goat's diet may lead to an inhibition of lipid oxidation due to the transmission of diet’s phenolic compounds into cheese. The third aim of this Thesis was to evaluate the effect of feeding goats with both supplement types [byproducts of thyme (Thymus zygis sub gracilis) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis spp)] in the physical and chemical composition (dry matter content fat and lactose), freezing point, the somatic cells of pasteurized goat's milk, and the physical and chemical composition, microbiological and sensory analysis of Murcia al Vino cheese. There were found significant differences in milk’s dry matter, protein and lactose content, while there were no significant differences in fat, and somatic cell count freezing point. Not significant differences were found in cheese’s physical-chemical and microbiological parameters.

1. Objetivos: • General: 1. Extender la vida útil de la carne cruda y cocinada de cordero, conservada en condiciones usuales de comercialización al por menor, mediante la suplementación dietética con extractos tipificados de romero compuestos por ácido carnósico y carnosol. • Específicos: 1. Optimizar el método de suplementación de la dieta considerando la época de administración, la proporción de ácido carnósico y carnosol y la dosis de extracto en el pienso. 1.1. Determinar el efecto de la época de administración (gestación, lactación y cebo) sobre la calidad y vida comercial de la carne. 1.2 Determinar el efecto del ratio ácido carnósico/carnosol sobre la calidad y vida comercial de la carne. 1.3 Establecer la dosis conservante mínima efectiva en carne con el objeto de optimizar la relación dosis-efecto de los suplementos ovinos. 2. Metodología: La investigación se realizó en tres fases. En un primer experimento se suministraron 600 mg kg-1 de un extracto de romero (ER) compuesto por ácido carnósico y carnosol (2:1) a la ovejas gestantes y lactantes, y también a los corderos de cebo. En un segundo experimento se suministraron 600 mg kg-1 de un ER enriquecido en carnosol (1:1) sólo a los corderos de cebo. En un tercer experimento se repitió el ensayo anterior reduciendo la dosis de ER 1:1 a 200 y 400 mg kg-1. La carne cruda (lomo) fue envasada en atmósfera protectora (70/30 O2/CO2) y almacenada hasta 21 días en una vitrina a 2 ºC y 800 lx. La carne cocinada (hamburguesas de pierna) fue envasada en aerobiosis hasta 4 días en una vitrina a 2 ºC y 800 lx. El deterioro de la carne se determinó en base a diversos parámetros físico-químicos (pH, color CIELAB, índice TBARS y carbonilos totales), microbiológicos (aerobios mesófilos, psicrófilos, enterobacterias y mohos y levaduras) y sensoriales (apariencia, olor, flavor y textura). 3. Conclusiones: Primera. La suplementación dietética de los corderos ternascos de raza Segureña con extractos tipificados de romero, ricos en ácido carnósico y carnosol, mejora la capacidad conservante endógena de la carne, debido a que inhibe la oxidación y, en menor medida, el deterioro microbiológico de la misma. Segunda. La extensión de dicha suplementación a las ovejas durante la gestación y lactación no mejora la capacidad de conservación de la carne, siendo aconsejable limitar el tratamiento dietético a los corderos de cebo por motivos económicos. Tercera. La carne cruda reforzada con conservantes endógenos de romero es más resistente a la decoloración, a la oxidación lipídica y proteica, y a la proliferación de microorganismos, de modo que su deterioro sensorial es más lento y su tiempo de vida comercial es más prolongado. Cuarta. La ingesta de carnosol es clave para la eficacia antioxidante de este tipo de extractos de romero, ya que al enriquecer el extracto con carnosol se consigue retrasar la oxidación y el enranciamiento de la carne cocinada, lo que a su vez indicaría cierta termorresistencia de los conservantes endógenos asimilados por los ovinos y depositados en el músculo. Quinta. Se recomienda suplementar a los corderos de cebo con al menos 200 mg de extracto enriquecido en carnosol por kilogramo de pienso para mejorar la calidad tecnológica de la carne cruda y aumentar dicha dosis a 600 mg para extender el efecto conservante a la carne cocinada. Sexta. La incorporación a través de la dieta de diterpenos de romero ha resultado ser una estrategia eficaz para mejorar la calidad tecnológica de la carne de cordero sin necesidad de añadir conservantes. / Extending shelf life of lamb meat by dietary supplementation with rosemary extract. PhD student: Rafael Serrano Espada. Thesis advisor: Sancho José Bañón Arias. 1. Objectives: • General: 1. Extending shelf life of raw and cooked lamb meat preserved at retail through dietary supplementation with typified rosemary extracts composed by carnosic acid and carnosol. • Specific: 1. Optimizing the diet supplementation method considering the administration time, the carnosic acid/carnosol ratio and the extract dose in feed. 1.1. Determining the effect of administration time (gestation, lactation and feed) on quality and shelf life of meat. 1.2. Determining the effect of the carnosic acid/carnosol ratio on quality and shelf life of meat. 1.3 Establish the minimum effective dose to preserve meat in order to optimize the dose-effect relationship of sheep supplements. 2. Methodology: The research was divided in three experiments. In a first experiment, pregnant and lactating ewes and lambs were given a feed supplemented with a rosemary extract (RE), consisting of carnosic acid and carnosol (2:1), in a dose of 600 mg per kg feed. In a second experiment, lambs were given a feed supplemented with a RE enriched with carnosol (1:1) in a dose of 600 mg per kg feed. In a third experiment, the previous test was repeated using reduced doses of RE (200 and 400 mg per kg feed). Raw meat (loin) was packaged under modified atmosphere (70/30 O2/CO2) and stored up to 21 days in a display cabinet at 2 ºC and 800 lx. Cooked meat (burger) was packaged aerobically and stored up to 4 days in a display cabinet at 2 ºC and 800 lx. Meat deterioration was determined using physical-chemical parameters (pH, CIELAB colour, TBARS index and total carbonyls), microbiological parameters (total viable counts, total psychrophilic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae and moulds and yeasts) and sensory parameters (appearance, odour, flavour and texture). 