Thesis (Ph. D. in materials science)--Washington State University. / Includes bibliographical references.

The magneto-optical Faraday effect was used, to observe the spin-bath relaxation in Europium doped CaF₂ crystals at helium temperatures from 1.5 to 4.2° K. Theory shows that the magnitude of the Faraday rotation is proportional to the difference in population of the ground state doublet. The experimental method used in this thesis is the same as that which was successfully used by Glattli and by Griffiths. Pulsed microwave power at X-band frequencies was employed to disturb the equilibrium between the spin system and the bath. The observed relaxation time t was expected to have a T⁻¹ temperature dependence hut because of the orientation of the crystal in our dc magnetic field which resulted in the seven transition lines being close together, cross-relaxation effects produced a temperature dependence of approximately T⁻². It is suggested that exchange coupled pairs of Eu²⁺ and clusters involving Eu³⁺ may account for this temperature dependence rather than there being a phonon bottleneck present. The field dependence of the relaxation time was found not to be directly related to the resonance spectrum, The Eu²⁺ concentration of the crystals used in this thesis was .2% / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

Thesis--Wisconsin. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 273-277).

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2004. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-97).

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-104).

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The large band gap (approximately 11.5-12.1 eV) and high transmission of calcium fluoride (CaF2) crystal in the ultraviolet (UV) and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) region makes it an important material for optics for laser applications in UV. However, CaF2 degrades during long exposure to UV irradiation due to defect generation. The formation of selftrapped excitons (STE) is considered the first step in defect generation. In this project the possibility of observing STE states in CaF2 using a narrow bandwidth tunable VUV laser source is investigated. This is the first spectroscopy study of an alkaline earth fluoride using VUV tunable laser radiation instead of a fixed wavelength laser. The use of a VUV tunable laser source has potential for determining the energies of the STE states, which are unknown. Our main objective is addressed by developing techniques to measure absorption spectra of pure and doped CaF2 samples, using a VUV scanning monochromator and a tunable VUV laser, and by doing a literature study. The results obtained with the scanning monochromator show absorption features in 126-180 nm range of all our samples. These vary for different samples and correlate with information from the supplier on the samples’ fluorescence spectra. Total absorption of the VUV light by CaF2 in the 115-126 nm range is observed. With the narrow bandwidth tunable laser light, absorption spectra were obtained in the range of 143-146.7 nm of all our CaF2 samples. No significance peaks which can be related to the STE states in CaF2 were observed in the VUV laser absorption spectra, but the results are valuable to improve the technique. The conclusion is that either a different spectral range or fluorescence detection can be investigated in future. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die groot bandgaping (ongeveer 11.5-12.1 eV) en hoë transmissie van kalsiumfluoried (CaF2) kristal in die ultraviolet (UV) en die vakuum ultraviolet (VUV) gebied maak dit ’n belangrike materiaal vir optika vir laser toepassings in die UV. CaF2 degradeer egter gedurende langdurige blootstelling aan UV lig as gevolg van die generering van defekte. Die vorming van ’n elektron-holte paar wat deur die kristalstuktuur gestabiliseer word teen rekombinasie (self-trapped excitons, afgekort STE) word beskou as die eerste stap in defek generering. In hierdie projek word die moontlikheid ondersoek om STE toestande in CaF2 waar te neem deur die gebruik van ’n afstembare VUV laserbron met emissie in ’n smal spektrale band. Dit is die eerste spektroskopiese studie van ’n aardalkali-fluoried deur die gebruik van afstembare VUV laserlig in plaas van ’n vaste golflengte laser. Die gebruik van ’n afstembare VUV laserbron het potensiaal vir die bepaling van die energieë van die STE teostande, wat onbekend is. Ons hoofdoel word aangespreek deur die ontwikkeling van tegnieke vir die meet van absorpsie spektra van suiwer en gedoteerde CaF2 monsters met behulp van ’n VUV skanderende monochromator en ’n afstembare VUV laser, en deur ’n literatuurstudie. Die resultate wat behaal is met die skanderende monochromator toon die absorpsieprofiele van al ons monsters in die 126-180 nm spektrale gebied. Die absopsieprofiele varieer vir die verskillende monsters en korreleer met die inligting van die verskaffer oor die fluoressensie spektra van die monsters. Totale absorpsie van die VUV lig deur CaF2 in die 115-126 nm gebied is waargeneem. Met die smalband afstembare laserlig is absorpsie spektra in die 143-146.7 nm gebied vir al ons CaF2 monsters verkry. Geen beduidende pieke wat verband hou met die STE toestande in CaF2 is waargeneem in die VUV laser absorpsie spektra nie, maar die resultate is waardevol vir die verbetering van die tegniek. Die gevolgtrekking is dat of ’n ander spektraalgebied of fluoressensiedeteksie in die toekoms ondersoek kan word.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:07:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dilcelino de souza.pdf: 2029319 bytes, checksum: aed0574bdada794ffabe0ffb7972cc7b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The dynamics in the transition phase is one of the problems of interest to both theoretical and experimental, since they can understand and therefore modify the industrial applications. Simulation of Molecular Dynamics is used in this work to study the properties of both static and dynamic CaF2. The study of the properties and behavior of CaF2 has been studied by several groups, these studies was due to some properties, such as: thermoluminescence, a superionic conductor at high temperatures, and high availability in mineral, in addition to its technological application. The potential proposed for describing the interaction of this compound is the effective pairs potential of Vashishta Rahman, which includes interaction stereometric, Coloumb interaction, the interaction of van der Waals and polarization effects. We studied the behavior of CaF2 in the phase transition using the simulation in the ensemble isoent´alpico isoent´alpico-isobaric developed by Parrinelo Rahman [1], and reproduce the diagrams of energy and volume change in function of temperature, and order of the structure with the correlation of pairs function. We will study the behavior of CaF2 under critical conditions of temperature and pressure, with the aim of describing the dependence of melting temperature with pressure for this compound, because this relationship is a challenge for many working groups in order to describe the mechanisms of formation Earth s mantle. The comparison of experimental data with the results obtained in the simulation reproduces satisfactorily the behavior of phase transition of CaF2, and there is good agreement with other data from Din amica Molecular. / A dinâmica na transição de fase é um dos problemas de interesse tanto teórico quanto experimental, uma vez que se pode compreender e consequentemente modificar as aplicações industriais. Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular é utilizado neste trabalho para o estudo das propriedades tanto estáticas quanto dinâmicas do CaF2. O estudo das propriedades e comportamento do CaF2 tem sido pesquisados por vários grupos, tal estudo se deve a algumas propriedades, tais como: termoluminescência, um condutor superiônico em elevadas temperaturas, e a grande disponibilidade na forma de minério, além de sua aplicação tecnológica. O potencial proposto para descrever a interação para este composto é o potencial efetivo de pares de Vashishta Rahman, que inclui interação estereométrica, interação Coloumbiana, interação de van der Waals e efeitos de polarização. Estudamos o comportamento do CaF2 na transição de fase usando a simulação no ensemble isoentálpico isoentálpico-isobárico desenvolvido por Parrinelo Rahman [1], e reproduzimos os diagramas de energia e variação do volume em função da temperatura, e o ordenamento da estrutura com a função de correlação de pares. Estudamos o comportamento do CaF2 sob condições críticas de temperatura e pressão, com intuito de descrever a dependência da temperatura de fusão com a pressão para este composto, devido esta relação ser um desafio para muitos grupos de pesquisa afim de descrever os mecanismos de formação da crosta terrestre. A comparação dos dados experimentais com os resultados obtidos na simulação, reproduz de forma satisfatória o comportamento de transição de fase do CaF2, e há boa concordância com outros dados de Dinâmica Molecular.

