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Approximately 58,000 Americans were diagnosed with oral cancer in 2022, and it has a high mortality rate of approximately 47%. 90% of these oral cancer cases have been confirmed to be squamous cell carcinoma, while oral malignant melanoma and adenocarcinomas are less-common types. Part of the reason for the lethality of this disease is late discovery at the advanced stages when diagnosed, showing the importance of identifying tumors or dysplastic cells in the early stages. Due to the high recurrence rate of oral cancer, complete surgical removal of the tumor is required. The current gold standard for the analysis of removed margins is Frozen Section analysis (FS), which is both time-consuming and is limited by significant sampling error. Due to the inability to assess the entire resection margin histologically, proper guidance for the surgical margin of specimen selection is needed. Elastic Scattering Spectroscopy (ESS) is an optical technique that measures backscattered spectra using fiber optics and can detect optical characteristics of the tissue without damaging it. ESS is a point measurement technique, and recent studies in the Bigio lab developed an ESS scanning module that combines an ESS system with a tissue scanning module, enabling a series of measurements in a target area of the tissue, with step sizes of 100 micrometers to 1 mm. However, the current scanning module has drawbacks for practical usage in the clinic: the stability of scanning functions is low; the height of an ESS probe cannot be adjusted precisely; the LED array interrupts ESS measurement; and there is inadequate optical contact between the ESS probe and the fiber optic plate (FOP) upon which the tissue sample is placed. The goal of this project is to further optimize the scanning module in order to remove malfunctions of the ESS software, provide a stable mechanical environment and increase the measurement speed, improve optical contact for quantitative ESS measurements, and build a protocol for assessing the deep margin of oral cancer tumors. The optimized module has been developed to measure quantitative spectral data that co-registers with a photograph of the scanned tissue. A device demo has successfully obtained the data from 10mm x 10mm boundary inked hotdog following the protocol developed in this thesis.

This thesis examines the significance of toy production, distribution, marketing and consumption to Canadian understandings of childhood. Drawing on Patrick J. Ryan’s concept of the discursive landscape of modern childhood and Daniel Thomas Cook’s commercial persona of the child consumer, it explores the effect of toy controversies on a number of social, political and economic issues between the arrival of manufactured toys in Canada in the mid-nineteenth century and the rise of postindustrial capitalism. The toy industry, the social sciences, consumer activists and the Canadian state all played a pivotal role in raising the social significance attached to toy consumption. In the end, debates about toys highlighted popular manifestations of complex political and social issues by placing children and their material culture at the symbolic centre of “adult” conflicts. / Thesis (Ph.D, History) -- Queen's University, 2013-09-15 01:20:03.345

<p>?The Canadian News is Unimportant? analyzes the anomaly of Canada in the British Empire in the nineteenth century by seeking to understand the role that Canada played in the production of empire abroad and understanding of empire in the metropole. The study is situated between the periods of the American Civil and the Canadian confederation movement and explores metropolitan newspapers and parliamentary debates to develop the themes of imagined identities, paternalistic language, and rhetoric of empire. Such explorations illustrate just how difficult it would become for the British metropole to reconcile their constructed image of a dependent and child-like colony with the reality of increasing Canadian autonomy. This study expands imperial historiography by showing just how important the Canadian news was in the constructions of the British empire in the nineteenth century.

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abstract: Newfoundland is an island on the east coast of Canada that is mostly forgotten to the study of history. This paper looks in depth at the fighting between France and England between 1696 and 1713, which in Europe coincided with the Nine Years’ War and the War of the Spanish Succession. In 1696, fighting broke out on Newfoundland between England and France because of the Nine Years’ War. Pierre le Moyne d’Iberville, a French officer, commanded the attacks on over twenty English settlements. The attacks lasted less than a year. Attacks would happen again because of the War of the Spanish Succession. France and England would attack each other trying to gain control of the prized commodity of the island, the cod fish. This study looks at how French and English fighting on Newfoundland helped to change the landscape and shaped the way the history of the French and English on the island is portrayed today. Historians tend to look more at the modern history of the island such as: soldiers in World War I and World War II, when Newfoundland became a Canadian province, and the English history of the island. This study argues that, by studying French and English fighting on the island, we can better see the historical significance of Newfoundland. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis History 2016

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