3. Conclusions: First. The dietary supplementation of Segureña lambs with typified rosemary extracts, rich in carnosic acid and carnosol, improves the endogenous preservative capacity of meat due to oxidation inhibition and, in a lesser extent, to microbiological deterioration decrease. Second. The additional supplementation of ewes during gestation and lactation does not improve the preservative capacity of meat, being recommendable to limit the dietary treatment to lambs for economic reasons. Third. Raw meat improved with endogenous preservatives is more resistant against discolouration, lipid and protein oxidation and microorganism proliferation, therefore its sensory deterioration is slower and its shelf life is longer. Fourth. Carnosol intake is key to the antioxidant effectiveness of these rosemary extracts, considering that enrichment of the extract with carnosol retards oxidation and rancidity of cooked meat. This could indicate some thermal resistance in endogenous preservatives assimilated and deposited in sheep´s muscle. Fifth. It is recommended supplementing lambs with at least 200 mg of carnosol enriched extract per kilogram of feed to improve the technological quality of raw meat. To extend the preservative effect to cooked meat that dose must be increased until 600 mg. Sixth. The dietary incorporation of rosemary diterpenes is an effective strategy to improve lamb meat technological quality without the addition of chemical preservatives.

Evaluation is the systematic determination of the merit, worth and significance of a programme, initiative or intervention. As a young discipline, its empirical study is still limited, especially in Francophone Africa. Building on both the theory and the practice of evaluation in Senegal for the past decades, this study aims to identify strategies to improve evaluation practice and its usefulness for development results. It is focused on the evaluation of Sustainable Land Management (SLM) that presents specific challenges associated with the difficulty of considering simultaneously the different time and space scales of the environment, the economy and the society; and of dealing with the uncertainty and the limited quantity and quality of context data, among others. The study is based on an extensive review of the specialized literature on environment and development issues, the institutional and policy setting, complemented with semi-structured interviews with national authorities, donor representatives and evaluators. Participant observation also helped to ground the analysis and to access key grey literature and evaluation reports. Meta-evaluation (MEv) is proposed as the analytical framework to study the SLM evaluation practice in Senegal to improve evaluative knowledge. MEv is the evaluation of evaluations. The theoretical function of MEv has been developed to assess the role of evaluation in the SLM policy sector, including its adequacy and opportunity. A tailored MEv framework is applied to a set of 40 SLM project evaluation reports published since 2000, and complemented with 3 case studies. The study also analyses a parallel strand of evaluation practice in Senegal: capitalizations, conceived as participatory evaluative exercises focused on stakeholders¿ experiences, practices and learning. Results show that evaluation practice in SLM in Senegal is very heterogeneous and far from ¿sound evaluation standards¿. This is explained by constraints in the enabling environment and the institutional framework and limited capacities of stakeholders at all levels. In spite of some timid advances towards country-led evaluation, serious blockages to national ownership and evaluation utilization still persist. Although the majority of interviewees perceived SLM evaluations to be participative, this study contests their understanding of participation in most cases. SLM capitalization exercises, although far from the ideal features of this learning-oriented approach are able to engage more meaningfully with local-level actors. The set of evaluations and capitalizations analysed does not offer a coherent response to the challenges of evaluating Natural Resources Management interventions identified in the literature. For instance, they do not solve the tensions among different time and space scales or encompass a wide variety of values and perspectives about those interventions. Finally, the findings suggest that SLM evaluation is still much dominated by donor agendas and aid effectiveness concerns (accountability), with very limited efforts to promote their use for improvement or learning, and hardly any to inform national policy making. The study confirms the usefulness of MEv to guide critical reflection about real-world evaluations, surpassing the narrow conception of evaluation quality. It also allows the opening of a debate about evaluation capacities understood as the faculty to choose what, when and how interventions are evaluated. MEv could be used to promote a more active involvement of Senegalese research institutes, public administration and civil society in shaping a new public policy evaluation scenario. A broader national conception of evaluation should also encompass capitalizations and other similar approaches and foster learning organizations and institutions while promoting exchanges between applied research and project and policy-level evaluation. / La evaluación es la investigación sistemática del mérito, valor e importancia de un programa, iniciativa o intervención. Siendo una disciplina nueva, su estudio empírico es todavía limitado, especialmente en el África francófona. En base a la teoría y la práctica de evaluación en Senegal durante las últimas décadas, este estudio pretende identificar estrategias para mejorar la evaluación y su utilidad para alcanzar resultados de desarrollo. Está focalizado en la evaluación de la Gestión Sostenible de la Tierra (GST) que presenta retos específicos asociados a la dificultad de considerar simultáneamente las diferentes escalas de tiempo y espacio