The present work is to study slag phenomena in steelmaking process. In order to attain thegoal, a number of high temperature experiments and simulation experiments were carried out. Four master slags were used to study the effect of CaF2 on slag viscosity. Experimentalresults indicated the effect of CaF2 on slag viscosity depended strongly on the composition ofmaster slag. For high basicity slags, CaF2 mainly suppressed the precipitation of solid phasesat lower temperatures, leading to a lower viscosity compared to CaF2-free slags. For slagswith higher SiO2 contents, CaF2 both lowered the viscosity of the liquid phase and suppressedthe precipitation of solid phases. The viscosities of solid-liquid mixtures were experimentally determined for silicon oilparaffinsystem at room temperature and solid-liquid oxide mixture at steelmakingtemperature. The results of both measurements indicated that the increasing trend of mixturesviscosity with particle fraction can be described by Einstein-Roscoe equation.Silicone oils of different viscosities were used to simulate slag foaming. The experimentalresults showed, at a constant viscosity, the foaming height increased first with superficialvelocity before reaching a maximum value. Thereafter, the foaming height decreased with thefurther increase of the superficial velocity. Similar, a maximum foaming height was observedat an optimum viscosity when a constant superficial gas velocity was applied. Based on theexperimental data, a semi-empirical equation of foaming height was developed. Thepredictions of the model agreed well with experiment data. The model could also reasonablywell explain the industrial pilot trial experiments. Water-silicon oils model and liquid alloy (Ga-In-Sn)- 12% HCl acid model were employed tosimulate the formation of open-eyes in a gas stirred ladle. The experimental results indicatedthat the viscosity of the top liquid and the interfacial tension between the two liquids had onlylittle effect on the open-eye size. A semi-empirical model was developed to describe the sizeof open-eye as functions of the gas flow rate, bath height and slag height. The two sets ofparameters obtained for the water and Ga-In-Sn models were very different. Industrial trialswere also conducted to examine the applicability of the models. Liquid alloy model couldwell predict the formation of an open-eye during ladle treatment. Two cold models, sodium tungstate-oil model and water-oil model, were carried out tosimulate the formation of droplets in a gas stirred ladle. The experimental results showed thatthe gas flow rate and interfacial tension had strong impact on the size of droplets. A semiempiricalmodel was developed to describe the size of droplets for water model. Meanwhile,the parameter obtained for water model can be used for sodium tungstate-silicone oil system.The results indicate the model has strong compatibility. / QC 20110419