del medio ambiente, la economía y la sociedad; de integrar la incertidumbre, así como la limitada cantidad y calidad de la información sobre el contexto, entre otros. El estudio está basado en una revisión extensiva de la literatura especializada en medio ambiente y desarrollo, el contexto institucional y político, complementado con entrevistas semi-estructuras con autoridades nacionales, representantes de la comunidad de donantes y evaluadores. Cuatro años de participación observante también ayudaron a contextualizar el análisis y a acceder a literatura gris y a informes de evaluación claves. El enfoque de Meta-evaluación (MEv) es propuesto como marco analítico para estudiar la práctica de evaluación de GST en Senegal con el fin de mejorar el conocimiento evaluativo. La MEv es la evaluación de evaluaciones. La función teórica de MEv ha sido desarrollada para valorar el rol de la evaluación en el sector de política de la GST, inluyendo su idoneidad y oportunidad. Un marco de MEv adaptado es aplicado a un conjunto de 40 informes de evaluación de proyectos de GST publicados a partir del 2000 y complementados con tres estudios de caso. El estudio también analiza una práctica de evaluación paralela en Senegal: las capitalizaciones, concebidas como ejercicios evaluativos participativos focalizados en las experiencias, prácticas y aprendizaje de los actores. El estudio confirma la utilidad de la MEv para guiar la reflexión crítica sobre un conjunto de evaluaciones reales, más allá de la concepción restrictiva de la calidad en evaluación. También permite propiciar el debate sobre las capacidades de evaluación entendidas como la capacidad de elegir qué intervenciones son evaluadas, cuándo y cómo. La MEv podría ser utilizada para promover una implicación más activa de los institutos de investigación, las administraciones públicas y la sociedad civil senegaleses para dibujar un nuevo escenario de evaluación de políticas públicas. Una concepción amplia de la evaluación debería también incluir las capitalizaciones y otros enfoques similares y fomentar organizaciones e instituciones de conocimiento y el intercambio entre la investigación aplicada y la evaluación a nivel de proyectos, programas y políticas. / L´évaluation est la recherche systématique de la valeur, de la portée et de l’importance d’un programme, d’une initiative ou d’une intervention. Étant une discipline nouvelle, son étude empirique est encore limitée, particulièrement en Afrique francophone. S’appuyant sur la théorie et la pratique de l’évaluation au Sénégal au cours des dernières décennies, cette étude vise à identifier des stratégies pour améliorer l’évaluation et son utilité en vue d’atteindre des résultats de développement. Elle porte sur l’évaluation de la gestion durable des terres (GDT), qui présente des défis spécifiques en raison de la difficulté à considérer en simultané les différentes échelles temporelles et spatiales de l’environnement, de l’économie et de la société, et de prendre en compte, entre autres, l’incertitude ainsi que des informations limitées en quantité et qualité sur le contexte. L’étude est basée sur une ample révision de la littérature spécialisée sur l’environnement et le développement, le contexte institutionnel et politique, complétée par des entretiens semi-structurés avec les autorités nationales et les représentants de la communauté de bailleurs et d’évaluateurs au Sénégal. Quatre années d’observation participante ont également aidé à contextualiser l’analyse et à consulter la littérature grise et les rapports d’évaluation. L’approche de méta-évaluation (MEv) est proposée en tant que cadre analytique pour étudier la pratique d’évaluation de la GDT au Sénégal afin d’améliorer les connaissances évaluatives. La MEv est l’évaluation des évaluations. La fonction théorique de MEv a été développée pour jauger le rôle de l’évaluation dans le secteur des politiques de GDT, y compris son adéquation et sa pertinence. Un cadre de MEv adapté est appliqué à un ensemble de 40 rapports d’évaluation de projets de GDT publiés à partir de l’année 2000 et complétés avec trois études de cas. L’étude analyse également la pratique de l’évaluation parallèle au Sénégal : les capitalisations, conçues comme exercices évaluatifs participatifs portant sur les expériences, les pratiques et les apprentissages des acteurs. Les résultats montrent que la pratique d’évaluation de la GDT au Sénégal est très hétérogène et éloignée des standards d’ "évaluation de qualité". Cette situation est expliquée par les limitations de l’environnement politique et du cadre institutionnel favorables à l’évaluation, ainsi que par les capacités limitées des acteurs à tous les niveaux. En dépit de quelques progrès timides vers l’évaluation menée par le pays, d’importants blocages persistent encore afin de promouvoir l’appropriation nationale et l’utilisation des évaluations au Sénégal. Même si la plupart des interviewés conçoivent l’évaluation de la GDT comme participative, l’étude met en cause leur compréhension du concept de participation, sauf dans quelques exemples isolés d’évaluations inclusives. Les capitalisations de GDT, bien qu’étant loin de reprendre les caractéristiques idéales de cette approche orientée vers l’apprentissage, permettent au moins d’engager de façon plus significative les acteurs au niveau local. Néanmoins, les évaluations de projet et les capitalisations de GDT n’offrent pas une réponse cohérente aux défis inhérents à l’évaluation d’initiatives de gestion durable de ressources naturelles identifiés dans la littérature. Par exemple, elles ne permettent pas de résoudre les tensions entre les différentes échelles temporelles et géographiques ou d’intégrer la diversité des valeurs et des perspectives liées à ces interventions. Finalement, les résultats indiquent que la pratique d’évaluation de la GDT est encore majoritairement dominée par les agendas des bailleurs et les objectifs d’efficacité de l’aide (redevabilité), avec des efforts très limités pour promouvoir leur utilisation orientée vers l´améliorations ou l’apprentissage, et virtuellement inexistants pour élaborer des politiques publiques. L’étude confirme l’utilité de la MEv pour guider la réflexion critique sur un ensemble d’évaluations réelles, au-delà de la conception restrictive de qualité en évaluation. Elle permet aussi de favoriser le débat sur les capacités d’évaluation comprises comme le pouvoir de déterminer quelles interventions à évaluer, le moment choisi pour les évaluations et la façon dont elle sont conduites. La MEv pourrait être utilisée afin de promouvoir une implication plus active des instituts de recherche, des administrations publiques et de la société civile sénégalaise afin de concevoir un nouveau panorama de l’évaluation de politiques publiques. Une conception ample de l´évaluation devrait également inclure les capitalisations et d’autres approches similaires, tout en promouvant des organisations et des institutions productrices de savoir, et en favorisant l’échange entre recherche appliquée et évaluation de projets, programmes et politiques.

La industria quesera demanda el desarrollo de instrumentos de medida en línea, sencillos, sanitarios y no destructivos, que permitan la monitorización del proceso de coagulación de la leche y la predicción de parámetros de control tales como tiempo de coagulación y, en especial, tiempo de corte. La determinación objetiva del tiempo de corte mejora el rendimiento quesero y la homogeneidad del producto. El objetivo general del presente trabajo ha sido el estudio de un sensor de fibra óptica que determina dispersión de radiación en el infrarrojo próximo, como método de monitorización de la coagulación y selección objetiva del tiempo de corte. A tal fin, se realizan tres experiencias mediante el empleo de sendos diseños de bloque completamente aleatorios, con tres réplicas cada uno. En cada una de estas experiencias se seleccionan diferentes factores y niveles experimentales para estudiar su influencia sobre la coagulación y, especialmente, sobre los algoritmos de predicción del tiempo de corte. / The cheese industry demands the development of simple, sanitary and non-destructive measuring instruments in the line in order to monitor the process of coagulation in the milk and predict control parameters such as clotting time and, above all, cutting time. The objective determination of cutting time improves the cheese yield and the homogeneity of the product. The general objective of this study is to analyse the use of a fibre-optic sensor to determine light scattering of near infrared radiation in order to monitor milk coagulation and objectively select the cutting time. To this end, three experiments were carried out using completely randomised block designs. Each experiment was replicated three times. In each of them different experimental factors and levels were selected with the aim of providing information concerning the influence of the different factors on clotting and, especially, on the algorithms for predicting cutting time.

En las últimas décadas la dificultad de encontrar en el comercio cuajos naturales en pasta de cordero,así como los inconvenientes legales causados por la normativa que regula sus contenidos microbiológicos ha facilitado que las industrias queseras recurran a cuajos y coagulantes lácteos comerciales estandares con la consiguiente pérdida de sabores tradicionales en una gran variedad de quesos que se logran con los cuajos en pasta.El primer objetivo de este estudio consiste en caracterizar cuatro diferentes cuajos en pasta de cordero elaborados siguiendo distintos procedimientos de fabricación a partir de abomasos de corderos lechales llenos y vacíos de leche,a los que posteriormente, se les aplica distintas tecnologías con el objetivo de conservarlos y estudiar su viabilidad práctica y comercial.En segundo término y una vez seleccionado el cuajo en pasta idóneo que combina una actividad coagulante y lipolítica adecuada,se procede a su empleo en la elaboración de Queso de Murcia al Vino,comparándolo con aquellos obtenidos con cuajo líquido de ternera,que es el que habitualmente se utiliza en la fabricación industrial.Por último,se procede a la caracterización de los quesos experimentales mediante el análisis fisicoquímico,microbiológico,reológico y sensorial para determinar el efecto que produce este tipo de cuajo en pasta de cordero sobre los quesos de Murcia al Vino y poder compararlos con los elaborados siguiendo la técnica habitual.Se demuestra que los quesos obtenidos con el cuajo natural en pasta de cordero son diferentes a los habitualmente fabricados,principalmente por alcanzar un determinado grado de madurez en un tiempo menor,reflejado en la textura,manifestar una actividad proteolítica y lipolítica más intensas causantes de la formación de sabores diferentes a los habitualmente obtenidos,principalmente algo amargos y picantes.Los resultados del análisis sensorial del panel de cata muestran que,si bien estos quesos se diferencian de los que habitualmente se obtienen mediante el uso de cuajo comercial, ofrecen una alternativa válida y novedosa al sector quesero de la Región de Murcia. / Since last decades it is so difficult to obtain lamb rennet pastes because they are generally not available and also new rules make them be out of law specially microbial levels. It led manufacturers to get other kind of rennets or coagulants. Although they can obtain cheaper rennets easyly what they lost was one of the most important things: the natural, typical traditional flavour of the cheese.The main objective of this study is the characterization of four lamb rennet pastes obtained following different sort of manufactures. This consists in treating two groups of abomasas ones full and the other ones empty of milk before the slaughter. After that these two groups of abomasas are treated with different technics so that they can be employed lately without any problem by combining adequate renneting and lipase activity. After one of them is chosen it is employed to manufacture Queso de Murcia al Vino (Murcian wine cheese) to compare with that obtained from kid liquid rennet.Secondly, several kind of analysis are made on the cheeses in order to determine its characteristics and the differences between them.As a result of this investigation we found that it exists many differences between the two types of cheeses. For example those cheeses made with rennet paste reached an adequate grade of maturity before those made with kid liquid rennet. Also we determined higher proteolysis and lipolysis activities values in those made with natural lamb rennet paste. In addition the cheeses obtained using rennet paste had a piquant and little bitter taste which was different to those made with commercial rennet.Finally, the sensory analysis gave a so good score for the cheese manufactured with rennet paste. It means that this kind of lamb rennet paste can be employed in the cheese making industrial sector as a good new alternative one.

Después de Alemania, España es el segundo mayor productor de cerdos entre los 25 países de la Unión Europea. El consumidor tiene una importancia relevante debido a la tradición cultural del consumo de carne, reflejada en la gastronomía de todas las regiones de España. Cataluña forma parte de las seis regiones Europeas más productoras de cerdos y representa aproximadamente un tercio de la producción Española. El presente trabajo analiza las características y comportamiento de varios agentes que conforman la cadena de abastecimiento porcina en Cataluña, con el objetivo de valorar si estas operan de acuerdo a los parámetros de una cadena de abastecimiento Lean. Inicialmente un modelo de cadena Lean se propone como herramienta para llevar a cabo la valoración. Los resultados llevan a determinar si la situación en la cadena porcina Catalana se asemeja a una cadena tipo Lean. / After Germany, Spain is the second largest producer of pigs in the 25 European Union countries. The domestic consumer is highly relevant due to a cultural tradition of fresh meat consumption which is reflected in the gastronomy of all the regions of Spain. None more so than in Catalonia which is one of the six main European production regions accounting for approximately one third of Spanish production. This research analyses the characteristics and the performance of the various supply chain agents which make up the Catalan pork supply chain, with the objective being to assess whether these operate according to the parameters of a lean supply chain. First a lean supply chain model is proposed as a tool to carry out this assessment. Then, the performance of the Catalan pork supply chain is assessed to ascertain whether it resembles that of a lean supply chain.

Esta tese examina as reações sociais ao processo de invasão biológica conduzido pelo javali asselvajado europeu (Sus scrofa) e seus cruzamentos com porcos domésticos, ou “javaporcos”, no Brasil Meridional desde um ponto de vista antropológico. Atualmente, esta espécie figura entre os cem piores organismos invasores do mundo conforme o painel sobre invasões biológicas da União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza (IUCN, na sigla em inglês). Presente no Brasil desde o final da década de 1980, o javali tem provocado inúmeros danos ao meio ambiente e à produção agropecuária, o que levou o Ministério do Meio Ambiente a decretar sua nocividade e a autorizar sua captura e abate em todo território nacional, por tempo indeterminado. Na região onde a etnografia se concentrou, conhecida como Campanha gaúcha, os suínos asselvajados têm protagonizado ataques ao rebanho ovino, o que os alçou à condição de inimigos da pecuária local. Partindo deste conflito e das negociações estabelecidas entre agentes públicos, proprietários rurais e controladores voluntários, a tese rastreia as controvérsias hoje vigentes no país a respeito do Sus scrofa, bem como as escolhas técnicas efetuadas na região tendo em vista seu controle e manejo. Da mesma maneira, examina os impactos da presença do javali na Campanha gaúcha a partir das relações e analogias estabelecidas pelos agentes locais entre este e outros problemas que afetam o seu cotidiano, como: demais processos de invasão biológica que afetam o bioma Pampa, o declínio socioeconômico da pecuária sulina e o abigeato fronteiriço. Por fim, a tese também analisa os novos contextos de biossegurança produzidos no Brasil a partir da legalização do abate do animal, sob o prisma do conceito antropológico de sacrifício. No plano teórico, a tese se guia pelo conceito de feralidade, nela empregado para refletir sobre a resistência da espécie às tentativas humanas de domesticá-la. / This thesis examines the social reactions to the biological invasion process of European wild boar (Sus scrofa) and their breed with domestic pigs, known as "javaporcos", in southern Brazil from an anthropological perspective. Currently, this species is among the top one hundred worst invasive species in the world, according to the panel on biological invasions of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Present in Brazil since the late 1980s, the boar has caused countless damage to the environment and agricultural production, which led the Ministry of Environment to declare it a harmful animal and to allow its capture and slaughter throughout the country, indefinitely. In the region where the ethnography was focused, known as Campanha gaúcha, feral swine have attacked the sheep, which made them enemies of the local ranching community. From this conflict and the negotiations between government officials, landowners and volunteer controllers, the thesis traces the current controversy in the country regarding Sus scrofa, as well as the technical choices made in the region to control and manage it. Similarly, the thesis examines the impact of the presence of boars in the Campanha gaúcha region, based on the relationships and analogies established by local agents between this and other issues that affect their daily lives, such as other biological invasion process that affect the Pampa biome, the socio-economic decline of the southern livestock raising industry and livestock raiding at the borders. Finally, the thesis also analyzes new biosecurity contexts created in Brazil after the slaughter of the animal was authorized, from the perspective of the anthropological concept of sacrifice. Theoretically, the thesis is guided by the concept of ferality, thus used to reflect upon the resistance of the species to human attempts to domesticate it.

Esta tese examina as reações sociais ao processo de invasão biológica conduzido pelo javali asselvajado europeu (Sus scrofa) e seus cruzamentos com porcos domésticos, ou “javaporcos”, no Brasil Meridional desde um ponto de vista antropológico. Atualmente, esta espécie figura entre os cem piores organismos invasores do mundo conforme o painel sobre invasões biológicas da União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza (IUCN, na sigla em inglês). Presente no Brasil desde o final da década de 1980, o javali tem provocado inúmeros danos ao meio ambiente e à produção agropecuária, o que levou o Ministério do Meio Ambiente a decretar sua nocividade e a autorizar sua captura e abate em todo território nacional, por tempo indeterminado. Na região onde a etnografia se concentrou, conhecida como Campanha gaúcha, os suínos asselvajados têm protagonizado ataques ao rebanho ovino, o que os alçou à condição de inimigos da pecuária local. Partindo deste conflito e das negociações estabelecidas entre agentes públicos, proprietários rurais e controladores voluntários, a tese rastreia as controvérsias hoje vigentes no país a respeito do Sus scrofa, bem como as escolhas técnicas efetuadas na região tendo em vista seu controle e manejo. Da mesma maneira, examina os impactos da presença do javali na Campanha gaúcha a partir das relações e analogias estabelecidas pelos agentes locais entre este e outros problemas que afetam o seu cotidiano, como: demais processos de invasão biológica que afetam o bioma Pampa, o declínio socioeconômico da pecuária sulina e o abigeato fronteiriço. Por fim, a tese também analisa os novos contextos de biossegurança produzidos no Brasil a partir da legalização do abate do animal, sob o prisma do conceito antropológico de sacrifício. No plano teórico, a tese se guia pelo conceito de feralidade, nela empregado para refletir sobre a resistência da espécie às tentativas humanas de domesticá-la. / This thesis examines the social reactions to the biological invasion process of European wild boar (Sus scrofa) and their breed with domestic pigs, known as "javaporcos", in southern Brazil from an anthropological perspective. Currently, this species is among the top one hundred worst invasive species in the world, according to the panel on biological invasions of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Present in Brazil since the late 1980s, the boar has caused countless damage to the environment and agricultural production, which led the Ministry of Environment to declare it a harmful animal and to allow its capture and slaughter throughout the country, indefinitely. In the region where the ethnography was focused, known as Campanha gaúcha, feral swine have attacked the sheep, which made them enemies of the local ranching community. From this conflict and the negotiations between government officials, landowners and volunteer controllers, the thesis traces the current controversy in the country regarding Sus scrofa, as well as the technical choices made in the region to control and manage it. Similarly, the thesis examines the impact of the presence of boars in the Campanha gaúcha region, based on the relationships and analogies established by local agents between this and other issues that affect their daily lives, such as other biological invasion process that affect the Pampa biome, the socio-economic decline of the southern livestock raising industry and livestock raiding at the borders. Finally, the thesis also analyzes new biosecurity contexts created in Brazil after the slaughter of the animal was authorized, from the perspective of the anthropological concept of sacrifice. Theoretically, the thesis is guided by the concept of ferality, thus used to reflect upon the resistance of the species to human attempts to domesticate it.

O principal objetivo desse trabalho foi obter o índice de abundância, a densidade e o tamanho populacional de mamíferos e aves cinegéticos (preferencialmente caçados) na Mata Atlântica do Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso (PEIC), através do método de transecções lineares. Mapas de ocorrência das espécies foram gerados, bem como foram testadas relações entre estrutura da vegetação e variáveis antrópicas com a abundância e ocorrência das espécies. Foram percorridos 273,05 km em 13 trilhas distribuídas por várias regiões do PEIC. Dentre as aves cinegéticas com maior densidade destacaram-se o uru Odontophorus capueira (26,7 indivíduos/ km2), tucanos Ramphastos spp. (8,9 indivíduos/ km2) e jacú Penelope spp. (3,2 indivíduos/ km2). Dentre os mamíferos cinegéticos, o bugio Alouatta guariba (8,9 indivíduos/ km2) e a cutia Dasyprocta leporina (3,4 indivíduos/ km2) apresentaram maior densidade. A jacutinga é uma espécie ameaçada de extinção no Brasil, com tamanho da população que varia entre 203 e 304 indivíduos. Esta é uma das aves caçadas ilegalmente no PEIC por caiçaras, índios Guarani Mbya e pessoas provenientes do entorno do parque, não havendo conhecimento de quantos animais são abatidos anualmente. Foi utilizado um tipo de análise de viabilidade de populações, sendo possível predizer a probabilidade de extinção, simulando-se diferentes cenários de caça no PEIC (ou seja, diferentes quantidades de jacutingas caçadas por ano). O cenário-base considerado teve como principais características uma baixa taxa de mortalidade anual (10%), capacidade suporte alta (1770 indivíduos) e população efetiva alta (64%). Neste cenário, classificado como otimista devido às características atribuídas, há probabilidade de jacutingas sofrerem extinção local quando mais de 20% dos animais forem abatidos por ano. Contudo, no cenário alternativo onde foi considerado uma capacidade suporte menor que a do cenário-base (177 indivíduos), o dobro da taxa de mortalidade anual do cenário-base ou uma população efetiva de 44%, a população de jacutingas só permanece na ilha se não houver caça. Ao ser considerado uma população efetiva de 24%, há probabilidade de extinção local mesmo se não houver caça, pois neste caso há tão poucos indivíduos aptos a reprodução, que até mesmo efeitos estocásticos (ao acaso) causam a extinção local. Em relação à disponibilidade de frutos, houve correlação entre biomassa de frutos e abundância de queixadas (Tayassu pecari) (Rs= 0,56, p= 0,05). Macucos (Tinamus solitarius) e catetos (Pecari tajacu) apresentaram maior abundância em locais com maior riqueza de frutos (R2= 43,2%, p= 0,01 e R2= 25,5%, p= 0,05, respectivamente). Através da análise de Regressão Logística, foi possível constatar que existiu cerca de duas vezes mais chances de mamíferos ocorrerem em locais com maior densidade de palmito juçara Euterpe edulis adulto e em lugares afastados de comunidades tradicionais da Ilha do Cardoso. Os resultados demonstraram a importância de se proteger áreas que ainda possuem alta densidade de palmitos juçara e grande produção e riqueza de frutos, pois são fatores que contribuem para a ocorrência e abundância de muitas espécies de aves e mamíferos cinegéticos. Além disso, este estudo forneceu embasamento empírico para a polêmica questão do possível impacto das populações humanas na biodiversidade, demonstrando-se que a presença de comunidades tradicionais em unidade de conservação de uso indireto influenciou a ocorrência de mamíferos cinegéticos. / The principal aim of this work was to estimate the abundance, density and population size of game birds and mammals from the Atlantic rainforest at Ilha do Cardoso State Park through linear transect methods. We made ocurrence maps and we looked for relationships between environmental and anthropic variables and the abundance and occurrence of species. The observations summed up to 273.05 Km of transects at 13 trails at different regions in the park. Among the most abundant game birds are the quails Odontophorus capueira (26.7 individuals/ km2), toucans Ramphastos spp. (12.2 individuals/ km2) and guans Penelope spp. (3.2 individuals/ km2). Among the game mammals, howler monkeys Alouatta guariba (8.9 individuals/ km2) and agoutis Dasyprocta leporina (3.4 individuals/ km2) were the most abundant. Jacutinga is threatened by extinction in Brazil and this species is represented by few individuals at Ilha do Cardoso (minimum of 203 individuals and a maximum of 304 individuals). This bird is ilegally hunted by local people and hunters that come from other neighbor cities, and information about how many jacutingas are killed per year is unknown. So, we used a population viability analysis in order to predict probability of extinction, by simulating different hunting scenarios at Ilha do Cardoso. The base-line scenario considered had low annual mortality rates (10%), high carrying capacity (1770 individuals) and high effective population size (64%). At this scenario, classified as optimistic, there is probability of extinction if more than 20% of individuals are hunted per year. However, if we consider a lower carrying capacity (k=177 individuals), a higher annual mortality rate (20%) or an effective population size of 44%., jacutingas only remain in the island if there is no poaching. Nevertheless, with an effective population size of 24% there is probability of extinction even if there is no poaching, because there are so few individuals constituting the population, that stochastic events cause local extinction. This study indicates that conservation status of jacutingas is critical and poaching must be controlled, in order to maintain this population in long term at Ilha do Cardoso State Park. In relation to fruit disponibility, there were correlation between fruit biomass and white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari) (Rs= 0.56, p= 0.05). Tinamous (Tinamus solitarius) and collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu) presented higher abundance in places where fruit richness were higher (R2= 43.2%, p= 0.01 and R2= 25.5%, p= 0.05, respectively). Through Logistic Regression we demonstrated that there was approximately twice more chance of mammals to occur in places with high density of adult palms Euterpe edulis and in places far from traditional communities at Ilha do Cardoso. These results demonstrate the importance on protect areas that still have high density of palm trees and high fruit production and fruit richness, because these are factors which contribute to abundance and occurrence of many game birds and mammals species. Indeed, this study provides scientific basis for the polemic subject about the possible impacts caused by traditional population in local biodiversity, since we have demonstrated that presence of traditional communities in protected areas exerted influence upon occurrence of game mammals.

The present study analyzed the hunting and wildlife trafficking in the neighbourship of the Ecological Station Raso da Catarina (ESEC Raso da Catarina), in Bahia, in order to contribute to environmental conservation strategies for the region. Among the specific objectives was seek to know five dimensions of hunting activity and wildlife trafficking practiced in the study region (socio-demographic profile of hunters and wildlife traffickers; behavior of hunters and traffickers, hunting profile, economic aspects involved in hunting and, the knowledge of the prohibition of illegal activities against wildlife and mitigation strategies). Also looked for to identify the network of agencies potentially involved in combating the hunting and wildlife trafficking, their strategies and difficulties of action, through the method of research in data and methodological triangulation, based on semi-structured interviews with hunters, employees of the ICMBio of ESEC Raso da Catarina and police officers of the Caatinga Independent Policing Company (Companhia de Policiamento Independente da Caatinga - CIPE / Caatinga); analysis of ICMBio infraction records, police reports records of CIPE / Caatinga and the Federal Highway Police (Polícia Rodoviária Ferderal - PRF). The results indicated that most hunters had between 41 and 50 years old, had incomplete primary education, were in majority farmers and residents of the Riacho Village, municipality of Paulo Afonso, Bahia. As for the most hunted species, there was a predominance for the group of birds, with higher value of use for the species arribaçã (Zenaida auriculata) (VU = 0.31), and for the group of mammals, the armadillo-peba (Euphractus sexcinctus) the species with higher value of use (VU = 0.85). Most hunters preferred to use animals as a means of transport, the dog as a hunting technique, and they preferred to hunt on Saturdays and Sundays, often once or twice a month, during nocturnal and rainy periods, motivated by subsistence reasons. All hunters revealed that they are aware of the prohibition on hunting but are unaware of who is responsible for the prohibition. Regarding surveillance, the ICMBio is the agency that is at the forefront of operations to combat hunting and trafficking of animals in the study area. However, it faces difficulties due to lack of resources and integration with other institutions. / O presente estudo analisou a caça e o tráfico de animais silvestres na área de abrangência da Estação Ecológica Raso da Catarina (ESEC Raso da Catarina), na Bahia, visando contribuir com estratégias de conservação ambiental para a região. Dentre os objetivos específicos buscou-se conhecer cinco dimensões da atividade de caça e tráfico de animais silvestres praticadas na região de estudo (perfil sóciodemográfico dos caçadores e traficantes de animais silvestres; comportamento dos caçadores e traficantes; perfil da caça; aspectos econômicos envolvidos na caça e o conhecimento sobre a proibição das atividades ilegais contra a fauna silvestre e propostas de mitigação). Procurou-se também identificar a rede de agências potencialmente envolvidas para combater a caça e tráfico de animais, suas estratégias e dificuldades de atuação, através do método de pesquisa em triangulação de dados e metodológica, com base em entrevistas semiestruturadas com caçadores, funcionários do ICMBio da ESEC Raso da Catarina e policiais da Companhia de Policiamento Independente da Caatinga (CIPE/Caatinga); análise de registros de infração do ICMBio e os registros de ocorrências policiais da CIPE/Caatinga e da Polícia Rodoviária Federal (PRF). Os resultados indicaram que a maioria dos caçadores tinha entre 41 e 50 anos de idade, possuía ensino fundamental incompleto, eram em maioria agricultores e residentes do Povoado Riacho, município de Paulo Afonso, Bahia. Quanto às espécies mais caçadas, houve predominância para o grupo das aves, com maior Valor de Uso para a espécie arribaçã (Zenaida auriculata) (VU=0,31), e para o grupo dos mamíferos, o tatu-peba (Euphractus sexcinctus) foi a espécie com maior valor de uso (VU=0,85). A maioria dos caçadores utilizou preferencialmente animais como meio de transporte, o cachorro como técnica de caça, preferiam caçar aos sábados e domingos, frequentemente de uma a duas vezes por mês, em períodos noturnos e chuvosos, motivados por razões de subsistência. Todos os caçadores revelaram ter conhecimento da proibição da caça, mas desconheciam de quem é a responsabilidade pela proibição. Em relação à fiscalização, o ICMBio é o órgão que está à frente das operações de combate à caça e tráfico de animais na área de estudo, entretanto enfrenta dificuldades por falta de recursos e integração com outras instituições.